I Kronurum: Difference between revisions
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=====Onset mutations===== | =====Onset mutations===== | ||
THIS SECTION WILL BE REVISITED TO MAKE A BETTER GROUPING OF THE MUTATIONS BY TYPE INSTEAD OF BY TRIGGER | |||
Mutation context and mutation continuities | Mutation context and mutation continuities | ||
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The preposition ‹tró› governs the accusative (AKK) and triggers mutation two. | The preposition ‹tró› governs the accusative (AKK) and triggers mutation two. | ||
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Revision as of 05:55, 16 July 2014
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| I Kronurum | |
|---|---|
| «that what is spoken» | |
 | |
| Pronunciation | [/ˈʔi ˈkɾo̞.nu.ɾum/] |
| Created by | – |
| Native to | ? |
| Native speakers | ? (2014) |
?
| |
Early forms | Ancient I.K.
|
Background
The language known as I Kronurum
Phonology
Consonants
The consonants of I Kronurum
Consonant inventory
| Bilabial | Labio-dental | Dental | Alveolar | Post-alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Plosive | p b | t d | k g | ʔ | ||||
| Nasal | m | n | (ŋ) | |||||
| Trill | r | |||||||
| Tap or flap | ɾ | |||||||
| Fricative | (β) | f | θ ð | s | ʃ | x (ɣ) | h | |
| Lateral fric. | (ɬ) | |||||||
| Approximant | w | j | ||||||
| Lateral app. | l |
Consonant allophony
· /p/ and /t/, except when result of a mutation, become aspirated when in initial position before a vowel (/pʰV/, /tʰV/)
· /ŋ/ is an allophone of /n/ before /g/ (eg. ‹angr› /ˈɑŋ.gɾ̩/, 1.s=”I”).
· ‹g› = /x/ only in coda after a front vowel (eg. ‹sig›, /ˈsix/, “until”).
Vowels
The vowels of I Kronurum
Vowel inventory
| Front | Near-front | Central | Near-back | Back | ||
| Close | 
| |||||
| Near‑close | ||||||
| Close‑mid | ||||||
| Mid | ||||||
| Open‑mid | ||||||
| Near‑open | ||||||
| Open | ||||||
Vowel allophony
· /ɑ/ becomes /ɐ/ in unstressed syllables and /a/ in word medial unstressed syllables.
· /e̞/ becomes /ɘ/ in unstressed syllables and /ɛ/ in word medial unstressed syllables.
Umlaut and dipthongs by umlaut
Other dipthongs
Other contextual phonological phenomena
YET TO BE PROPERLY DESCRIBED
· -ren-rin- → -relin-
· jw+u /jʷu/ → jub- /juβ/ [+labialization][+methatesis] sky juska /ˈjus.kɐ/, ó jubsken /ʔu̹.ˈjuβs.ke̞n/
· /u̜.j/ → /ui̯/ fish strójr /ˈstɾu̜.jɾ̩/ ; fish (pl.) strójran /ˈstɾui̯.ɾɐn/
· -/m/ /b/- → -/mb̥/- som breja /ˈso̞m.ˌb̥ɾe̞.jɐ/
Phonotactics
(C)(C)(C)Nu(C)(N/R)
The nucleus Nu must be either a vowel or syllabic [R] or [N].
In coda position a cluster can end with a nasal [N] or an r' [R]
Orthography
Latin script
The use of ‹å› is merely orthographic and serves the purpose of bringing the causative ‹-a-› to be correctly pronounced /ɑ/, given that ‹a› in this position should be otherwise realised as /a/ or /ɐ/.
Gothic script
Native script
Grammar
Morphology
Pro-drop
A/N
Nominal morphology
Nouns are marked for number and gender.
Marking hierarchy
The marking of the nouns happens according to the following this hierarchy:
| 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| √noun | det | pl | and | nom, gen, akk, dat, inst, loc, all |
In the genitive and accusative cases, the root is preceded by a preposition.
