Togarmite

Togarmite/Lexicon

Togarmite/Swadesh list

דף זה בעברית

Togarmite
yn Tėrmit
Pronunciation	[/ən thermith/]
Created by	Praimhín
Setting	Irta
Language family	Afro-Asiatic Semitic Northwest Semitic Old Togarmite Togarmite

Togarmite or Thermite (yn Tėrmit /ən thermith/ or yn lysėn Tėrmi) is a Northwest Semitic language (as distant from Hebrew as Aramaic is). It is inspired by Hebrew, Lithuanian, Germanic languages (particularly Icelandic), Greek, Welsh and Alashian, a Semitic conlang.

Modern Togarmite retains the Semitic root-and-pattern morphology of Old Togarmite, but has undergone some phonological and grammatical restructuring:

• loss of grammatical gender
• loss of the passive binyanim
• loss of the suffix conjugation except in a few verbs (where they form the w-form); erosion of the prefix paradigm (used for the past tense, like the Hebrew waw-consecutive preterite) to the point where subject pronouns are required
• the use of the w-form (inherited from the Old Togarmite waw-consecutive) for the present progressive, mirroring English -ing < PIE *-nd-kwe
• the development of a productive concatenative verb paradigm used to form verbs from other words, analogous to Germanic weak verbs

Todo

• Dalet tet tav > ð d t (d = /d~t/, t aspirated); more of a Hivantish/Spanish/Tsarfati Hebrew aesthetic and gives a Welsh aesthetic to Greek loans
• Should have initial w- > j- like Hebrew and Aramaic
• Should be spoken in our Turkey?
• A few verbs derived from historical passive binyanim, analogized so they're weak verbs
• Gzarot
• Syntax
• Declensions
• Lots of triconsonantified Greek words
• A bit more Aramaic isoglosses / semantic shifts in a general Aramaic direction
• Much less of an English relex: more consistent do-support, progressive forms used for imperfectives and VSO as in Welsh? Most "Englishy" bits should be literal translations of idioms, phrasal verbs and pragmatics, loss of grammatical gender, intense dialectal mixing in the early modern period with what appears to be occasional random unpredictable changes, and some vocabulary and affixes
• Relex Modern Greek in places where it differs grammatically from English: yn before proper names?
• Prepositional pronouns
• more binyanim like syfȝel, asøfȝel, tasøfȝel and tystyfȝel?
• Taxonomic names get calqued into Greek
• CiCV:C > CyCVC, CaCV:C > CCVC

History

The Old Togarmite name for the language, Θėgarmīθ, is thought to have been borrowed from a pre-Togarmite source *Tāgarma. The name Togarmah from the same source is also attested in the Hebrew Bible. (The Greeks and the Romans called the Togarmite people Θηγαρμικοί and Thegarmici respectively.) The name of the language shows the Togarmite shift of Proto-Semitic ā to ė /e:/, mirroring the Canaanite shift ā > ō occuring in Hebrew.

Phonology

Consonants

Togarmite has 26 consonants, 22 of them inherited from Proto-Semitic. It gained /p=/ during the Old Togarmite stage by adapting loans from Greek, Aramaic and Persian, e.g. barkes 'to act', from Ancient Greek praxis. It also merged Old Togarmite ħ /ħ/ and h /h/ into h /h/, OTog č /tʃ/, ž and j into ž.

• m n /m n/ (PSem *m *n)
• b d g ' /p=~b t=~d k=~g ʔ/ ((not in PSem) *T *q *2)
• t k /th kh/ (*t *k)
• th ch /θ x/ (in Greek loans)
• v ð γ /v ð γ/ (*b *d *g)
• f s š h /f s ʃ h/ (*p *s/*š *þ/*ś *h/*H/*x)
• z ž ȝ /z ʒ (Philly L)/ (*z *ð/*D/*Z *3/*ğ)
• c č /ts= tʃ=/ (*S (not in PSem))
• w l r j /w l r j/ (*w *l *r *w-/*j)

Vowels

Modern Togarmite has 9 vowels in stressed syllables.

a e ė i o ø u y /ɑ æ e i o ø u (ə)/

ei au /ɛi ɔu/

Contrastive vowel length is present from elision of h in colloquial Togarmite: møtyhanan = [mø'ta:nan] instead of /møtə'hanan/

Stress

Stress in native words is similar to our Maltese.

Orthography

In addition to the Latin and Greek alphabets, Togarmite uses an abugida (a form of cursive linear Hangul) based on the Phoenician alphabet, called yn alvėt (after the first 2 letters).

The abjadi letter names: al, vėt, γam, ðal, hė, wau, zėn, žėn, dėt, jøð, kaf, lam, mėm, nun, ȝėn, fė, bė, cað, čað, gøf, rėš, sin, šin, tau

Traditional Romanization

The traditional romanization of Togarmite is very unphonetic.

• aCe for ė
• English style unetymological OSL gone crazy
• the orthography should also be templatic, gemination in weird places i.e. not necessarily related to Old Togarmite gemination
• two scripts, Latin and Greek? works like hiragana and kanji
• v for the vowel /ø/!

Dialects

Ethiopian dialect

some different vocab e.g. tėt instead of wyhėv for 'give', ðøvrėn instead of tėma for 'topic'

some words can have different meanings in Ethiopian and Levantine leading to some funny misunderstandings

phonological differences ("ear" -> ødny)

a e ė i o ø u y [a e̞ ɛi i ɔ ɵ u (ə)]
ei au [ɒi ø:~øo]

a broad Ethiopian accent in Togarmite has random variation in some words like heno, šamo, šyðo etc are pronounced hena, šama, šyða

-an -> -en is common in a broad Ethiopian accent (ðarkan -> ðarken); this should typically happen only with agentives, otherwise møsaken / møsakan would be mixed up (that would be one of the telltale signs of a non-Ethiopian faking an accent)

Indian dialect

a e ė i o ø u y /a: e~ɪ ɛ: i o: ʊ u: ə/
ei au /ai ɔ:/

New World dialect

a e ė i o ø u y /a e ɪə i o ø u ə/ ei au /ɛi ɔu/

Pronouns

Personal

Modern Togarmite pronouns work similarly to modern Hebrew pronouns. The accusative pronouns derive from inflected foms of Old Togarmite ʔiθ (emphasis particle and accusative, related to Hebrew et and Arabic iyya-). The possessive pronouns are derived from inflected forms of Old Togarmite la-. The reflexive pronouns come from inflected forms of af 'nose'.

