Sharqi: Difference between revisions

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**'/Ø: ''i'' is dropped - e.g. ''yaaman'' "he believes" (from ''*yi(')aaman'').
**'/Ø: ''i'' is dropped - e.g. ''yaaman'' "he believes" (from ''*yi(')aaman'').
*If ''C'' is:-
*If ''C'' is:-
**w (or w + consonant):  
**w, wC, or Cw:  
***''aw(a)'' becomes ''oo'' - e.g. ''koon'' "he was/became" (from ''*kawan'').
***''aw(a)/wa'' becomes ''oo'' - e.g. ''koon'' "he was/became" (from ''*kawan'').
***''wi'' becomes ''uu'' (and makes preceding ''i'' into ''u'') - e.g. ''ay tukuun'' "do not become" (from ''*tikwin'').
***''wi'' becomes ''uu'' (and makes preceding ''i'' into ''u'') - e.g. ''ay tukuun'' "do not become" (from ''*tikwin'').
**y (or y + consonant):  
**y, yC, or Cy:  
***''ay(a)'' becomes ''ee'' - e.g. ''keed'' "he walked/went" (from ''*kayad'').
***''ay(a)/ya'' becomes ''ee'' - e.g. ''keed'' "he walked/went" (from ''*kayad'').
***''yi'' becomes ''ii'' - e.g. ''ay tikiid'' "do not walk/go" (from ''*tikyid'').
***''yi'' becomes ''ii'' - e.g. ''ay tikiid'' "do not walk/go" (from ''*tikyid'').
*If ''L'' is:-
*If ''L'' is:-
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***The gerundive takes the base ''FaCuw-'' (''FaCuu-'' before a consonant).
***The gerundive takes the base ''FaCuw-'' (''FaCuu-'' before a consonant).
*Normal sandhi rules apply - e.g. ''sallaygu'' "I prayed" (from ''*sallay-ku'').
*Normal sandhi rules apply - e.g. ''sallaygu'' "I prayed" (from ''*sallay-ku'').
*For quinquiliteral verbs, replace ''C'' with ''CaCC''/''CiCC'' (with the vowel corresponding to the bracketed one) - e.g. ''dhamastar'', ''yidhamastar'', ''yidhimistír'', etc "complete"
*For quinquiliteral verbs, replace ''C'' with ''CaCC''/''CiCC'' (with the vowel corresponding to the bracketed one) - e.g. ''dhamastar'', ''yidhamastar'', ''yidhimistír'' "complete". If one of the consonants is ''w'' or ''y'', the aforementioned simplifications apply and the unnecessary ''a''/''i'' is not added - e.g. ''targoon'', ''yitargoon'', ''yuturguun'' "translate" (from ''*taragwam'', ''*yitaragwam'', ''*yitirigwim'').


==Syntax==
==Syntax==

Revision as of 20:58, 28 January 2017

Sharqi (native: Af Sharqi) is an Ethio-Semitic language.

Introduction

Sharqi is basically a Semitic Somali.

Phonology

Orthography

Consonants

Vowels

Prosody

Stress

Intonation

Phonotactics

Morphophonology

Morphology

Verbs

Stem 1

Stem 1 is the base form of a verb. The citation form is the 3rd person singular masculine perfect.

  • FCL is used as the generic verb (with qadal "kill" as the example verb).
    • F: first root consonant
    • C: second root consonant (for geminated or quadriliteral verbs, this represents the middle two consonants)
    • L: third root consonant
    • (vowel): vowel that is usually dropped unless it violates phonotactics.
  • Before a suffix beginning in a vowel, the a in -aL in the perfect and imperfect is dropped (if applicable and allowed). This is represented with square brackets (i.e. [a]).
e.g. sabar "he broke" + -ag "you (object)" → sabrag "he broke you" (not *sabarag)
BUT baddal "he changed" + -agbaddalag "he changed you" (*baddlag violates phonotactics).
  • Some verbs have aa after the first root consonant instead of a - e.g. baarag "bless". In this case, it is never dropped. Any high tones that would apply to a are applied to the second a of aa (i.e. ).
  • The infinitive takes the form FáCLi if the cluster CL is not forbidden. If it is forbidden, the infinitive takes the form FáCaL.

