Zemljask: Difference between revisions

From Linguifex
Jump to navigation Jump to search
No edit summary
No edit summary
Line 102: Line 102:


Notes:
Notes:
# [ŋ] is an allophone of [n] when it occurs next to a Velar consonant (one of [k], [g], [x]) E.g. '''Pečenka''' [peˈt͡ʃɛŋ.ka]
# [ŋ] is an allophone of [n] when it occurs next to a Velar consonant (one of [k], [g], [x]).
# The consonants /p/, /t/, /k/ are usually aspirated [p<sup>h</sup>], [t<sup>h</sup>], [k<sup>h</sup>]. E.g. '''Peska''' [ˈp<sup>h</sup>es.k<sup>h</sup>a]
# The consonants /p/, /t/, /k/ are usually aspirated [p<sup>h</sup>], [t<sup>h</sup>], [k<sup>h</sup>].
# The pronunciation of the palatal consonants /t͡ɕ/ and /d͡ʑ/ varies by region. The Northern pronunciation is [t͡ɕ], [d͡ʑ], matching the Standard language as set out by the ''Mladźe Zemljska Reći'' while in the Central to Intermediate Southern regions, the typical pronunciation is [t͡ʃ], [d͡ʒ], and in the ''Dalmacask'' and ''Tragešćask'' dialects it typically is [t͡s], [d͡s]. The Southern feature is shared with some dialects of Polish.
# The pronunciation of the palatal consonants /t͡ɕ/ and /d͡ʑ/ varies by region. The Northern pronunciation is [t͡ɕ], [d͡ʑ], matching the Standard language as set out by the ''Mladźe Zemljska Reći'' while in the Central to Intermediate Southern regions, the typical pronunciation is [t͡ʃ], [d͡ʒ], and in the ''Dalmacask'' and ''Tragešćask'' dialects it typically is [t͡s], [d͡s]. The Southern feature is shared with some dialects of Polish.
'''Sveća'''
* [ˈsfe.t͡ɕa] ''Standard'' and ''Northern''
* [ˈsfe.t͡ʃa] ''Central''
* [ˈsfe.t͡sa] ''Southern''
# [f] is a very rare sound in Zemljask and appears primarily in words loaned from other languages. Some speakers in informal settings may merge this sound with [v].
# [f] is a very rare sound in Zemljask and appears primarily in words loaned from other languages. Some speakers in informal settings may merge this sound with [v].
# The sounds [v] and [l], in coda position, lenite to the approximant [ʋ].
# The sounds [v] and [l], in coda position, lenite to the approximant [ʋ].
Line 144: Line 140:
Notes:
Notes:
# The syllabic consonant [r̩] is typically (and officially permitted to be) pronounced as [ər].
# The syllabic consonant [r̩] is typically (and officially permitted to be) pronounced as [ər].
# the vowels [ɛ] and [ɔ] are both phonetic and phonemic, being vowels in their own right (written as <è> and <ò> respectively) as well as allophones of [e] and [o] when preceeded by a Soft-Consonant.
# the vowels [ɛ] and [ɔ] are both phonetic and phonemic, being vowels in their own right (written variously as <è>, <ai>, <ò>, and <au>) as well as allophones of [e] and [o] when preceeded by a Soft-Consonant.


===Prosody===
===Prosody===
Line 152: Line 148:
* '''Alovca''' [alˈoʋt͡sa]
* '''Alovca''' [alˈoʋt͡sa]
This root demostrates both initial and penultimate stress - like all polysyllabic nouns with a mobile vowel - with the initial being in the aC form, and penultimate in the Ca form.
This root demostrates both initial and penultimate stress - like all polysyllabic nouns with a mobile vowel - with the initial being in the aC form, and penultimate in the Ca form.
* '''Fanèla''' [fa.ˈnɛ.la]
* '''Fanèla''' [fa.ˈnɛ.la]
In most Illyrian loans, and a few native Zemljask words, the stress falls on the penultimate syllable. If this word had come from Proto-Slavic, it would likely be pronounced with initial stress: [ˈfa.ne.la]
In most Illyrian loans, and a few native Zemljask words, the stress falls on the penultimate syllable. If this word had come from Proto-Slavic, it would likely be pronounced with initial stress: [ˈfa.ne.la]
* '''Gavati''' [ga.ˈva.ti]
* '''Gavati''' [ga.ˈva.ti]
For verbs, the stress on the infinitive is penultimate, while the primary stress when conjugated falls upon the root-final syllable.
For verbs, the stress on the infinitive is penultimate, while the primary stress when conjugated falls upon the root-final syllable.
Line 165: Line 163:
# Consonants are split into hard and soft, based on their phonetic value and may alternate between these forms under certain conditions (typically Hard to Soft):
# Consonants are split into hard and soft, based on their phonetic value and may alternate between these forms under certain conditions (typically Hard to Soft):
{| class="wikitable" style="width: 50em; text-align: center; border-collapse:collapse;"
{| class="wikitable" style="width: 50em; text-align: center; border-collapse:collapse;"
! colspan="23" | Table of Alternations
! colspan="25" | Table of Alternations
|-
|-
| Hard || m || n || p || b || t || d || k || g || f || v || s || z || - || - || - || - || - || - || - || h || l || -
| Hard || m || n || p || b || t || d || k || g || - || - ||f || v || s || z || - || - || - || - || - || - || - || h || l || -
|-
|-
| Soft || mlj || nj || plj || blj || ć || dź || č || dž || flj || vlj || š || ž || š || ž || č || dž || ć || dź || š || rj/š || lj || j
| Soft || mlj || nj || plj || blj || ć || dź || č || dž || c || dz || flj || vlj || š || ž || š || ž || č || dž || ć || dź || š || rj/š || lj || j
|}
|}


