Minhast: Difference between revisions

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! Partial Completion

| -knakt-

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~~! Gnomic Affix~~

~~| -(a)št-/-(i)št~~

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<br/> A few additional comments need to be made about the tense and aspect markers. The Present Tense in combination with the Imperfect Aspect is commonly used as the "narrative tense" in both traditional oral literature, and modern literature involving poetry and fiction where the author wishes to convey a sense of intimacy and immediacy in a narrative. The Present Imperfect is also used in ordinary speech to describe an action that began in the past but nevertheless is still continuing, illustrated in such sentences as ''Tenkūr wandirahyilabu >> *tenkūr wa=ind-rahy-l-ab-u'' (CONN=INCEP-cry-DISTR-3SF-IMPF-TRANS), lit. "This morning she begins crying [still]". Minhast does have a Continuative affix ''-xt-'', but it occurs in the Theme I slot. A different meaning would result if intervening affixes from the Theme I slot surfaced. For example, if the Theme I Iterative affix appeared after the Continuative affix, the resulting phrase ''Tenkūr waxtixrirahittarlabu >> *Tenkūr wa=xt-xr-rahy-tar-l-ab-u'' (CONN=INCEP-ITER-cry-DISTR-3SF-IMPF-TRANS) actually means "This morning she begins to continue to cry several times [still]." The latter sentence implies the act of crying occurred in discrete individual events since the start of crying. up until the present. The previous sentence, however, cannot be interpreted in that manner. This example shows that Minhast speakers consider time frames as relative to each other, as opposed to typical Indo-European languages that consider time as having discrete start and end point.

The Distributed-Periodic aspect marker, often translated as "from time-to-time" or when used with discrete time references ("every Thursday") indicates that the action, event, or state occurs with some sort of periodicity. If the periodicity is predictable (e.g. "every Thursday"), it co-occurs with the Habitual affix. The Distributed-Periodic does not indicate punctual or durative information, ~~which are~~ indicated by separate affixes, the Semelfective and the Durative (these affixes~~, as they~~ occur in a different slot in the verb template~~, have often been argued to have been originally derivational affixes which later became grammaticized).~~

The Distributed-Periodic aspect marker, often translated as "from time-to-time" or when used with discrete time references ("every Thursday") indicates that the action, event, or state occurs with some sort of periodicity. If the periodicity is predictable (e.g. "every Thursday"), it co-occurs with the Habitual affix. The Distributed-Periodic does not indicate punctual or durative information, as they may occur ad-hoc in both telic and atelic verbs. Durative and punctual information is instead indicated by separate affixes, the Semelfective and the Durative; these affixes are derivational in nature and occur in a different slot in the verb template.

The Gnomic Tense/Aspect marker general truths (e.g. "It rains during the rainy season"). This affix does not appear with any of the tense markers or aspect markers. The Gnomic affix is often replaced by the Imperfect and/or Habitual affixes in some Upper Minhast dialects; in other dialects, marking is simply absent, i.e. the default Present Perfect is used. In those dialects where the Gnomic has fallen into disuse, the particle ''ayišt'' appears in either a preposed or postposed ''wa='' construction, and only if a gnomic reading is not recoverable from context.

=== Post-TA Affixes ===

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 ! Partial Completion
 | -knakt-
-|-
-! Gnomic Affix
-| -(a)št-/-(i)št
 |-
 |}
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 <br/> A few additional comments need to be made about the tense and aspect markers.  The Present Tense in combination with the Imperfect Aspect is commonly used as the "narrative tense" in both traditional oral literature, and modern literature involving poetry and fiction where the author wishes to convey a sense of intimacy and immediacy in a narrative.  The Present Imperfect is also used in ordinary speech to describe an action that began in the past but nevertheless is still continuing, illustrated in such sentences as ''Tenkūr wandirahyilabu >> *tenkūr wa=ind-rahy-l-ab-u'' (CONN=INCEP-cry-DISTR-3SF-IMPF-TRANS), lit. "This morning she begins crying [still]".  Minhast does have a Continuative affix ''-xt-'', but it occurs in the Theme I slot. A different meaning would result if intervening affixes from the Theme I slot surfaced.  For example, if the Theme I Iterative affix appeared after the Continuative affix, the resulting phrase ''Tenkūr waxtixrirahittarlabu >> *Tenkūr wa=xt-xr-rahy-tar-l-ab-u'' (CONN=INCEP-ITER-cry-DISTR-3SF-IMPF-TRANS) actually means "This morning she begins to continue to cry several times [still]."  The latter sentence implies the act of crying occurred in discrete individual events since the start of crying. up until the present.  The previous sentence, however, cannot be interpreted in that manner.  This example shows that Minhast speakers consider time frames as relative to each other, as opposed to typical Indo-European languages that consider time as having discrete start and end point.
-The Distributed-Periodic aspect marker, often translated as "from time-to-time" or when used with discrete time references ("every Thursday") indicates that the action, event, or state occurs with some sort of periodicity.  If the periodicity is predictable (e.g. "every Thursday"), it co-occurs with the Habitual affix.  The Distributed-Periodic does not indicate punctual or durative information, which are indicated by separate affixes, the Semelfective and the Durative (these affixes, as they occur in a different slot in the verb template, have often been argued to have been originally derivational affixes which later became grammaticized).
+The Distributed-Periodic aspect marker, often translated as "from time-to-time" or when used with discrete time references ("every Thursday") indicates that the action, event, or state occurs with some sort of periodicity.  If the periodicity is predictable (e.g. "every Thursday"), it co-occurs with the Habitual affix.  The Distributed-Periodic does not indicate punctual or durative information, as they may occur ad-hoc in both telic and atelic verbs.  Durative and punctual information is instead indicated by separate affixes, the Semelfective and the Durative;  these affixes are derivational in nature and occur in a different slot in the verb template.
-The Gnomic Tense/Aspect marker general truths (e.g. "It rains during the rainy season").  This affix does not appear with any of the tense markers or aspect markers.  The Gnomic affix is often replaced by the Imperfect and/or Habitual affixes in some Upper Minhast dialects; in other dialects, marking is simply absent, i.e. the default Present Perfect is used.  In those dialects where the Gnomic has fallen into disuse, the particle ''ayišt'' appears in either a preposed or postposed ''wa='' construction, and only if a gnomic reading is not recoverable from context.
 === Post-TA Affixes ===