The semantics of hu, hi and že work like in West Country English. (Clarify)

	I	thou (m.)	thou (f.)	he	she	it	we	you (pl, polite)	they
Nominative/Conjunctive	nėk	at	et	hu	hi	že	nan	atøm	høm
Objective/Disjunctive	ti	tak	tek	tau	ta	tež	tanė	takøm	taum
Possessive	li	lak	lek	lau	la	lež	lanė	lakøm	laum
Reflexive/Intensive	afi	afak	afek	afau	afa	afež	afnė	afkøm	afaum

The plural pronouns atøm and høm can be used as gender-neutral pronouns in the singular, like English they.

Demonstrative

	who?	what?	which?	where?	whither?	whence?	when?	how?	why?	how much?
this	žinė (sg); elinė (pl)			hė	heno	me hė	ȝeto	hėk	ež	kėrav
that	ži (sg); eli (pl)			šam	šamo	me šam	šøm
what	man	ma	ėjo	ein	eino	men ein	møran	keik	maž	kma, marvy
all; every	kølšar	kølvar; køl	køl	kølein	køleino	me kølein	kølam	køl ør	-	-
any	nukšar	nukvar	nuk	nukein	nukeino	me nukein	kølam	nuk ør	me nuk sevt	-
some	vilšar	vilvar	vil	vilein	vileino	me vilein	ly zman; vil zman	vil ør	me vil sevt	-
none	lėmšar	lėmvar	lėm	lėmein	lėmeino	me lėmein	lėfȝam	lėm ør	me lėm sevt	-

Demonstratives come after nouns.

• veit žinė 'this house'
• gawi eli 'those lines'

Nouns

In some ways declension has simplified: Modern Togarmite has lost grammatical gender. The construct state has been lost, and the Old Togarmite definite state ʔan- has been reanalyzed as a separate definite article yn. Yn becomes ym before /m f v p=/.

However, declension has become more complicated in other ways. For example, Modern Togarmite has innovated more declension paradigms.

Regular declension

Most nouns have a regular plural in -i, from a conflation of Middle Togarmite absolute -in and construct -ė.

Example: ȝėlam 'world'

ȝėlam 'world'

	singular	plural
indefinite	ȝėlam	ȝėlami

lysėn 'language'

	singular	plural
indefinite	lysėn	lysėni

Segolates

These nouns come from CVCC nouns in Proto-Semitic and thus are related to segolates in Hebrew.

kalv 'dog'

	singular	plural
indefinite	kalv	'klavi

Nisba nouns

An important declension class is comprised of nouns with the nisba suffix -i:

Tėrmi 'Togarmite'

	singular	plural
indefinite	Tėrmi	Tėrmin

Singulative-collective nouns

These nouns have a marked singular in -t.

šeȝart '(strand of) hair'

	singular	plural
indefinite	šeȝart	šeȝar

Former feminines

This class consists of nouns that were feminine in Old Togarmite, which typically end in -t and take a plural in -ėt:

frit 'fruit'

	singular	plural
indefinite	frit	frijėt

γalt 'door' (altered from *ðalt)

	singular	plural
indefinite	γalt	γlatėt

tyktøvt 'document'

	singular	plural
indefinite	tyktøvt	tyktøvėt

-a nouns

These are mainly Greek and Aramaic words.

aboloža 'excuse (pretext)'

	singular	plural
indefinite	aboloža	aboložes

Greek ending in -ma can have a plural in -mada:

tėma 'topic'

	singular	plural
indefinite	tėma	tėmes / tėmada

By analogy, even native words ending in -a are declined this way:

heda 'sin'

	singular	plural
indefinite	heda	hedes

Irregulars

vennės 'human'

	singular	plural
indefinite	vennės	nės

ašt 'woman'

	singular	plural
indefinite	ašt	nysi

Adjectives

Adjectives do not decline.

Degree

Adjectives have a comparative form in yn-/ym- and a superlative in køl-:

• yn-kvur = bigger
• kølkvur = biggest

A dedicated particle šøm (cognate to Arabic þumma) is used for 'than'.

Verbs

• Past = (eroded) suffix conjugation that became analogized with the prefix present
  • The y- prefix is only used when the verb directly follows the subject pronoun: nėk yktøv 'I wrote', nėk lė ktøv 'I didn't write'.
• Present = from the bare w-form
• Imperative
  • The imperative is negated with al: Ktøv! 'write!', Al ktøv! 'don't write!'
• w-form = w + stem from the 3ms suffix conjugation in the f3øl binyan, past tense but with w- for the prefix in other binyanim
• Infinitive
• Participles
• Progressive lu from *ȝalė-hu, c.f. wrthi in Welsh

The suffix conjugation does not survive unlike in most other Semitic languages, except in certain irregular verbs like fė 'to be'.

The citation form is the 2nd person singular imperative.

Binyanim

Modern Togarmite inherits all 8 binyanim of Old Togarmite. The ty- of Binyan 7 (tyfaȝel) verbs has become a productive derivational prefix, however.

Binyan 1: fȝøl

This binyan can take -ø- (e.g. ktøv 'to write'), -e- (sen 'to sleep') or -a- (dȝam 'to choose') as the theme vowel.

