User:MIGUELbM/Muna v2.9
Muna | |
---|---|
Pronunciation | [ˈmuna] |
Created by | Miguel Bartelsman |
Date | 2015 |
Setting | Fantasy world |
language isolate
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Early form | Proto-Muna
|
| |
Language codes | |
CLCR | qmu |
Phonology
Apply allophones as sound changes and revise phonology and phonotactics to match this |
Consonants
Labial | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Stop | p | t | k | |||||
Nasal | m | n | ŋ | |||||
Fricative | Spirant | β | ɸ | ð | θ | ɣ | h | |
Silibant | s | |||||||
Liquid | Flap | ɾ | ||||||
Approx. | l | |||||||
Glide | Approx. | j | w |
Vowels
Front | Back | |
---|---|---|
Unrounded | Rounded | |
Close | i | u |
Mid | e | o |
Open | a | ɒ |
Diphthongs
a | e | ɒ | o | |
---|---|---|---|---|
i | ai | ei | — | — |
u | — | — | ɒu | ou |
Phonotactics
Syllable (σ) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Onset (ω) | Rime (ρ) | |||
Initial (ι) | Medial (μ) | Nucleus (ν) | Coda (κ) | |
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Initial (ι)
- Initials are optional word-initially and mandatory elsewhere
- Can’t have the same manner of articulation as a preceding coda
- /s/ + stop is only allowed word-initially
Medial (μ)
- Medials are optional
- Liquids are only allowed after stops or fricatives
- Plosives are only allowed after /s/
- /s/ Is only allowed after nasals or liquids
- /s/ is forbidden on a first syllable or after a closed syllable
Nucleus (ν)
- Nuclei are mandatory
- Diphthongs are not allowed after a semivowel
Coda (κ)
- Codas are optional
- Nasals must have the same place of articulation as the following obstruent
- Liquid + fricative are only allowed word-finally
- Liquid + nasal are only allowed word-finally
Stress
Stress is placed on the first syllable of words that start with an onset or monosyllabic words and in the second syllable of words with two or more syllables that start with a vowel.
Allophony
- Spirants and plosives with the same place of articulation merge and become geminated voiced plosives
- [βp] → [bː]
- [βp] → [bː]
- Spirants undergo fortition, becoming voiced plosives, when adjacent to plosives with a different place of articulation or nasals
- [ðn] → [dn]
- [tɣ] → [tg]
- A voiced spirant is added between a nasal and the alveolar flap, corresponding to the same place of articulation as the nasal
- [nɾ] → [nðɾ]
- [nɾ] → [nðɾ]
- The velar spirant merges with the preceding vowel into a voiceless vowel before a consonant
- [ehn] → [e̥n]
- [ehn] → [e̥n]
- The alveolar voiced spirant undergoes fortition before the lateral fricative and the lateral fricative becomes a lateral release after an alveolar plosive
- [ðl] → [dl] → [dˡ]
- [ðl] → [dl] → [dˡ]
- The alveolar and velar nasals merge with the palatal glide to form a palatal nasal
- [nj] → [ɲ]
- [nj] → [ɲ]
- The alveolar sibilant merges with the palatal glide into a voiceless palato-alveolar sibilant
- [sj] → [ʃ]
- [sj] → [ʃ]
- The velar spirant and the palatal glide merge into a voiceless palatal-velar fricative
- [hj] → [ɧ]
- [hj] → [ɧ]
- The velar spirant and the labiovelar glide merge into a voiceless labiovelar approximant
- [hw] → [ʍ]
- [hw] → [ʍ]
- The labiovelar glide turns into labialization after a voiced velar plosive or spirant
- [ɣw] → [ɣʷ]
- [ɣw] → [ɣʷ]
- The palatal glide becomes a voiced palatal fricative word-initially
- [∅j] → [ʝ]
- [∅j] → [ʝ]
- The labiovelar glide becomes a labiodental approximant word-initially
- [∅w] → [ʋ]
Orthography
Krotan Orthography
Muna Spoken Language Transcription (MSLT)
Muna Spoken Language Transcription is a romanization system which focuses on rendering the sounds of the Muna language instead of the characters of the Krotan script, encompassing universal allophonic changes within its rules.
Standard Krotan Transliteration (SKT)
Standard Krotan Transliteration is a writing system transliterated from Krotan used to render Muna in the latin script. SKT does not use digraphs, instead it uses a set of diacritics and extended glyphs to render characters in a more intuitive way.
Basic Krotan Transliteration (BKT)
Basic Krotan Transliteration is used for the same purposes as SKT, but it focuses on ease of typing instead of appearance and one-on-one correspondence.
Transliteration table
Krotan | |||||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
SKT | k | r | o | t | a | n | h | e | s | þ | b | v | f | p | ø | ŋ | l | j | d | i | m | u | g |
BKT | k | r | o | t | a | n | h | e | s | dh | b | w | f | p | ao | ng | l | j | d | i | m | u | g |
Verbs
Verbs agree with the most active argument in both number and person.
Verb morphology
Verbs can be conjugated for:
- Tense
- Past
- Present
- Future
- Polarity
- Positive
- Negative
Coverbs may be used to mark:
- Aspect
- Perfective
- Imperfective
- Ingressive
- Pausative
- Resumptive
- Egressive
- Mood
- Volitive
- Potential
- Conditional
- Imperative
- Prohibitive
Conjugations
Verbs in Muna have three conjugations depending on the 'thematic vowel' of the verb (the nucleus of the penultimate syllable of the base form). Verbs are named based on the second person Singular / singulative future suffix.
Ir-verbs
Ir-verbs are verbs whose thematic vowel is either a
or e
and are not preceded by j
and are characterized by raising of the thematic vowel in the future tense
Singular / singulative | Plural / plurative | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1st | 2nd | 3rd | 1st | 2nd | 3rd | |
Infinitive | v-a | |||||
Past | v-e | v-er | v-ohan | v-orn | v-on | |
Present | v-a | v-ar | v-ahan | v-arn | v-an | |
Future | v̝-i | v̝-ir | v̝-ihan | v̝-irn | v̝-in |
hema | Singular / singulative | Plural / plurative | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1st | 2nd | 3rd | 1st | 2nd | 3rd | |
Infinitive | hema | |||||
Past | heme | hemer | hemohan | hemorn | hemon | |
Present | hema | hemar | hemahan | hemarn | heman | |
Future | himi | himir | himihan | himirn | himin |
-Air verbs
Air-verbs are verbs whose thematic vowel is either a
or e
and are preceded by j
and are characterized by backing of the thematic vowel in the future tense
Singular / singulative | Plural / plurative | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1st | 2nd | 3rd | 1st | 2nd | 3rd | |
Infinitive | v-a | |||||
Past | v-e | v-er | v-ohan | v-orn | v-on | |
Present | v-a | v-ar | v-ahan | v-arn | v-an | |
Future | v̙-i | v̙-air | v̙-ir | v̙-aihan | v̙-airn | v̙-ain |
kjesta | Singular / singulative | Plural / plurative | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1st | 2nd | 3rd | 1st | 2nd | 3rd | |
Infinitive | kjesta | |||||
Past | kjeste | kjester | kjestohan | kjestorn | kjeston | |
Present | kjesta | kjestar | kjestahan | kjestarn | kjestan | |
Future | kjosti | kjostair | kjostir | kjostaihan | kjostairn | kjostain |
-Asir verbs
Asir-verbs are verbs whose thematic vowel is not a
nor e
, these verbs do not have their thematic vowel modified.
Singular / singulative | Plural / plurative | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1st | 2nd | 3rd | 1st | 2nd | 3rd | |
Infinitive | -a | |||||
Past | -as | -aser | -ase | -ahon | -aron | |
Present | -a | -asar | -asa | -ahan | -aran | |
Future | -ai | -asir | -asi | -aihan | -airan |
runa | Singular / singulative | Plural / plurative | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1st | 2nd | 3rd | 1st | 2nd | 3rd | |
Infinitive | runa | |||||
Past | runas | runaser | runase | runahon | runaron | |
Present | runa | runasar | runasa | runahan | runaran | |
Future | runai | runasir | runasi | runaihan | runairan |
Negative polarity
To invert a verb's polarity the suffix nja
is appended after conjugating the verb. If the verb already ends in a nasal consonant then ja
is added instead
Coverbs
Dependency structure
Nouns
Phonotactic restrictions
All nouns, in their base form, must have one of the following ending patterns:
-a(C)(C)
-e(C)(C)
-i(C)(C)
Noun classes
Gender
Feminine
Masculine
Neuter
Weight
Light
Heavy
Case
Nominative
Absolutive
Dative
Genitive
Locative
Instrumental
Number
Singular
Plural
Singulative
Plurative
Dependency structure
Genitive | Determiner | Quantifier | Adjective | Noun | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Root | Case | Number |
Syntax
In all cases the agent comes before the object as both can take either the absolutive or nominative cases depending on the particular situation. The verb comes last in all non-interrogative constructions.
- Passive
- Passive Subject + (Oblique) + Verb
- Anti-Passive
- Active Subject + (Oblique) + Verb
- Standard
- Active Agent + Passive Object + (Oblique) + Verb
- Involuntary action
- Passive Agent + Passive Object + (Oblique) + Verb
- Assisted action
- Active Agent + Active Object + (Oblique) + Verb
- Interrogative
- Verb + ... + (Oblique)