Revision as of 23:53, 29 April 2022

Zemljask
Reć Zemljska
Pronunciation[ret͡ɕ zémʎska]
Created byAleisi Galan
SettingSlovenia, Northern Croatia
Native toThe State of Zemlia, Illyria-Zemlia (RI&Z)
Native speakers4 575 376[1] (2012 census)
Early form
Old Zemljask
Standard form
Standard Zemljask
Dialects
  • Maribor (Marborgask)
  • Sereian/Northern (Serejask)
  • Ljubljana (Lavjanask)
  • Zagreb (Jezemljask)
  • Central (Medzask)
  • Triestino/Southern (Tragešćask)
  • Dalmatian (Dalmacask)
Official status
Official language in
Illyria-Zemlia (RI&Z)
Regulated byThe Council of the Zemljask Language (Rozjana Zemljska Reći)
Zemljask Locator.png
Borders of the Zemljask language (Mladźe Zemljska Reći)
This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA.

Zemljask (autoglossonym: reć zemljska; Zemljask: [ret͡ɕ zémʎska]) is an isolate Slavic language with strong influence from Vulgar Latin, Italian, and most of all Illyrian, the Latin-derived language to the south which historically controlled Zemlia until the Illyrian Civil War of 1978-1982. After this war, Zemlia became an independent country, with Zemljask as its sole official language, while Illyrian was relegated to regional minority status soon after the conclusion of the conflict.

While its vocabulary derives for the most part from Proto-Slavic, Latin influence is most notable in its grammar, as well as the colloquial speech of the southern regions.

Etymology

In English, the name of the language, Zemlian (officially Zemljask) derives directly from the name of the country - Zemlia. This name, in turn, derives from Zemljask "Zemlja", meaning land. This is a shortening of the traditional, now patriotic, Naša Zemlja (lit. our land) which, over time, became simply Zemlia. The name for the language is a derivative of this, being composed of the roots zemľa+-ьskъ[2], forming Zemľьskъ, which evolved into the modern Zemljask.

Phonology

Consonants

Consonant phonemes
Labial Alveolar Post-
alveolar 		Palatal Velar
Nasal m n ȵ (ŋ)1
Stop p2 b t2 d  k2 ɡ
Affricate t͡s d͡z t͡ʃ d͡ʒ t͡ɕ3 d͡ʑ3
Fricative f4 v5 s z ʃ ʒ x
Approximant j
Lateral l5 ȴ
Trill r

Notes:

  1. [ŋ] is an allophone of [n] when it occurs next to a Velar consonant (one of [k], [g], [x]).
  2. The consonants /p/, /t/, /k/ are usually aspirated [ph], [th], [kh].
  3. The pronunciation of the palatal consonants /t͡ɕ/ and /d͡ʑ/ varies by region. The Northern pronunciation is [t͡ɕ], [d͡ʑ], matching the Standard language as set out by the Mladźe Zemljska Reći while in the Central to Intermediate Southern regions, the typical pronunciation is [t͡ʃ], [d͡ʒ], and in the Dalmacask and Tragešćask dialects it typically is [t͡s], [d͡s]. The Southern feature is shared with some dialects of Polish.
  4. [f] is a very rare sound in Zemljask and appears primarily in words loaned from other languages. Some speakers in informal settings may merge this sound with [v].
  5. The sounds [v] and [l], in coda position, lenite to the approximant [ʋ].


Vowels

Front Central Back
Closed i u
Mid e (ə)r̩1 o
Mid-Open ɛ2 - ɔ2
Open a

Notes:

  1. The syllabic consonant [r̩] is typically (and officially permitted to be) pronounced as [ər].
  2. the vowels [ɛ] and [ɔ] are both phonetic and phonemic, being vowels in their own right (written variously as <è>, <ai>, <ò>, and <au>) as well as allophones of [e] and [o] when preceeded by a Soft-Consonant.

Prosody

Stress in Zemljask, in theory, is unpredictable, however it most often is placed moderately heavily on the initial syllable.

  • Alovac [ˈalovat͡s]
  • Alovca [alˈoʋt͡sa]

This root demostrates both initial and penultimate stress - like all polysyllabic nouns with a mobile vowel - with the initial being in the aC form, and penultimate in the Ca form.

  • Fanèla [fa.ˈnɛ.la]

In most Illyrian loans, and a few native Zemljask words, the stress falls on the penultimate syllable. If this word had come from Proto-Slavic, it would likely be pronounced with initial stress: [ˈfa.ne.la]

  • Gavati [ga.ˈva.ti]

For verbs, the stress on the infinitive is penultimate, while the primary stress when conjugated falls upon the root-final syllable.

  • Gavljo, Gavaš [ˈgaʋ.ʎo], [ˈga.vaʃ]

However, the stress falls on the penultimate syllable for endings composed of multiple syllables:

  • Gavljenje [gaʋ.ˈʎɛ.ɲɛ]
  • Gavate [ga.ˈva.te]

Morphophonology

There exists in Zemljask a rich morphophonology of numerous variation in stems that take place under a variety of conditions:

  1. Consonants are split into hard and soft, based on their phonetic value and may alternate between these forms under certain conditions (typically Hard to Soft):
Table of Alternations
Hard m n p b t d k g - - f v s z - - - - - - - h l -
Soft mlj nj plj blj ć dź č dž c dz flj vlj š ž š ž č dž ć dź š rj/š lj j


References

  1. ^ Večeslava - Novi Zemljask V 2012
  2. ^ Večeslava - Novi Zemljask V 2012
Retrieved from "https://linguifex.com/w/index.php?title=Zemljask&oldid=270067"