Binyan 1 conjugation: ktøv 'write'

→ Person ↓ Tense	1sg	2sg	3sg	1pl	2pl	3pl
past; conditional	nėk yktøv	at/et yktøv	hu/hi ktøv	nan ktøv	atøm ktøv	høm ktøv
past imperfective; past subjunctive	nėk fit wyktav	at/et fit wyktav	hu/hi fė wyktav	nan fu wyktav	atøm fu wyktav	høm fu wyktav
present	nėk wyktav	at/et wyktav	hu/hi wyktav	nan wyktav	atøm wyktav	høm wyktav
present progressive	nėk lu wyktav	at/et lu wyktav	hu/hi lu wyktav	nan lu wyktav	atøm lu wyktav	høm lu wyktav
present subjunctive	nėk yktøvan	at/et yktøvan	hu/hi ktøvan	nan ktøvan	atøm ktøvan	høm ktøvan
future	nėk bė ktėv	at/et bė ktėv	hu bė ktėv	nan bė ktėv	atøm bė ktėv	høm bė ktėv
perfect	li ktuv	lax/lex ktuv	lau/la ktuv	lanė ktuv	laxøm ktuv	laum ktuv
imperative	ktøv!
active participle	xėtev
passive participle	ktuv
w-form	wyktav
infinitive	ktėv

Binyan 1 conjugation: num 'sleep'

→ Person ↓ Tense	1sg	2sg	3sg	1pl	2pl	3pl
past; conditional	nėk ynum	at/et ynum	hu/hi num	nan num	atøm num	høm num
past progressive; past subjunctive	nėk fit wynaum	at/et fit wynaum	hu/hi fė wynaum	nan fu wynaum	atøm fu wynaum	høm fu wynaum
present	nėk wynaum	at/et wynaum	hu/hi wynaum	nan wynaum	atøm wynaum	høm wynaum
present progressive	nėk lu wynaum	at/et lu wynaum	hu/hi lu wynaum	nan lu wynaum	atøm lu wynaum	høm lu wynaum
present subjunctive	nėk ynuman	at/et ynuman	hu/hi numan	nan numan	atøm numan	høm numan
future	nėk bė nwėm	at/et bė nwėm	hu/hi bė nwėm	nan bė nwėm	atøm bė nwėm	høm bė nwėm
perfect	li num	lax/lex num	lau/la num	lanė num	laxøm num	laum num
imperative	num!
active participle	nėwem
passive participle	num
w-form	wynaum
infinitive	nwėm

Binyan 2: faȝel

This binyan comes from the Proto-Semitic D-stem (related to Hebrew pi33el and Arabic fa33ala)

Binyan 2 conjugation: saken 'inhabit'

→ Person ↓ Tense	1sg	2sg	3sg	1pl	2pl	3pl
past; conditional	nėk ysaken	at/et ysaken	hu/hi saken	nan saken	atøm saken	høm saken
past progressive; past subjunctive	nėk fit wysaken	at/et fit wysaken	hu/hi fė wysaken	nan fu wysaken	atøm fu wysaken	høm fu wysaken
present	nėk wysaken	at/et wysaken	hu/hi wysaken	nan wysaken	atøm wysaken	høm wysaken
present progressive	nėk lu wysaken	at/et lu wysaken	hu/hi lu wysaken	nan lu wysaken	atøm lu wysaken	høm lu wysaken
present subjunctive	nėk ysakenan	at/et ysakenan	hu/hi sakenan	nan sakenan	atøm sakenan	høm sakenan
future	nėk bė sakun	at bė sakun	hu bė sakun	nan bė sakun	atøm bė sakun	høm bė sakun
perfect	li møsakan	lax/lex møsakan	lau/la møsakan	lanė møsakan	laxøm møsakan	laum møsakan
imperative	saken!
active participle	møsaken
passive participle	møsakan
w-form	wysaken
infinitive	sakun

Binyan 3: fėȝel

Binyan 3 conjugation: ðėver 'speak'

→ Person ↓ Tense	1sg	2sg	3sg	1pl	2pl	3pl
past; conditional	nėk yðėver	at/et yðėver	hu/hi ðėver	nan ðėver	atøm ðėver	høm ðėver
past progressive; past subjunctive	nėk fit wyðėver	at/et fit wyðėver	hu/hi fė wyðėver	nan fu wyðėver	atøm fu wyðėver	høm fu wyðėver
present	nėk wyðėver	at/et wyðėver	hu/hi wyðėver	nan wyðėver	atøm wyðėver	høm wyðėver
present subjunctive	nėk yðėveran	at/et yðėveran	hu/hi ðėveran	nan ðėveran	atøm ðėveran	høm ðėveran
future	nėk bė ðėvur	at bė ðėvur	hu bė ðėvur	nan bė ðėvur	atøm bė ðėvur	høm bė ðėvur
perfect	li møðėvar	lax/lex møðėvar	lau/la møðėvar	lanė møðėvar	laxøm møðėvar	laum møðėvar
imperative	-	ðėver!	-	-	ðėveru!	-
active participle	møðėver
passive participle	møðėvar
w-form	wyðėver
infinitive	ðėvur

Binyan 4: afȝel

This binyan comes from the Proto-Semitic Š-stems thus corresponds to Hebrew hif3il and Arabic ʔaf3ala.