(Note: The tones in the perfect and imperfect will most likely be removed, but I'm leaving them here for now in case I decide to keep them)

Stem 1
Infinitive (m.)
FáC(a)L(i)
qádli
Verbal Noun (f.)
máF(a)CaL/FaCLíd
máqdal/qadlíd
Agent (m.)
FaCaáli
qadaáli
Agent (f.)
FaCaalíd
qadaalíd
Imperfect Subjunctive Perfect Gerundive Imperative Jussive
1S
iFáC[a]L
iqád[a]l
iF(i)CíL
iqdíl
FaCáLku
qadálku
FaCiiLay
qadiilay
íF(a)CaL
íqdal
íF(a)CaL
íqdal
2S
tiFáC[a]L
tiqád[a]l
tiF(i)CíL
tiqdíl
FaCáLka
qadálka
FaCiiLag
qadiilag
FíCaL
qídal
tíF(i)CaL
tíqdal
3SM
yiFáC[a]L
yiqád[a]l
yiF(i)CíL
yiqdíl
FáC[a]L
qád[a]l
FaCiiLaw
qadiilaw
yíF(a)CaL
yíqdal
yíF(a)CaL
yíqdal
3SF
tiFáC[a]L
tiqád[a]l
tiF(i)CíL
tiqdíl
FaC(a)Lád
qadlád
FaCiiLaa
qadiilaa
tíF(a)CaL
tíqdal
tíF(a)CaL
tíqdal
1P
niFáC[a]L
niqád[a]l
niF(i)CíL
niqdíl
FaCáLna
qadálna
FaCiiLan
qadiilan
níF(a)CaL
níqdal
níF(a)CaL
níqdal
2P
tiFaC(a)Luú
tiqadluú
tiF(i)CiLuú
tiqdiluú
FaCaLkuú
qadalkuú
FaCiiLkun
qadiilkun
FíC(i)Luu
qídluu
tiF(i)CíLuu
tiqdíluu
3P
yiFaC(a)Luú
yiqadluú
yiF(i)CiLuú
yiqdiluú
FaC(a)Luú
qadluú
FaCiiLun
qadiilun
yíF(i)CiLuu
yíqdiluu
yiF(i)CíLuu
yiqdíluu
IMP
yiFáC(a)Las
yiqádlas
yiF(i)CíLas
yiqdílas
FáC(a)Las
qádlas
FaCiiLays
qadiilays
yíF(a)CiLas
yíqdilas
yíF(a)CiLas
yíqdilas


There are various modifications depending on the root consonants:

  • If F is:-
    • w: i becomes u before w, with iw becoming uu - e.g. yuwadad "he loves" (from *yiwadad).
    • y: iy becomes ii - e.g. al tiibas "she/it does not dry" (from *tiybas).
    • '/Ø: i is dropped - e.g. yaaman "he believes" (from *yi(')aaman).
  • If C is:-
    • w, wC, or Cw:
      • aw(a)/wa becomes oo - e.g. koon "he was/became" (from *kawan).
      • wi becomes uu (and makes preceding i into u) - e.g. ay tukuun "do not become" (from *tikwin).
    • y, yC, or Cy:
      • ay(a)/ya becomes ee - e.g. keed "he walked/went" (from *kayad).
      • yi becomes ii - e.g. ay tikiid "do not walk/go" (from *tikyid).
  • If L is:-
    • y:
      • (a)ya becomes ay - e.g. sallayd "she prayed" (from *sallayad).
      • iy becomes ii - e.g. sillii "pray" (from *silliy).
      • The gerundive takes the base FaCiy- (FaCii- before a consonant).
    • w:
      • (a)wa becomes aw - e.g. cafawd "she forgave" (from *cafwad).
      • iw becomes uu (and makes preceding i into u) - e.g. cufuu "pray" (from *cifiw).
      • The gerundive takes the base FaCuw- (FaCuu- before a consonant).
  • Normal sandhi rules apply - e.g. sallaygu "I prayed" (from *sallay-ku).
  • For quinquiliteral verbs, replace C with CaCC/CiCC (with the vowel corresponding to the bracketed one) - e.g. dhamastar, yidhamastar, yidhimistír "complete". If one of the consonants is w or y, the aforementioned simplifications apply and the unnecessary a/i is not added - e.g. targoon, yitargoon, yuturguun "translate" (from *taragwam, *yitaragwam, *yitirigwim).

Syntax

Constituent order

Primarily SOV

Noun phrase

Verb phrase

Sentence phrase

Dependent clauses

Example texts

Other resources