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Netagin: Difference between revisions

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{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" width=500px
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" width=500px
! rowspan=2 | || rowspan=2 | 1sg  
! rowspan=2 | || rowspan=2 | 1sg  
! rowspan=2| 2sg || colspan=3 | 3sg  || colspan=2 | 1pl || rowspan="2" | 2pl || rowspan="2" | 3pl
! rowspan=2| 2sg || rowspan=2 | 3sg  || colspan=2 | 1pl || rowspan="2" | 2pl || rowspan="2" | 3pl
|-
|-
!| m. || f. || n. ||exclusive || inclusive
!| exclusive || inclusive
|-
|-
! Independent
! Independent
| ''viel'' || ''vied'' || ''qen'' || ''qea'' || ''qej'' || ''voť'' || ''vum'' || ''vyni'' || ''qeav''
| ''viel'' || ''vied'' || ''-'' || ''voť'' || ''vum'' || ''vyni'' || ''qeav''
|-
|-
! Emphatic
! Emphatic
| ''hali'' || ''hadů'' || ''qemna'' || ''qehna'' || ''qejna'' || ''hynťů'' || ''hynťiem'' || ''hanni'' || ''qeana''
| ''hali'' || ''hadů'' || ''qenna'' || ''hynťů'' || ''hynťiem'' || ''hanni'' || ''qeana''
|-
|-
! Alienable
! Alienable
| ''l(e)-'' || ''t(e)-'' || ''qen-/qem-'' || ''qeh-'' || ''qed-'' || ''ť(e)-'' || ''b(e)-'' || ''č(e)-'' || ''ha-''  
| ''l(e)-'' || ''t(e)-'' || ''qen-/qem-'' || ''ť(e)-'' || ''b(e)-'' || ''č(e)-'' || ''ha-''  
|-
|-
! Inalienable
! Inalienable
| ''-al'' || ''-da'' || ''-i'' || ''-as'' || ''-is'' || ''-ťů'' || ''-ťiem'' || ''-bi'' || ''-us''
| ''-al'' || ''-da'' || ''-i'' || || ''-ťů'' || ''-ťiem'' || ''-bi'' || ''-us''
|-
|-
! "X too"
! "X too"
| ''telaš'' || ''tedaš'' || ''qenaš'' || ''qehaš'' || ''qejaš'' || ''tyťaš'' || ''tymaš'' || ''tynnaš'' || ''qevaš''
| ''telaš'' || ''tedaš'' || ''qenaš'' || ''tyťaš'' || ''tymaš'' || ''tynnaš'' || ''qevaš''
|-
|-
|}
|}
In Modern Standard Netagin, the standard(ized) usage for gender-neutral persons is the 3rd person neuter pronoun ''qej''. The neuter singular demonstrative ''kyna'', on the other hand, is standard for inanimate objects.


===Nouns and adjectives===
===Nouns and adjectives===
Netagin has 3 genders (masculine, feminine, neuter; neuter forms can also be used as gender neutral and nonbinary forms). The feminine gender evolved from the Proto-Idavic abstract/honorific gender. There are two forms that are called cases (nominative, genitive) for convenience, but they are not true cases. The genitive is used for the ''last'' noun of a genitive or prepositional phrase; the genitive thus functions more like an "end of noun phrase marker".
Netagin has two forms that are called cases (nominative, genitive) for convenience, but they are not true cases. The genitive is used for the ''last'' noun of a genitive or prepositional phrase; the genitive thus functions more like an "end of noun phrase marker".


Netagin case affixes are regular:
Netagin nouns and adjectives fall into declension classes:
{|class=wikitable style=text-align:center
{|class=wikitable style=text-align:center
|-
|-
!
!
! colspan=2| ''lyt'' (m.) = man
! colspan=2| ''lyt'' = man (decl. A)
! colspan=2| ''ďešetle'' (f.) = sparrow
! colspan=2| ''ďešetle'' = sparrow (decl. B)
! colspan=2| ''jůši'' (n.) = person
! colspan=2| ''jůši'' = person (decl. C)
|-
|-
!
!
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|''jůšid'' ||''qyjůšid''
|''jůšid'' ||''qyjůšid''
|}
|}
Adjectives do not take the ''qy-'' in the neuter plural.


The suffix ''-in'' (which is analogous to Semitic ''-i'') is used on some nouns and adjectives:
The suffix ''-in'' (which is analogous to Semitic ''-i'') is used on some nouns and adjectives:
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|-
|-
!
!
! colspan=2| masculine
! colspan=2| feminine
! colspan=2| neuter
|-
!
!singular
!plural
!singular
!plural
!singular
!singular
!plural
!plural
|-
|-
|align="right"|'''Nominative'''
|align="right"|'''Nominative'''
|''Qarbecin'' ||''Qarbecinů''
|''Qarbecino'' ||''Qarbecie''
|''Qarbecie'' ||''Qarbecja''
|''Qarbeci'' ||''Qarbeci''
|-
|-
|align="right"|'''Genitive'''
|align="right"|'''Genitive'''
|''Qarbecino'' ||''Qarbecinůx''
|''Qarbecino'' ||''Qarbecien''
|''Qarbecien'' ||''Qarbeciex''
|''Qarbecid'' ||''Qarbecid''
|}
|}
Stem changes in the genitive and plural can get pretty bad
====Comparison of adjectives====
====Comparison of adjectives====
hotter than X = "exceed X hotly" (need adverb form)
hotter than X = "exceed X hotly" (need adverb form)


