Evonish: Difference between revisions

283 bytes added ,  25 June 2013
help me finish my vowel table
m (→‎Consonants: Have a look.)
(help me finish my vowel table)
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'''Evonish''' is a [[w:Germanic languages|Germanic language]] of the Evonen language branch. It is based on [[w:General American pronunciation|General American phonology]] and uses grammar that descends directly, but far from Common Germanic. The wordstock has many influences of [[w:Celtic languages|Celtic languages]] and [[a priori]] conlangs. Despite this, the alphabet is a modified Latin one. The elder form is the runic Middle Evonish, which was less organized but had featured greater [[w:morphology|morphology]]. The two languages split on 25 May 2012 and will differentiate more over time. The objective of Evonish is to preserve old features of Germanic, preserve Celtic vocabulary, as well as eliminate any need for interpretation by context.
'''Evonish''' is a [[w:Germanic languages|Germanic language]] of the Evonen language branch. It is based on [[w:General American pronunciation|General American phonology]] and uses grammar that descends far from Common Germanic, but in its own branch. The wordstock has many influences of [[w:Celtic languages|Celtic languages]], and has [[a priori]] features. The elder form is the runic Old Evonish, which was less standardized but had featured greater [[w:morphology|morphology]]. The two languages split on 25 May 2012 and will differentiate more over time. The objective of Evonish is to preserve old features of Germanic, preserve Celtic vocabulary, as well as eliminate any need for interpretation by context. '''Because the author of this language is left-handed, tables may be reversed and the language is written right to left.'''


{{ClassMeter
{{ClassMeter
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|relativeclause = mixed
|relativeclause = mixed
|nounclause = final
|nounclause = final
|order = SVO
|order = V2


|Tonal      = No
|Tonal      = No
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|VAspect = no
|VAspect = no


|Phonology= 90
|Phonology=
|NounCases= 100
|NounCases=
|NounDef=100
|NounDef=
|NounNumbers= 100
|NounNumbers=
|NounGender= 100
|NounGender=
|VerbPerson= 100
|VerbPerson=
|VerbNumber= 100
|VerbNumber=
|VerbAspect= 100
|VerbAspect=
|VerbTense= 100
|VerbTense=
|VerbMood= 50
|VerbMood=
|VerbVoice= 100
|VerbVoice=
|AdjCase= 0
|AdjCase= 0
|AdjNumber= 0
|AdjNumber= 0
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|AdjComparative= 100
|AdjComparative= 100
|AdjSuperlative= 100
|AdjSuperlative= 100
|Supine= 100
|Supine=
|Gerund= 100
|Gerund=
|Participle= 100
|Participle= 100
|Infinitive= 100
|Infinitive= 100
|Modality= 100
|Modality=
|Words=6}}
|Words=}}
==Phonology==
==Phonology==
===Allophony===
Aspiration is in free variation meaning it does not determine another phoneme. N is pronounced /ŋ/ before k or g. "Hr" which appears in the initial position of some words is pronounced /ɾ/, although it is oft mistakenly pronounced /hɹ/.
===Consonants===
===Consonants===
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
! colspan="10" |Evonish consonants
|-
! scope="col" style="width: 66px; "|
! scope="col" style="width: 66px; text-align: center; "|Bilabial
! scope="col" style="width: 66px; text-align: center; "|Bilabial
! scope="col" style="width: 66px; text-align: center; "|Labio-dental
! scope="col" style="width: 66px; text-align: center; "|Labio-dental
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! scope="col" style="width: 66px; text-align: center; "|Velar
! scope="col" style="width: 66px; text-align: center; "|Velar
! scope="col" style="width: 66px; text-align: center; "|Glottal
! scope="col" style="width: 66px; text-align: center; "|Glottal
! scope="col" style="width: 66px; "|
|-
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|Nasal
| style="text-align: center;"|m
| style="text-align: center;"|m
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
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| style="text-align: center;"|(ŋ)
| style="text-align: center;"|(ŋ)
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
! style="text-align: center; "|Nasal
|-
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|Plosive
| style="text-align: center;"|p b
| style="text-align: center;"|p b
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
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| style="text-align: center;"|k g
| style="text-align: center;"|k g
| style="text-align: center;"|ʔ
| style="text-align: center;"|ʔ
! style="text-align: center; "|Plosive
|-
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|Fricative
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|f v
| style="text-align: center;"|f v
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| style="text-align: center;"|x
| style="text-align: center;"|x
| style="text-align: center;"|h
| style="text-align: center;"|h
! style="text-align: center; "|Fricative
|-
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|Approximant
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
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| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
! style="text-align: center; "|Approximant
|-
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|Flap/Tap
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
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| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
! style="text-align: center; "|Flap/Tap
|-
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|Lateral
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
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| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
! style="text-align: center; "|Lateral
|}
|}