Binyan 3 conjugation: ažker 'remind'

→ Person ↓ Tense	1sg	2sg	3sg	1pl	2pl	3pl
past; conditional	nėk ažker	at/et ažker	hu/hi ažker	nan ažker	atøm ažker	høm ažker
past progressive; past subjunctive	fiti wažker	fit wažker	fė wažker	finė wažker	fitøm wažker	fu wažker
present	nėk še wažker	at/et še wažker	hu/hi še wažker	nan še wažker	atøm šu wažker	høm šu wažker
present subjunctive	nėk ažkeran	at/et ažkeran	hu/hi ažkeran	nan ažkeran	atøm ažkeran	høm ažkeran
future	nėk bė hažkur	at bė hažkur	hu bė hažkur	nan bė hažkur	atøm bė hažkur	høm bė hažkur
perfect	li mažkar	lax/lex mažkar	lau/la mažkar	lanė mažkar	laxøm mažkar	laum mažkar
imperative	ažker!
active participle	mažker
passive participle	mažkar
w-form	wažker
infinitive	ažkur

Binyan 5: ftyȝel

This binyan comes from the Proto-Semitic t-stem and shares similarities with the Hebrew binyan hitpa33el and Arabic ifta3ala. It is characterized by the t- prefix that comes from the *t infix.

Meanings:

• reflexive
• reciprocal

The prefix t metathesizes with C1 when

• C1 = f x s š c h z ž ȝ: tf tx ts tš th tz tž tȝ > ft xt st št ct ht zd žd ȝd
• C1 = ð d t: tð td tt > ð d t

Binyan 4 conjugation: tlymeð 'find one's way around'

→ Person ↓ Tense	1sg	2sg	3sg	1pl	2pl	3pl
past; conditional	nėk ytlymeð	at/et ytlymeð	hu/hi tlymeð	nan tlymeð	atøm tlymeð	høm tlymeð
past progressive; past subjunctive	fiti wytlymeð	fit wytlymeð	fė wytlymeð	finė wytlymeð	fitøm wytlymeð	fu wytlymeð
present	nėk ytlėmeð	at/et ytlėmeð	hu/hi tlėmeð	nan tlėmeð	atøm tlėmeð	høm tlėmeð
present progressive	nėk še wytlymeð	at/et še wytlymeð	hu/hi še wytlymeð	nan še wytlymeð	atøm šu wytlymeð	høm šu wytlymeð
present subjunctive	nėk ytlymeðan	at/et ytlymeðan	hu/hi tlymeðan	nan tlymeðan	atøm tlymeðan	høm tlymeðan
future	nėk bė hytlymuð	at bė hytlymuð	hu bė hytlymuð	nan bė hytlymuð	atøm bė hytlymuð	høm bė hytlymuð
perfect	li møtlymað	lax/lex møtlymað	lau/la møtlymað	lanė møtlymað	laxøm møtlymað	laum møtlymað
imperative	ytlymeð
active participle	møtlymeð
passive participle	møtlymað
w-form	wytlymėð
infinitive	hytlymuð

Binyan 6: etyfȝel

This binyan comes from the Nt-stem, with the mediopassive n- marker and the reflexive/reciprocal t-marker: the stem comes from *intap3il. cf. Hebrew nitpa33el, a variant of the hitpa33el binyan and the Arabic infa3ala binyan.

Binyan 5 conjugation: etyγðel 'grow up'

→ Person ↓ Tense	1sg	2sg	3sg	1pl	2pl	3pl
past; conditional	nėk etyγðel	at/et etyγðel	hu/hi etyγðel	nan etyγðel	atøm etyγðel	høm etyγðel
past progressive; past subjunctive	fiti wetyγðel	fit wetyγðel	fė wetyγðel	finė wetyγðel	fitøm wetyγðel	fu watyγðel
present	nėk še wetyγðel	at/et še wetyγðel	hu/hi še wetyγðel	nan še wetyγðel	atøm šu wetyγðel	høm šu wetyγðel
present subjunctive	nėk etyγðelan	at/et etyγðelan	hu/hi etyγðelan	nan etyγðelan	atøm etyγðelan	høm etyγðelan
future	nėk bė hetyγðul	at bė hetyγðul	hu bė hetyγðul	nan bė hetyγðul	atøm bė hetyγðul	høm bė hetyγðul
perfect	li metyγðal	lax/lex metyγðal	lau/la metyγðal	lanė metyγðal	laxøm metyγðal	laum metyγðal
imperative	-	hetyγðel!	-	-	hetyγðelu!	-
active participle	metyγðel
passive participle	metyγðal
w-form	watyγðel
infinitive	hetyγðul

Binyan 8: styfȝel

This binyan comes from the Št-stem and is directly related to the binyan istaf3ala in Arabic and the very rare binyan hishtaf3el in Biblical Hebrew. Binyan 7 tends to form verbs involving conscious decision.

Binyan 8 conjugation: stydȝem 'try out'

→ Person ↓ Tense	1sg	2sg	3sg	1pl	2pl	3pl
past; conditional	nėk ystydȝem	at/et ystydȝem	hu/hi stydȝem	nan stydȝem	atøm stydȝem	høm stydȝem
past progressive; past subjunctive	fiti wystydȝem	fit wystydȝem	fė wystydȝem	finė wystydȝem	fitøm wystydȝem	fu wystydȝem
present	nėk ystytėȝem	at/et ystytėȝem	hu/hi stytėȝem	nan stytėȝem	atøm stytėȝem	høm stytėȝem
present progressive	nėk še wystydȝem	at/et še wystydȝem	hu/hi še wystydȝem	nan še wystydȝem	atøm šu wystydȝem	høm šu wystydȝem
present subjunctive	nėk ystydȝeman	at/et ystydȝeman	hu/hi stydȝeman	nan stydȝeman	atøm stydȝemun	jystydȝemun
future	nėk bė stydȝum	at bė stydȝum	hu bė stydȝum	nan bė stydȝum	atøm bė stydȝum	høm bė stydȝum
perfect	li møstydȝam	lax/lex møstydȝam	lau/la møstydȝam	lanė møstydȝam	laxøm møstydȝam	laum møstydȝam
imperative	-	stydȝem!	-	-	stydȝemu!	-
active participle	møstydȝem
passive participle	møstydȝam
w-form	wystydȝem
infinitive	stydȝum

Concatenative verbs

The concatenative paradigm, analogous to Germanic weak verbs, is formed by adding prefixes and suffixes, without changing the stem. The past and imperative forms are formed by adding -i or -ji to the noun, when no other suffix is added.

It is used for recent loan verbs like maksimezi 'to maximize', but can also be used to derive verbs from native nouns:

• myðrasi 'to school' (from myðras 'school')
• takili 'to consume' (from takil 'consumption', itself from the root √ʔ-k-l 'to eat')
• žakoji 'to entitle, to allow' (from žako 'right')
• ȝeini 'to eye' (from ȝein 'eye')

The endings are mainly derived from Middle Togarmite forms of 3-y verbs.

• [STEM]-i = active
• ty-[STEM]-i = re-
• mø- = active participle
• -ėt = infinitive

Weak verb conjugation: myðrasi 'to school'

→ Person ↓ Tense	1sg	2sg	3sg	1pl	2pl	3pl
past; conditional	nėk ymyðrasi	at/et ymyðrasi	hu/hi myðrasi	nan myðrasi	atøm myðrasi	høm myðrasi
past progressive; past subjunctive	fiti wymyðrasi	fit wymyðrasi	fė wymyðrasi	finė wymyðrasi	fitøm wymyðrasi	fu wymyðrasi
present	nėk wymyðrasi	at/et wymyðrasi	hu/hi wymyðrasi	nan wymyðrasi	atøm wymyðrasi	høm wymyðrasi
present progressive	nėk lu wymyðrasi	at/et lu wymyðrasi	hu/hi lu wymyðrasi	nan lu wymyðrasi	atøm lu wymyðrasi	høm lu wymyðrasi
present subjunctive	nėk ymyðrasan	at/et ymyðrasan	hu/hi myðrasan	nan myðrasan	atøm myðrasun	høm myðrasun
future	nėk bė myðrasėt	at bė myðrasėt	hu bė myðrasėt	nėbu myðrasėt	atøm bė myðrasėt	høm bė myðrasėt
perfect	li mømyðrasa	lax/lex mømyðrasa	lau/la mømyðrasa	lanė mømyðrasa	laxøm mømyðrasa	laum mømyðrasa
imperative	myðrasi!
active participle	mømyðrasė
passive participle	myðrasa
w-form	wymyðrasi
infinitive	myðrasėt

fe 'to be'

The verb fe 'to be' is perhaps the most irregular verb of the language; it uses the Proto-Semitic suffix conjugation in the past tense.

fe 'to be'

→ Person ↓ Tense	1sg	2sg	3sg	1pl	2pl	3pl
past; conditional	nėk fit	at fit	hu fė	nan fu	atøm fu	høm fu
past progressive; past subjunctive	nėk fit fė	at fit fė	hu fė fė	nan fu fė	atøm fu fė	høm fu fė
present	(nėk)	(at/et)	(hu/hi)	(nan)	(atøm)	(høm)
present progressive	nėk lu fė	at/et lu fė	hu/hi lu fė	nan lu fė	atøm lu fė	høm lu fė
present subjunctive	nėk yfijan	at yfijan	hu fijan	nan fijan	atøm fijan	høm fijan
future	nėk bė fėt	at bė fėt	hu bė fėt	nan bė fėt	atøm bė fėt	høm bė fėt
imperative	fe!
active participle	hėwi
passive participle	fuj
w-form	fė
infinitive	fėt

kėl 'can'

kėl 'can'

→ Person ↓ Tense	1sg	2sg	3sg	1pl	2pl	3pl
past; conditional	nėk ikel	at/et ikel	hu/hi kel	nan kel	atøm kel	høm kel
past subjunctive	nėk fit wėkel	at fit wėkel	hu fė wėkel	nan fu wėkel	atøm fu wėkel	høm fu wėkel
present	nėk wėkel	at wėkel	hu wėkel	nan wėkel	atøm wėkel	høm wėkel
present subjunctive	nėk ikelan	at/et ikelan	hu/hi kelan	nan kelan	atøm kelan	høm kelan
future	nėk bė kėl	at bė kėl	hu bė kėl	nan bė kėl	atøm bė kėl	høm bė kėl
active participle	-
passive participle	fuj wėkel
w-form	wėkel
infinitive	kėl

høvė 'should; ought'

høba 'should; ought'

→ Person ↓ Tense	1sg	2sg	3sg	1pl	2pl	3pl
past	nėk fit høbė	at fit høbė	hu fė høbė	nan fu høbu	atøm fu høbu	høm fu høbu
present	nėk høbė	at/et høbė	hu/hi høbė	nan høbu	atøm høbu	høm høbu

ryžė 'to like'

ryžė 'to like'

→ Person ↓ Tense	1sg	2sg	3sg	1pl	2pl	3pl
past; conditional	nėk yrži	at yrži	hu yrži	nan yržu	atøm yržu	høm yržu
past subjunctive	nėk fit wyrži	at fit wyrži	hu fė wyrži	nan fu wyrži	atøm fu wyrži	høm fu wyrži
present	nėk ryžė	at/et ryžė	hu/hi ryžė	nan ryžu	atøm ryžu	høm ryžu
future	nėk bė ryžėt	at bė ryžėt	hu bė ryžėt	nan bė ryžėt	atøm bė ryžėt	høm bė ryžėt
w-form	wyrži
active participle	rėži
passive participle	ryžuj
infinitive	ryžėt

sėr 'to want'

sėr 'to want'

→ Person ↓ Tense	1sg	2sg	3sg	1pl	2pl	3pl
past; conditional	nėk sør	at sør	hu sør	nan sru	atøm sru	høm sru
past subjunctive	nėk fit wasar	at fit wasar	hu fė wasar	nan fu wasar	atøm fu wasar	høm fu wasar
present	nėk wasar	at/et wasar	hu/hi wasar	nan wasar	atøm wasar	høm wasar
future	nėk bė sėr	at bė sėr	hu bė sėr	nan bė sėr	atøm bė sėr	høm bė sėr
w-form	wasar
active participle	sėr
passive participle	sur
infinitive	sėr

The auxiliary vė

The defective auxiliary vė (inf. and w-form vė, past and imperative vu, passive participle vuj; from the conflation of two roots, one a cognate of Hebrew בא 'to come' and the other a cognate of Hebrew אבה 'to be willing') is used to form dynamic passives (with the passive participle) and the future (with the infinitive), like the German verb werden.

• Yn γalt lu vė fytuh = The door is opening (being opened)
• Yn γalt vu fytuh = The door (was) opened
• Yn γalt lež vuj fytuh = The door has been opened
• Yn γalt fytuh = The door is open (lit. opened)
  • vė is not repeated for future + passive: both 'The door opens' and 'The door will open' are Yn γalt vė fytuh.
• Dawid vė ftėh yn γalt = David will open the door

Gzarot

Main article: Togarmite/Gzarot

In Semitic languages, gzarot (Hebrew גְּזָרוֹת‎, sg. gizra גִּזְרָה 'figure, form, pattern') are variations of an inflectional (especially verbal) paradigm that are determined by the choice of consonants in the consonantal root. Thus, a paradigm has not only a regular gizra but various irregular ones, which occur most commonly when

• the consonantal root contains a "guttural" (ʔ ȝ h) or a semivowel (j w);
• the consonantal root contains a n, since nC tends to assimilate into CC
• the consonantal root has 2 letters.

Because Togarmite only uses the prefix conjugation, modern Togarmite gzarot are in some ways less bad than Hebrew gzarot; most of the irregularities occur in binyan fȝøl. However, there are often so many irregularities even within each gizra, and cases of analogy between verbs of different gzarot, that the concept of gzarot in Modern Togarmite has been questioned: in Togarmite, a "gizra" just describes general tendencies of verbs with a certain root consonant.

Prepositions

Some prepositions:

• in 'in' [from PSem *ina], in yn > nyn
  • ini, inak, inek, inau, ina, inė, inkøm, inaum
• ly (l' before V) 'of (possessive)'
• vy (v' before V) 'by, at, with (instrumental), in (language)'
  • vi, vak, vek, vau, va, vanė, vakøm, vaum
• šyðe 'out of' (from *śadiy-ah 'to the field')
• me (men before V) 'from'
  • meni, menak, menek, menau, mena, menė, mekøm, menaum
• ȝem 'with (comitative)'
  • 3emi, 3emak, 3emek, 3emau, 3ema, 3emnė, 3emkøm, 3emaum
• ȝal 'on'; with definite article ȝlėn/ȝlėm
  • 3lei, 3lėk, 3lėk, 3lėju, 3lėja, 3lėnė, 3lėkøm, 3lėjøm
• lið 'to' (from *la-yad 'to the hand of')
• løv 'into, in' (from *la-libb)
  • Nėk wamen løv žinė - I believe in this
  • Hu tyhev løva - He fell in love with her
• ȝvar 'over'
• tat 'under'
• aržo 'down' (from *ʔarč̣-ah "earthward")
• ðarkyn 'along'
• vlėš 'without'

Numerals

Cardinal

0: cefry
1: hað
2: šnein / attributive šnė
3: šlėš (animate šlėšt)
4: yrvaȝ (animate yrvaȝt)
5: mes (animate mest)
6: setš (animate setšt)
7: savȝy (animate savȝyt)
8: šmėni (animate šmėnt)
9: tesȝy (animate tesȝyt)
10: ȝašry (animate ȝašryt)
11: ȝašry wy hað
12: ȝašry šnein
20: ȝešrin
30: šlėšin
40: yrvȝin
50: hymsin
60: setšin
70: syvȝin
80: šmėnin
90: tesȝin
100: met
101: met wy hað
200: metein
300: šlėš met
400: yrvaȝ met
1000: alf
2000: alfein
3000: šlėš alf
1000000: alfun
10^9: vėtfun
10^12: γamfun
etc.

Plural numerals usually take plural nouns. They used to take singular nouns, however this is considered archaic.

Numbers ending in digits "3" through "9" (thus ending in šlėš through tesȝy), or "10" (thus ending in ȝašry), have two forms depending on the animacy of the noun: hymes myrtemi 'five abacuses', but hymest ahwėt 'five sisters'. The animate forms come from the masculine forms (reverse polarity) marked with *-t in Proto-Semitic.

Ordinal

Ordinals are formed using the pattern CCuC; as in English, "1st" and "2nd" are irregular, from elatives *ʔaʕlay- 'topmost' and *ʔaʕqab- 'the immediately following' respectively. In compound numerals, the last number word is inflected to the ordinal form.

• 1st = olė
• 2nd = ogav
• 3rd = šluš
• 4th = rvuȝ
• 5th = mus
• 6th = stuš
• 7th = svuȝ
• 8th = smun
• 9th = tsuȝ
• 10th = ȝšur
• 11th = ȝašry w-olė
• 12th = ȝašry w-ogav
• 13th = ȝašry šluš

etc.

Fractional

Fractional numerals are formed with the segolate pattern CøCCy (pl. CøCaCi). Compound numerals can be inflected as well, like in the case of ordinal numerals. The analogized form øhðy is used for numerals ending in "1".

• half = γøv (from *gunb- 'side')
• 3rd = šølšy
• 4th = røvȝy
• 11th = ȝašry w-øhðy

To express "m/n", Togarmite uses "m nths": "2/3" is šnė šølaši.

Syntax

Faulty accusative marker

The faulty accusative marker it is used. It behaves like the MSA accusative case and the Welsh soft mutation for direct objects: when there is a constituent separating the verb or predicate from a second constituent, it comes between the two constituents regardless of whether the second constituent is actually a direct object. Example:

• Halek wyfė li it šlėšt klavi, wy ȝeto lėš li it nuk. = I used to have three dogs, and now I don't have any.
• Yn ðėrest li ryšė li it ȝyšėt rab tamuni veit. = My teacher wants me to do a lot of homework.

Questions

Yes-no questions require the question marker ha to be placed at the beginning of the sentence.

What-questions have a syntax similar to English.

Existentials

The word iš is used to indicate existence. It is also used with the preposition ly 'to' or the possessive pronouns to indicate possession. The negative of iš is lėš.

• Lėš mygėm ėn kølšar nyȝum. = There is no place where everyone is happy.
• Ha iš lek ša3t? = Do you (f. sg.) have time?

Clauses

• "if" = em
• "then" = šøm
• "though" = ak, kenak

Relative clauses

The relative pronoun žė is used for both relative and complement clauses. It may takes prepositional cases, just like English relative pronouns. The word žė is from PSem *ðā, the accusative singular form of the demonstrative *ðū; cf. Biblical Hebrew זו zu, Aramaic די dī.

For relative clauses whose heads are prepositional objects in the relative clause, there are three strategies:

• the relativizer is treated as a resumptive pronoun which takes the preposition, like English which: yn γavry lið žė nėk ohav ym mauhav, lit. 'the man to which I gave the gift'. This syntax arose from the influence of surrounding languages like English.
• the preposition goes to the end of the clause: yn γavry žė nėk ohav ym mauhav lið lit. 'the man which I gave the gift to'. This syntax arose from the native Semitic construction which used a resumptive pronoun on the preposition: after the resumptive pronoun lost the stress, the preposition lost its pronominal suffix and moved to the end of the clause.
• A combination of both strategies can be used: yn γavry lið žė nėk ohav ym mauhav lið, lit. 'The man to which I gave the gift to'. This is the most common strategy with the other two considered archaic.

Derivation

Noun and adjective patterns

• CaCCy(t), CeCCy(t), CøCCy(t) = segolates
• CyCiC = adjective; -able
• CyCuC = adjective; color
• CyCėC = some adjectives
• CyCaCt, CyCeCt, CyCøCt
• CaCøCt = describes a condition
• CyCeCCaC = diminutive
• myCCaC(t), meCCaC(t), myCCėC: noun, often denoting place
• maCCaCt = causative version of myCCaC(t)
• myCCeC(t) = instrument
• maCCeCt = causative version of myCCeC(t)
• tyCCuC, tyCCiC, tyCCėC = action or process
• ryCCøCt (cognatized from Hebrew tiCCóCet) = system of things
• CaCėC = agentive
  • katėv 'writer'
• CaCCan = agentive; -an is an agentive
  • lamsan 'philanthropist' (felantrøb is also common)
• CaCCėn, CeCCėn, and CøCCėn = nouns, often an augmentative

Affixes

• -an = forms agentives and adjectives
• -in = collectives
  • lamusin 'charity'
• -ut = abstract noun
• -i = forms adjectives
• -it = forms adverbs
• i- = non-, un-
  • ivyšari 'incorporeal'
  • iwøxli 'impossible'
• -yr = someone who is characterized by X (from English)
  • iðuȝyr 'know-it-all', from iduȝ 'knowledgeable'
• -ri = -ry (from English)
  • gðėsri = sanctimoniousness, from gðės '(archaic) holy'
  • kal'anri = double standard or hypocrisy, from the agentive kal'an 'hypocrite' of √x-l-ʔ 'double'
• afto- = self-
• e- = a- (from ʔiC-, an assimilated form of the OTog preposition ʔin 'in'); these adjectives can usually only be predicative
  • e'est 'ablaze'
  • eðarky 'away'
  • etal 'galore' (lit. a-mound)
  • emein 'drowned, lost forever', lit. awater
• -vyl = -able (from English -able and native avȝel 'to be able to')
• ty- 're-' (from the tD-stem)
  • tynawer 'to reflect', from naur 'light'
  • tybarkes 'to react', from barkis 'action'
  • tysalem 'to repay', from √s-l-m 'peace, whole'
  • tyȝanė 'to satisfy', from √ȝ-n-j 'distress, need'; probably influenced by a now obsolete meaning 'to answer' of the same root
  • unpredictable change in meaning stem)

Phrasebook

some phrases in Togarmite:

• Slėm! - Hello! / Goodbye!
• Slėm ȝlėkøm! - Hello! (formal)
• Leil dėv! / Num vy dėv! - Good night! / Sleep well!
• Jaum dėv! - Good day!
• Ekarus! / Ekarus tak/tek/takøm! - Thanks!
• Ȝem ryžan - Please / You're welcome
• Tryhef ti - Excuse me, Pardon
• Nėk nyhum - I'm sorry
• Ma yn sem lak/lek/lakøm? - What's your name?
• Yn sem li [name] - My name is [name]
• Keik wymar iþ [thing] in Tėrmit? - How do you say [thing] in Togarmite?
• H' at/et/atøm wyðėver [language]? - Do you speak [language]?
• Ȝem ryžan, mør že šėnėn - Please say it again
• Hė lak/lek/lakøm - Here you go! (i.e. I just granted your request) (the source of the English expression is misinterpreted Togarmite)
  • Note: In Ethiopia it's spelled without the space.
• Yn ryhaft li hu myli ȝem clėfi - My hovercraft is full of eels
• En = Yes.
• Lė = No.

Sample texts

Schleicher

Yn kavš w' yn frasi

Kavš ly žė lė fė žamry ly jar frasi: hað γor maȝrevt šgul, hað mol hemly kvur, wy hað mol vennės vy fiz. Yn kavš mar: "Mrur li yn lev, oryn nėk wyrė vennės wyrkav frasi." Yn frasi mar: "Ažen, kavš! Mrur lanė yn lev oryn nan wyrė žinė: vennės, ym vol, woši lið afau mylvast mum me žamry lyn kavš. Wy lėš lyn kavš it žamry." Oryn yn kavš smaȝ žinė, hu mnaȝ lið yn šðe.

Old Tog.:

An xabše wan φarasīn

Χabše, žė lė hawė čamre lawh, φarasīn yarʔe: yagōr ʔaħād marχabaθ šakūlaθ, wa-yaħmōl ʔaħād ħemle χabūr, wa-yaħmōl ʔaħād ħaφīzan ʔinės. Yāmār an χabše: Mār lī an lēb, bi-riʔėθī ʔinės rėχib φarasīn. Yāmārū an φarasīn: Sumaʕ an χabše! Mār lanė an lēb bi-riʔėθinė žīnė: ʔinės an baʕle yaʕšē lawh malbasaθ ħamūmaθ mēn čamre an χabšīn. Wa-lėš len-χabše čamre. Bi-šimėʕ an χabše žīnė, yamnāȝ ʔilė an šadi.

Hebrew:

הכבש והסוסים

כבש שלא היה לו צמר ראה סוסים: אחד גרר עגלה כבדה, אחד נשא עומס גדול, ואחד נשא בן אדם וזז מהר. אמר הכבש: "כואב לי לראות איך בן אדם רוכב סוסים." אמרו הסוסים: "הקשב, כבש, כואב לנו לראות זאת: בן אדם, האדון, עושה לעצמו בגד חמים מצמרו של הכבש. ולכבש אין צמר." לאחר ששמע זאת, ברח הכבש לתוך המישור.

Lysėn Tėrmi, lysėn tlul

• Hað arž, rav arži; hað γalt, rav γalti!
• Jaumyn nėk wyktav, amsyn nėk yktøv; jaumyn nėk wydȝam, amsyn nėk ydȝøm!

A biology abstract

Nan wymðøð yn tyγlim efgarjodeg metycrer lyn irišt TSP3 in Vruchorjon sbonerču. TSP3 wygaðeg ginas nahelan rėkes ly brødezenjon, mygėma vym migrosbørelada gødognėji lyn rivosøm bosadeðeg, wy kahus ly TSP3 rahivyn ma'man ly fėt ym mojan ly garčin gøvothrødeg. In tyktøvt žinė nan wystyðrek wyngad tyvhin kyli-ȝywur Rɪᴄᴇʀ-Jᴀʟɪɴꜱᴋɪ, žė rykės TSP3 lið yn ȝakuvan følochrøpsenas wygrė (p = 0.04) nyn øbodreløma ly gød Vrukorjon slim møran ety'yfusi aðenodoksen nyhut. Ly tymacu žinė vė fėt ramuzi mø'avjunė lið yn ðrės ly ðesglørøma sømvrøchi.

We measure the nucleating eukaryotic folding of the TSP3 gene in Bruchorium sponercii. TSP3 encodes a protezine-binding receptor kinase located at the cytotubular microsporellata of the quanticular ribosome, and malfunction of TSP3 is commonly believed to be the source of cybothrotic cancer. In this paper we prove using a Rɪᴇᴛᴢᴇʀ-Yᴀʟɪɴꜱᴋʏ double-blind test that TSP3 binding to the phyllochrypsinase inhibitor occurs (p = 0.04) in the hypotrellome of a healthy Bruchorium cell when adenotoxin concentrations are low. This research will have significant implications for the study of symbrychous descloroma.

Newton's laws of motion

I: Ðvar wyšvat vy ðemi, o vy ȝytėg enomorf, lulė yðraȝ wybarkes ȝal že.

I: An object stays at rest, or at a constant speed, unless a force acts on it.

II: Yn šanuj nyn tyȝtig ly všar že mytkøni lið yn øtisi møtyfacar ȝlėm všar; w' yn šanuj wygrė ðarkyn yn gau tygin ȝal žė øtisi ži vė møtyfacar ȝal.

II: The change in the momentum of a body is proportional to the force applied to the body; and the change occurs along the straight line on which that force is applied.

III: Iš ly køl barkis it tybarkis is w' andethed.

III: Every action has an equal and opposite reaction.

O how quickly the sculpture of life

O! Kma fizit ym myglaȝ ly heiwėt
Šaver in demaša zydarder!
Ym mγilut lym malk ȝlėn trøn lau
Vė klilit γruf ðak vy γali jam.
Atøm, žė watė mancavta hė,
Ȝavry hen yn Ylėh lawani ȝlėn arž.
Køl lanė møðawan ȝal ym barkisi lanė;
Hamnė wyhėv lið yn ȝni, w' aγatheržijėt lið hajðuð.

O how quickly the sculpture of life
Shattered into tiny fragments!
The splendor of the king on his throne
Is completely swept away by sea-waves.
Ye who come hither stationed here,
By the grace of God ye are guests on earth.
All of us are judged according to our actions;
Let us give to the needy, and do charity towards one another.

Warming Up To You

Wetyhmem liðak
Kenak at vė mėt in klėt,
Nėk wyrtyvec nym mimut lak,
Ym mimut žė azė'en yn hagranut,
Yn ȝyli lyn jeðȝy;
Yn γant žė lak stul in žinė ryvuȝ aðmyt
Wy žė at vė nyžėr lið ðėr wy ðėr.

Stairway To Heaven

Maȝlyt lið yn Symeinit
Iš volt žė hi šur
Køl žė nėher že žahav
Wy hi wyzvan maȝlyt lið yn symeinit

UDHR

Køl nės mewølað rur w' is in akšobrebja wy žykawi. Høm møtyhanan by ložegi wy syniðisi wy høvu barkus lið hajðuð vyn ruh l'ahwut.