:'''''"Qaj, laršip ne dáqer rysohe qacom." barces nea qama.'''''
:'''''"Qaj, laršip ne dáqer rysohe qacom." baruc ne qama.'''''
:/ʔaj lɐr'ʃip nɛ 'daʔɛr rɨso'ɦɛ ʔɐ'tsom bar'tsɛs nɛə ʔɐma/
:/ʔaj lɐr'ʃip nɛ 'daʔɛr rɨso'ɦɛ ʔɐ'tsom ba'ruts nɛə ʔɐma/
:MIR me-exceed-he DET.M.SING son.SING big-ADV already speak-3SG.F DET.F mother.SING
:MIR me-exceed-he DET.SING son.SING big-ADV already speak-3SG.F DET mother.SING
:("'Behold, the son exceeds me bigly already,' spoke the mother.")
:("'Behold, the son exceeds me bigly already,' spoke the mother.")
:"Oh my, my boy is bigger than me already!" said the mother.
:"Oh my, my boy is bigger than me already!" said the mother.
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|-
|-
!
!
! colspan=3| sg.
! | sg.
! rowspan=2| pl.
! | pl.
|-
!
!m.
!f.
!n.
|-
|-
|align="right"|'''Nominative'''
|align="right"|'''Nominative'''
|''ne'' (unstressed); ''nech'' (stressed) ||''nea''||''na''||''no''
|''ne'' (unstressed); ''nech'' (stressed) ||''no''
|-
|-
|align="right"|'''Genitive'''
|align="right"|'''Genitive'''
|''nu'' ||''nie''||''na''||''no''
|''nu''||''no''
|}
|}


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The object marker is added to the verb first. The subject is marked using a subject suffix after adding the object marker, or when there is already a suffix in the suffix slot, the independent pronoun. For example, 'I know you (sg)' = ''dytgalxil'' but 'I know you (pl)' = ''dytgalo tiel'' (Irish has something similar). The independent pronoun may be dropped if known from context, but a subject suffix must be used whenever one can be used.
The object marker is added to the verb first. The subject is marked using a subject suffix after adding the object marker, or when there is already a suffix in the suffix slot, the independent pronoun. For example, 'I know you (sg)' = ''dytgalxil'' but 'I know you (pl)' = ''dytgalo tiel'' (Irish has something similar). The independent pronoun may be dropped if known from context, but a subject suffix must be used whenever one can be used.
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" width=500px
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;" width=500px
! rowspan=2 | || rowspan=2 | 1sg || rowspan=2 | 2sg || colspan=2 | 3sg  || colspan=2 | 1pl || rowspan="2" | 2pl || rowspan="2" | 3pl
! rowspan=2 | || rowspan=2 | 1sg || rowspan=2 | 2sg || rowspan=2 | 3sg  || colspan=2 | 1pl || rowspan="2" | 2pl || rowspan="2" | 3pl
|-
|-
! m. || f. || exclusive || inclusive
! exclusive || inclusive
|-
|-
! Subject affixes: ''mur'' 'walk (to somewhere)'
! Subject affixes: ''mur'' 'walk (to somewhere)'
| ''mur'''xil''''' 'I walk' || ''mur'''xid'''''  || ''mur'' || ''mur'''is''''' || ''mur'''šů''''' || ''mur'''šiem''''' || ''mur'''ni''''' || ''mur'''o'''''
| ''mur'''xil''''' 'I walk' || ''mur'''xid'''''  || ''mur'' || ''mur'''šů''''' || ''mur'''šiem''''' || ''mur'''ni''''' || ''mur'''o'''''
|-
|-
! Object affixes: ''tegal'' 'to know' ''
! Object affixes: ''tegal'' 'to know' ''
| '''''l'''ytgal-0'' 's/he knows me' || '''''d'''ytgal-0'' || ''ytgal-0'' || '''''s'''ytgal-0'' || '''''ť'''itgal-0'' || '''''m'''ytgal-0'' || '''''d'''ytgal'''o''''' || '''''s'''ytgal'''o'''''
| '''''l'''ytgal-0'' 's/he knows me' || '''''d'''ytgal-0'' || ''ytgal-0'' || '''''ť'''itgal-0'' || '''''m'''ytgal-0'' || '''''d'''ytgal'''o''''' || '''''s'''ytgal'''o'''''
|}
|}
To "-0", a suffix can be inserted.
To "-0", a suffix can be inserted.
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===Prepositions===
===Prepositions===
Netagin has only one true preposition: the generic oblique preposition ''my-''. It has the following inflected forms: ''miel, mied, mi, mas, min, miť, mynib, myneď, mis''.
Netagin has only one true preposition: the generic oblique preposition ''my-''. It has the following inflected forms: ''miel, mied, mi, miť, mynib, myneď, mis''.


Netagins has adverbs to indicate more specific meanings, where English uses prepositions:
Netagins has adverbs to indicate more specific meanings, where English uses prepositions:
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