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Tigol/Proto-Tigol: Difference between revisions
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'''NB.'''' In structural glosses, ''a, b, c...'' are coreference indices, and ''i, j, k...'' are agreement indices. | '''NB.'''' In structural glosses, ''a, b, c...'' are coreference indices, and ''i, j, k...'' are agreement indices. | ||
===Nouns=== | ===Nouns=== | ||
Nouns and adjectives have a rich morphology, albeit less ornate than verbs. They inflect for number, definiteness and possessedness, but not for case. Nouns have two genders, masculine and feminine. In third-person possessed forms, Themsaran makes a distinction between the ''absolute'' possessed form, which indicates a noun possessed by a pronoun, and the ''conjunct'' possessed form, used to indicate a possessive relationship between two nouns and agreeing with the gender of the possessor. | Nouns and adjectives have a rich morphology, albeit less ornate than verbs. They inflect for number, definiteness and possessedness, but not for case. Nouns have two genders, masculine and feminine. In third-person possessed forms, Themsaran makes a distinction, realized tonally, between the ''absolute'' possessed form, which indicates a noun possessed by a pronoun, and the ''conjunct'' possessed form, used to indicate a possessive relationship between two nouns and agreeing with the gender of the possessor. | ||
====First declension==== | ====First declension==== | ||
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===Adjectives=== | ===Adjectives=== | ||
Adjectives agree in not only number, definiteness and gender with their heads, but also in possessedness. Adjectives also take degree inflection (positive, "less/least", "more/most", elative, "X enough", "too X"). Adjectives exhibit tonal ablaut like those | Adjectives agree in not only number, definiteness and gender with their heads, but also in possessedness. Adjectival declension disagrees with nouns in that absolute possessive form of adjectives modifies the conjunct possessive of nouns. Adjectives also take degree inflection (positive, "less/least", "more/most", elative, "X enough", "too X"). Adjectives exhibit tonal ablaut like those of nouns. | ||
====Declension==== | ====Declension==== | ||
====Degree==== | ====Degree==== | ||
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====Reciprocal==== | ====Reciprocal==== | ||
The reciprocal pronoun, "each other", is ''nadnék''. It originated from an adverb that was later reanalyzed as a pronoun. | The reciprocal pronoun, "each other", is ''nadnék''. It originated from an adverb that was later reanalyzed as a pronoun. | ||
===Table of correlatives=== | ===Table of correlatives=== | ||
{| class="graytable lightgraybg mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width: 600px; text-align: center;" | |||
|- | |||
!style="width: 60px; "| | |||
!style="width: 120px; "|Interrogative | |||
!style="width: 120px; "|Near speaker | |||
!style="width: 120px; "|Near hearer | |||
!style="width: 120px; "|Distal | |||
!style="width: 120px; "|Existential | |||
!style="width: 120px; "|Negational | |||
!style="width: 120px; "|Elective | |||
!style="width: 120px; "|Collective | |||
!style="width: 120px; "|Distributive | |||
|} | |||
===Verbs=== | ===Verbs=== | ||
Finite verbs are marked for TAM, degree (positive, "more/most"), voice (active and mediopassive), the subject's person, number, and gender and, if the direct object is definite, is obligatorily marked with the (usually direct) object's person, number, and gender in most TAMs, except in the imperative. The verb may agree with an indirect object (which is typically animate) instead of with the direct object. Verbs also have several non-finite forms, used with various subordinating conjunctions and relative clauses. | Finite verbs are marked for TAM, degree (positive, "more/most"), voice (active and mediopassive), the subject's person, number, and gender and, if the direct object is definite, is obligatorily marked with the (usually direct) object's person, number, and gender in most TAMs, except in the imperative. The verb may agree with an indirect object (which is typically animate) instead of with the direct object. Verbs also have several non-finite forms, used with various subordinating conjunctions and relative clauses. | ||
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=====Jussive===== | =====Jussive===== | ||
The jussive bears a wide range of uses: | The jussive bears a wide range of uses: | ||
* optatives (wishes) and hortatives (urging); | * optatives (wishes), polite requests and hortatives (urging); | ||
* prohibitions, with the prohibitive marker; | * prohibitions, with the prohibitive marker (Don't walk!); | ||
* imperatives in indirect speech, with a complementizer; | * imperatives in indirect speech, with a complementizer ("He ordered me to go back"); | ||
* purpose clauses, as relative clauses or as subordinated or coordinated clauses. | * purpose clauses, as relative clauses or as subordinated or coordinated clauses; ("the word to say"). | ||
=====Non-finite forms===== | =====Non-finite forms===== | ||
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!style="width: 120px; "|Fractional | !style="width: 120px; "|Fractional | ||
|} | |} | ||
==Syntax== | ==Syntax== | ||
The default constituent order is verb-subject-pronominal oblique object-direct object. The subject or the direct object can be topicalized or focalized by being placed in front of the verb. | The default constituent order is verb-subject-pronominal oblique object-direct object. The subject or the direct object can be topicalized or focalized by being placed in front of the verb. | ||