===Vowels===
===Vowels===
 
The following table includes the rhotic vowels as well. '''I don't know where this goes: /ɝː/'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 540px; "
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
! scope="col" style="width: 90px; "|
! scope="col" style="width: 90px; text-align: center; "|Front
! scope="col" style="width: 90px; text-align: center; "|Front
! scope="col" style="width: 90px; text-align: center; "|Near-front
! scope="col" style="width: 90px; text-align: center; "|Near-front
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! scope="col" style="width: 90px; text-align: center; "|Near-back
! scope="col" style="width: 90px; text-align: center; "|Near-back
! scope="col" style="width: 90px; text-align: center; "|Back
! scope="col" style="width: 90px; text-align: center; "|Back
! scope="col" style="width: 90px; "|
|-
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|Close
| style="text-align: center;"|/i/
| style="text-align: center;"|i
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|u
| style="text-align: center;"|/u/
! style="text-align: center; "|Close
|-
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|Near-close
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|ɪ
| style="text-align: center;"|/ɪ/
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|ʊ
| style="text-align: center;"|/ʊ/
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
! style="text-align: center; "|Near-close
|-
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|Close-mid
| style="text-align: center;"|/e/, /e˞ː/
| style="text-align: center;"|e
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|o
| style="text-align: center;"|/o/
! style="text-align: center; "|Close-mid
|-
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|Mid
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|ə
| style="text-align: center;"|/ə/
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
! style="text-align: center; "|Mid
|-
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|Open-mid
| style="text-align: center;"|/ɛ/, /ɛ˞ː/
| style="text-align: center;"|ɛ
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|ʌ ɔ
| style="text-align: center;"|/ʌ/, /ɔ/, /ɔ˞ː/
! style="text-align: center; "|Open-mid
|-
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|Near-open
| style="text-align: center;"|/æ/
| style="text-align: center;"|æ
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
! style="text-align: center; "|Near-open
|-
|-
! style="text-align: center; "|Open
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|
| style="text-align: center;"|ɑ
| style="text-align: center;"|/ɑ/, /ɑ˞/
! style="text-align: center; "|Open
|}
|}


===Rhotic===
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 860px; "
!R vowels
!IPA
!General American Examples
|-
!ar
|/ɑ˞/
|mark, dark
|-
!er
|/ɛ˞ː/
|air, bear
|-
!ir
|/e˞ː/
|deer and fear
|-
!or
|/ɔ˞ː/
|or and cord
|-
!ur
|/ɝː/
|fur and her
|-
|}
===Palatalization===
===Palatalization===
This sound change creates related pairs of words with c, k, and x.
This sound change creates related pairs of words with c, k, and x and is responsible for creating the /ʃ/ phoneme.
Occurrences:
*lorem
*ipsum


==Writing==
==Writing==
===Allophones & Alphabet===
'''The writing system is right to left.'''
See [[IPA for Evonish]] for the pronunciations of the letters. It is a 28 letter alphabet as follows: a, p, b, c, j, t, d, þ, ð, e, f, v, k, g, h, i, y, l, m, n, o, r, s, z, u, ƕ, w, x. <br>
===Alphabet===
N is pronounced /ŋ/ before k or g. "Hr" which appears in the initial position of some words is pronounced /ɾ/, although it is oft mistakenly pronounced /hɹ/.
The alphabet is a modified Latin one. See [[IPA for Evonish]] for the pronunciations of the letters. It is a 28 letter alphabet as follows:
*a /æ/
*ar /ɑ˞/ (mark, dark)
*p /p/
*b, c, j, t, d, þ, ð
*e //
*er /ɛ˞ː/ (air, bear)
*f, v, k, g, h
*i //
*ir /e˞ː/ (deer, fear)
*y, l, m, n
*o //
*or /ɔ˞ː/ (or, cord)
*r, s, z
*u //
*ur /ɝː/ (fur, her)
*ƕ, w, x.


===Diacritics & Digraphs===
===Diacritics===
Certain letters with the diaeresis will be used to express umlaut. The umlauts can be rewritten as the standard vowel with an e after. These can be entered with an international keyboard, or copied.
Certain letters with the diaeresis will be used to express umlaut. The umlauts can be rewritten as the standard vowel with an e after. These can be entered with an international keyboard, or copied.
===Digraphs===
These represent further vowels otherwise impossible to write.
aa - /a/, ee - /e/, ii - /i/, oo - /o/, uu - /u/, yy - /ai/
aa - /a/, ee - /e/, ii - /i/, oo - /o/, uu - /u/, yy - /ai/


==Pronouns==
==Pronouns==
Personal pronouns feature a combination of the Germanic, h-stem, i-stem, and s-stem in third person. The sole relative pronoun is [TBD].
Personal pronouns feature a combination of the Germanic, h-stem, i-stem, and s-stem in third person. The sole relative pronoun is [TBD].
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 500px; "
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 500px; "
! scope="row"|Person
! scope="row"|Person
! scope="col"|# / Gender
! scope="col"|Number
! scope="col"|Nominative
! scope="col"|Nominative
! scope="col"|Accusative
! scope="col"|Accusative
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* Superlative: -est
* Superlative: -est
===Mutation===
===Mutation===
====Ablaut====
''coming soon...''
====Umlaut====
====Umlaut====
Umlaut is a process that occured after Proto-Germanic. It has led to the vowel change of many words and often creates pairs of semantically and grammatically similar words.
Occurrences:
Occurrences:
*Certain plurals of strong nouns
*Certain plurals of strong nouns
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*Comparatives and superlatives
*Comparatives and superlatives
*Derivative verbs (of nouns)
*Derivative verbs (of nouns)
*Causative verbs
*Abstract nouns with the -þ suffix
*Abstract nouns with the -þ suffix
*Nouns with the -enn feminine suffix
*Nouns with the -enn feminine suffix
===Noun===
===Noun===
Nouns in Evonish are declined to indicate their grammatical role in the sentence. Their declension depends upon case, gender, and number. Gender is a special factor in Evonish; a word does not determine a gender, rather a selected gender determines a different word. For example, a stone in common gender may be an igneous rock while a stone in neuter may be a sedimentary rock. The plural genitive ending is used in compound words much like kennings.
Old Evonish contained two more cases and three genders. Their declension depends upon case, gender, and number. Gender is a special factor in Evonish; a word does not determine a gender, rather a selected gender determines a different word. For example, a stone in common gender may be an igneous rock while a stone in neuter may be a sedimentary rock. The plural genitive ending is used in compound words much like kennings.




{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 500px; "
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 500px; "
! colspan="2"|Class I
! colspan="2"|Class I
!Vocative
!Nominative
!Nominative
!Accusative
!Accusative
!Genitive
!Genitive
!Dative
!Dative
!Instrumental
|-
|-
! rowspan="2"|Singular
! rowspan="2"|Singular
!Common
!Common
|
|
|
|
|
|
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|-
|-
!Neuter
!Neuter
|
|
|
|
|
|
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! rowspan="2"|Plural
! rowspan="2"|Plural
!Common
!Common
|
|
|
|
|
|
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|-
|-
!Neuter
!Neuter
|
|
|
|
|
|
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|-
|-
! colspan="2"|Class I
! colspan="2"|Class I
!Vocative
!Nominative
!Nominative
!Accusative
!Accusative
!Genitive
!Genitive
!Dative
!Dative
!Instrumental
|-
|-
! rowspan="2"|Singular
! rowspan="2"|Singular
!Common
!Common
|
|
|
|
|
|
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|-
|-
!Neuter
!Neuter
|
|
|
|
|
|
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! rowspan="2"|Plural
! rowspan="2"|Plural
!Common
!Common
|
|
|
|
|
|
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|-
|-
!Neuter
!Neuter
|
|
|
|
|
|
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