Declension particles and other affixes
Case marking
| Case | Marker | Notes | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| nom | Nominative | ∅ | ∅ | - | The nominative case is not marked |
| gen | Genitive | ó(r) _-(e)n | /ˈʔu̹ɾ/ _-/e̞n/ | preposition, suffix | Triggers mutation 1. Epenthetic r before a vowel: ór okren /ˈʔu̹ɾ ʔo̞.kɾe̞n/ |
| akk | Accusative | tró | /ˈtɾu̹/ | preposition | Triggers mutation 2 |
| dat | Dative | -(r)is | -/ɾis/ | suffix | |
| instr | Instrumental/Commitative | -(n)ion | -/nio̯n/ | suffix | Inanimate nouns: instrumental. Animate nouns: commitative |
| loc | Locative/Adessive ("with", "by", "at") | -(a)ftó | -/f.ˈtu̹/ | suffix | þaneftó /θɐ.nɘf.ˈtu/, “at the house”, “at home” |
| all | Allative | -(o)rion | -/o̞.ɾio̯n/ | suffix | þanerion /ˈθɑ.nɘ.ɾio̞n/ "homebound" |
Other particles and affixes
| Function | Marker | Notes | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| nlz | Nominalizer | i | /ˈʔi/ | preposition | Mostly paired with the determiner suffix <-rum>
kronur “I speak” 1s.pres.ind i kronurum, {i kro-nur-rum} [NMLZ to.speak-1s.pres.ind-det] = "was ich spreche", “that what I’m speaking”; speech, language. |
| det | Determiner | -rum | -/ɾum/ | suffix | "the x" (instead of "a x") |
| and | Coordinator | -ór | -/u̹ɾ/ | preposition | "and" |
| advm | Adverbializer | -(r)is | -/ɾis/ | suffix | "x-ly", "in the maner of x"
turns nouns into adverbs of manner turns verbs of motion in adverbs of manner |
| pers | Associated person | -rir | -/ɾiɾ/ | suffix | (Sp. [corre(r)]-dor, [camina(r)]-nte;
(≠-ero in "zapatero"; there: -hlajrir, Ge."-macher") hlajur v. to.make, hlajrir n. maker. assa n. forge, assarir n. smith. |
| adj | Adjetivizer | -rin | -/ɾin/ | suffix | Forms adjectives of quality. sigr "ash", agor-ó-śigrelin "ash-coloured" |
| caus | Causative | -a- | -/ɑ/- | affix | Causative. [noun.root]-a-[verb.decension]
nimr water; nimrajur to.make.moist,to.water (a plant,etc) |
| ? | ? | -(u)rur | -/u.ɾuɾ/ | suffix | ? |
Onset mutations
THIS SECTION WILL BE REVISITED TO MAKE A BETTER GROUPING OF THE MUTATIONS BY TYPE INSTEAD OF BY TRIGGER
Mutation context and mutation continuities
Onset mutation is triggered by the prepositions governing the genitive and the accusative cases.
The unmodified consonant would have a mutation of grade cero.
The preposition ‹ó› governs the genitive (GEN) and triggers mutation one.
The preposition ‹tró› governs the accusative (AKK) and triggers mutation two.
| mutation | |
|---|---|
| 0 | 1 |
| w- /w/ | gw- /gʷ/ |
| k- /k/ | g- /g/~/ɣ/ |
| h- /h/~/χ/ | k- /k/ |
| t- /t/ | d- /d/ |
| s- /s/ | þ- /θ/ |
| f- /f/ | p- /p/ |
| b- /b/~/β/ | p- /p/ |
| n- /n/ | nw- /nʷ/ |
| m- /m/ | mw- /mʷ/ |
| j- /j/ | jw- /jʷ/ |
| l- /l/ | l- /l / |
| mutation | |
|---|---|
| 0 | 2 |
| w- /w/ | ƕ- /hw/~/hv/ |
| k- /k/ | h- /h/~/χ/ |
| h- /h/~/χ/ | g- /g/~/ɣ/ |
| t- /t/ | ð- /ð/ |
| s- /s/ | ś- /ʃ/ |
| f- /f/ | b- /b/ |
| b- /b/~/β/ | f- /f/ |
| n- /n/ | ñ- /ɲ/ |
| m- /m/ | w- /w/ |
| j- /j/ | ñ- /ɲ/ |
| l- /l/ | lh- /ɬ/ |
Plurals
Diminutives
Augmentatives
Superlatives
Personal pronouns
Adjectives
Verbal morphology
Verbs are marked for tense, mood, aspect, number and, in the third person, also gender.
Marking hierarchy
The marking of the nouns happens according to the following this hierarchy:
| -1 | -2 | 0 | 1 | 2 |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Passive voice marker | Aspect marker prefix | √verb | Conjugation affix for person, number and mood | Aspect marker suffix |
Regular conjugation paradigms
There are four different regular conjugation classes, labeled i, ii, iii and iv
Aspect markers
Verbal aspect is marked as follows: