Module:category tree/fam/gem: Difference between revisions
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labels["strong verbs"] = { | labels["strong verbs"] = { | ||
description = "{{{langname}}} verbs that do not use a dental suffix to mark the past tense and past participle, instead using vowel change ([[ablaut]]) and often a suffix ''-(e)n'' in the past participle.", | description = "{{{langname}}} verbs that do not use a dental suffix to mark the past tense and past participle, instead using vowel change ([[wikt:ablaut|ablaut]]) and often a suffix ''-(e)n'' in the past participle.", | ||
breadcrumb = "strong", | breadcrumb = "strong", | ||
parents = {"verbs by inflection type"}, | parents = {"verbs by inflection type"}, | ||
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labels["class 1 strong verbs"] = { | labels["class 1 strong verbs"] = { | ||
description = "{{{langname}}} class 1 strong verbs, where the [[ablaut]] vowel was followed by ''-y-'' in Proto-Indo-European.", | description = "{{{langname}}} class 1 strong verbs, where the [[wikt:ablaut|ablaut]] vowel was followed by ''-y-'' in Proto-Indo-European.", | ||
breadcrumb = "class 1", | breadcrumb = "class 1", | ||
parents = {{name = "strong verbs", sort = "1"}}, | parents = {{name = "strong verbs", sort = "1"}}, | ||
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labels["class 1 weak verbs"] = { | labels["class 1 weak verbs"] = { | ||
description = "{{{langname}}} class 1 weak verbs, where the stem was followed by {{ic|/i/~/j/}} in Proto-Germanic (or {{ic|/ij/}} after a heavy stem, due to {{w|Sievers' Law}}).", | description = "{{{langname}}} class 1 weak verbs, where the stem was followed by {{ic|/i/~/j/}} in Proto-Germanic (or {{ic|/ij/}} after a heavy stem, due to {{w|Sievers' Law}}).", | ||
additional = "This triggered [[umlaut]] in most daughter languages, as well as gemination of the final consonant in light stems in West Germanic.", | additional = "This triggered [[wikt:umlaut|umlaut]] in most daughter languages, as well as gemination of the final consonant in light stems in West Germanic.", | ||
breadcrumb = "class 1", | breadcrumb = "class 1", | ||
parents = {{name = "weak verbs", sort = "1"}}, | parents = {{name = "weak verbs", sort = "1"}}, | ||
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description = "{{{langname}}} class 1 weak verbs with {{ic|/i/~/j/~/ij/}} in Proto-Germanic only in the present tense, but not elsewhere.", | description = "{{{langname}}} class 1 weak verbs with {{ic|/i/~/j/~/ij/}} in Proto-Germanic only in the present tense, but not elsewhere.", | ||
additional = "Most class 1 weak verbs had {{ic|/i/}} in the past tense and past participle, leading to " .. | additional = "Most class 1 weak verbs had {{ic|/i/}} in the past tense and past participle, leading to " .. | ||
"[[umlaut]] throughout the verb in daughter languages with umlaut. A few archaic verbs, however, lacked " .. | "[[wikt:umlaut|umlaut]] throughout the verb in daughter languages with umlaut. A few archaic verbs, however, lacked " .. | ||
"this [[interfix]], with the [[dental]] consonant of the ending attached directly to the stem. Original " .. | "this [[wikt:interfix|interfix]], with the [[wikt:dental|dental]] consonant of the ending attached directly to the stem. Original " .. | ||
"instances of this are the reflexes of English [[seek]], [[think]], [[buy]] and [[work]], with apparently " .. | "instances of this are the reflexes of English [[wikt:seek|seek]], [[wikt:think|think]], [[wikt:buy|buy]] and [[wikt:work|work]], with apparently " .. | ||
"irregular pasts ''sought'', ''thought'', ''bought'' and archaic ''wrought'', and it was often extended " .. | "irregular pasts ''sought'', ''thought'', ''bought'' and archaic ''wrought'', and it was often extended " .. | ||
"to other verbs in various daughter languages (e.g. the [[Old English]] reflexes of [[sell]], [[tell]], " .. | "to other verbs in various daughter languages (e.g. the [[wikt:Old English|Old English]] reflexes of [[wikt:sell|sell]], [[wikt:tell|tell]], " .. | ||
"[[teach]] and formerly [[reach]], with apparently irregular pasts ''sold'', ''told'', ''taught'' and " .. | "[[wikt:teach|teach]] and formerly [[wikt:reach|reach]], with apparently irregular pasts ''sold'', ''told'', ''taught'' and " .. | ||
"now-obsolete ''raught''). The apparent reversal of umlaut in the past tense is sometimes called " .. | "now-obsolete ''raught''). The apparent reversal of umlaut in the past tense is sometimes called " .. | ||
"{{m|de|Rückumlaut|lit=backwards umlaut}} in Germanic studies.", | "{{m|de|Rückumlaut|lit=backwards umlaut}} in Germanic studies.", | ||
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labels["class 2 strong verbs"] = { | labels["class 2 strong verbs"] = { | ||
description = "{{{langname}}} class 2 strong verbs, where the [[ablaut]] vowel was followed by ''-w-'' in Proto-Indo-European.", | description = "{{{langname}}} class 2 strong verbs, where the [[wikt:ablaut|ablaut]] vowel was followed by ''-w-'' in Proto-Indo-European.", | ||
breadcrumb = "class 2", | breadcrumb = "class 2", | ||
parents = {{name = "strong verbs", sort = "2"}}, | parents = {{name = "strong verbs", sort = "2"}}, | ||
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labels["class 2a strong verbs"] = { | labels["class 2a strong verbs"] = { | ||
description = "{{{langname}}} class 2 strong verbs where the [[ablaut]] vowel was ''*eu'' in Proto-Germanic.", | description = "{{{langname}}} class 2 strong verbs where the [[wikt:ablaut|ablaut]] vowel was ''*eu'' in Proto-Germanic.", | ||
breadcrumb = "class 2a", | breadcrumb = "class 2a", | ||
parents = {{name = "class 2 strong verbs", sort = "1"}}, | parents = {{name = "class 2 strong verbs", sort = "1"}}, | ||
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labels["class 2b strong verbs"] = { | labels["class 2b strong verbs"] = { | ||
description = "{{{langname}}} class 2 strong verbs where the [[ablaut]] vowel was ''*ū'' in Proto-Germanic.", | description = "{{{langname}}} class 2 strong verbs where the [[wikt:ablaut|ablaut]] vowel was ''*ū'' in Proto-Germanic.", | ||
breadcrumb = "class 2b", | breadcrumb = "class 2b", | ||
parents = {{name = "class 2 strong verbs", sort = "2"}}, | parents = {{name = "class 2 strong verbs", sort = "2"}}, | ||
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labels["class 3 strong verbs"] = { | labels["class 3 strong verbs"] = { | ||
description = "{{{langname}}} class 3 strong verbs, where the [[ablaut]] vowel was followed by a [[consonant cluster]] in Proto-Indo-European.", | description = "{{{langname}}} class 3 strong verbs, where the [[wikt:ablaut|ablaut]] vowel was followed by a [[wikt:consonant cluster|consonant cluster]] in Proto-Indo-European.", | ||
breadcrumb = "class 3", | breadcrumb = "class 3", | ||
parents = {{name = "strong verbs", sort = "3"}}, | parents = {{name = "strong verbs", sort = "3"}}, | ||
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labels["class 3a strong verbs"] = { | labels["class 3a strong verbs"] = { | ||
description = "{{{langname}}} class 3 strong verbs where the [[consonant cluster]] following the [[ablaut]] vowel begins with a nasal consonant.", | description = "{{{langname}}} class 3 strong verbs where the [[wikt:consonant cluster|consonant cluster]] following the [[wikt:ablaut|ablaut]] vowel begins with a nasal consonant.", | ||
breadcrumb = "class 3a", | breadcrumb = "class 3a", | ||
parents = {{name = "class 3 strong verbs", sort = "1"}}, | parents = {{name = "class 3 strong verbs", sort = "1"}}, | ||
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labels["class 3b strong verbs"] = { | labels["class 3b strong verbs"] = { | ||
description = "{{{langname}}} class 3 strong verbs where the [[consonant cluster]] following the [[ablaut]] vowel begins with a lateral consonant or velar fricative.", | description = "{{{langname}}} class 3 strong verbs where the [[wikt:consonant cluster|consonant cluster]] following the [[wikt:ablaut|ablaut]] vowel begins with a lateral consonant or velar fricative.", | ||
breadcrumb = "class 3b", | breadcrumb = "class 3b", | ||
parents = {{name = "class 3 strong verbs", sort = "2"}}, | parents = {{name = "class 3 strong verbs", sort = "2"}}, | ||
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labels["class 3c strong verbs"] = { | labels["class 3c strong verbs"] = { | ||
description = "{{{langname}}} class 3 strong verbs where the [[consonant cluster]] following the [[ablaut]] vowel begins with a rhotic consonant.", | description = "{{{langname}}} class 3 strong verbs where the [[wikt:consonant cluster|consonant cluster]] following the [[wikt:ablaut|ablaut]] vowel begins with a rhotic consonant.", | ||
breadcrumb = "class 3c", | breadcrumb = "class 3c", | ||
parents = {{name = "class 3 strong verbs", sort = "3"}}, | parents = {{name = "class 3 strong verbs", sort = "3"}}, | ||
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labels["class 4 strong verbs"] = { | labels["class 4 strong verbs"] = { | ||
description = "{{{langname}}} class 4 strong verbs, where the [[ablaut]] vowel was followed by a [[sonorant]] (''m'', ''n'', ''l'', ''r'') but no other consonant in Proto-Indo-European.", | description = "{{{langname}}} class 4 strong verbs, where the [[wikt:ablaut|ablaut]] vowel was followed by a [[wikt:sonorant|sonorant]] (''m'', ''n'', ''l'', ''r'') but no other consonant in Proto-Indo-European.", | ||
breadcrumb = "class 4", | breadcrumb = "class 4", | ||
parents = {{name = "strong verbs", sort = "4"}}, | parents = {{name = "strong verbs", sort = "4"}}, | ||
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labels["class 5 strong verbs"] = { | labels["class 5 strong verbs"] = { | ||
description = "{{{langname}}} class 5 strong verbs, where the [[ablaut]] vowel was followed by [[consonant]] other than a [[sonorant]] in Proto-Indo-European.", | description = "{{{langname}}} class 5 strong verbs, where the [[wikt:ablaut|ablaut]] vowel was followed by [[wikt:consonant|consonant]] other than a [[wikt:sonorant|sonorant]] in Proto-Indo-European.", | ||
breadcrumb = "class 5", | breadcrumb = "class 5", | ||
parents = {{name = "strong verbs", sort = "5"}}, | parents = {{name = "strong verbs", sort = "5"}}, | ||
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labels["class 5 strong j-present verbs"] = { | labels["class 5 strong j-present verbs"] = { | ||
description = "{{{langname}}} class 5 strong verbs with a {{IPAchar|/j/}} suffix in the present tense in Proto-Germanic.", | description = "{{{langname}}} class 5 strong verbs with a {{IPAchar|/j/}} suffix in the present tense in Proto-Germanic.", | ||
additional = "This [[umlaut]]ed the root vowel to {{ic|/i/}}, and caused gemination of the stem-final consonant in the West Germanic languages. The {{ic|/j/}} was maintained in Gothic, Old Norse (and modern Icelandic) and Old Saxon, but otherwise dropped.", | additional = "This [[wikt:umlaut|umlaut]]ed the root vowel to {{ic|/i/}}, and caused gemination of the stem-final consonant in the West Germanic languages. The {{ic|/j/}} was maintained in Gothic, Old Norse (and modern Icelandic) and Old Saxon, but otherwise dropped.", | ||
breadcrumb = "''j''-present", | breadcrumb = "''j''-present", | ||
parents = {{name = "class 5 strong verbs", sort = "j-present"}}, | parents = {{name = "class 5 strong verbs", sort = "j-present"}}, | ||
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labels["class 6 strong j-present verbs"] = { | labels["class 6 strong j-present verbs"] = { | ||
description = "{{{langname}}} class 6 strong verbs with a {{IPAchar|/j/}} suffix in the present tense in Proto-Germanic.", | description = "{{{langname}}} class 6 strong verbs with a {{IPAchar|/j/}} suffix in the present tense in Proto-Germanic.", | ||
additional = "This caused gemination of the stem-final consonant in the West Germanic languages, and [[umlaut]] of the root vowel in most languages. The {{ic|/j/}} was maintained in Gothic, Old Norse (and modern Icelandic) and Old Saxon, but otherwise dropped.", | additional = "This caused gemination of the stem-final consonant in the West Germanic languages, and [[wikt:umlaut|umlaut]] of the root vowel in most languages. The {{ic|/j/}} was maintained in Gothic, Old Norse (and modern Icelandic) and Old Saxon, but otherwise dropped.", | ||
breadcrumb = "''j''-present", | breadcrumb = "''j''-present", | ||
parents = {{name = "class 6 strong verbs", sort = "j-present"}}, | parents = {{name = "class 6 strong verbs", sort = "j-present"}}, | ||
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labels["class 7c strong verbs"] = { | labels["class 7c strong verbs"] = { | ||
description = "{{{langname}}} class 7 strong verbs where the root vowel was ''*a'' followed by a [[consonant cluster]] in Proto-Germanic, analogous to class 3.", | description = "{{{langname}}} class 7 strong verbs where the root vowel was ''*a'' followed by a [[wikt:consonant cluster|consonant cluster]] in Proto-Germanic, analogous to class 3.", | ||
breadcrumb = "class 7c", | breadcrumb = "class 7c", | ||
parents = {{name = "class 7 strong verbs", sort = "c"}}, | parents = {{name = "class 7 strong verbs", sort = "c"}}, | ||
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labels["class 7 strong j-present verbs"] = { | labels["class 7 strong j-present verbs"] = { | ||
description = "{{{langname}}} class 7 strong verbs with a {{IPAchar|/j/}} suffix in the present tense in Proto-Germanic.", | description = "{{{langname}}} class 7 strong verbs with a {{IPAchar|/j/}} suffix in the present tense in Proto-Germanic.", | ||
additional = "This caused [[umlaut]] of the root vowel in most languages. The {{ic|/j/}} was maintained in Gothic, Old Norse (and modern Icelandic) and Old Saxon, but otherwise dropped.", | additional = "This caused [[wikt:umlaut|umlaut]] of the root vowel in most languages. The {{ic|/j/}} was maintained in Gothic, Old Norse (and modern Icelandic) and Old Saxon, but otherwise dropped.", | ||
breadcrumb = "''j''-present", | breadcrumb = "''j''-present", | ||
parents = {{name = "class 7 strong verbs", sort = "j-present"}}, | parents = {{name = "class 7 strong verbs", sort = "j-present"}}, | ||