Páuluòbeng
Baoluoveng (yi bPáuluòbeng) is a minority language closely related to Cienian, but is distinct enough to be regarded as a separate language. It is inspired by Mandarin, Ufirlandisg, and Yorkshire English.
respell to make it look less mandarin
Figure out how to assign tones
Todo
Glottal reinforcement mania
Final schwa > tone split
dr tr sr > jh ch sh; jhil, jhim, jhin, jhing > jhul, jhum, jhun, jhung
lr̀ /lɛ̂ː(ɹ)/ = sap, syrup
ehcung, yi h-ehcung; pl. ehcungr /əhˈkʊ̄ŋ, əhˈkȭː(ɹ)/ = mountain
dèe, yi dèe; pl. dèen /têː, têːn/ = valley
yi syøød /ɕɥǿːʔ/ = rose
mand /manʔ/ = to take
ted /təʔ/ = beautiful
dùn /tû:n/ = far
duāilig /ˈtwɑ́ːljəʔ/ = to demand, to pester
yi mār /mǽ:/ = tree
jyarm /t͡ɕǽ:m/ 'heavy'
yi kaθr /ˈkʰaħə/ 'flower'
ái /ɑ̌ː/ 'gold'
neħdir /nəhtjə/ = chain
Phonology
Mandarin/Ufirlandisg/Allemanisch consonants; Yorkshire vowels
Tones
Báoluòveng is a strongly pitch-accent language.
Three tones for long vowels:
- ā or a: mid level, relaxed
- á: rising
- à: falling
Consonants
p b f v t d c z s з /z/ q j x ξ /ʑ/ ch zh sh r /ɹ/ k g h γ /ɣ/ θ /ħ/ ħ /h/ m n ng l w y - stops are devoiced, as in Mandarin
- /tʂw tʂʰw ʂw ɹw/ do not labialize to /pf pfʰ f ʋ/
- Historical initial /f/ retained
- Broad /l/ is only dark in coda position
- h = /x/ θ = /ħ/, ħ = /h/
Vowels
Baoluoveng doesn't like closing diphthongs very much, unlike Standard Cienian.
Short vowels:
- a ie i o u ü /a (j)ɛ (w)ɪ (w)ɔ (w)ʊ (ɥ)ʏ/
Long vowels:
- ai ei uai ui ie üe /ɑː~aɪ eː waɪ~wɑː weː jeː ɥøː/
- [aɪ] is the Canadian-raised allophone of /ɑː/
- ao iao ou iu /aʊ~əʊ jaʊ~əʊ oː joː/
- [əʊ] is the Canadian-raised allophone of /aʊ/
- ì ù ǜ /(j)iː uː (ɥ)yː/
R-linking vowels:
- uor, uòr, uò, ur, ùr /(w)ɔː(ɹ)/
- (i)ar, (i)àr, (i)à /(j)æː(ɹ)/
- r, eir /ɛː(ɹ)/
- ir, ìr /jɛː(ɹ)/
- ür, ǜr /jɔː(ɹ)~ɥœː(ɹ)/
- uir /wɛː(ɹ)/
- air aor our /æː(ɹ), ɑː(ɹ), ɔː(ɹ)/
- angr engr ingr (u)ongr ungr üngr /ɑ̃ː(ɹ) ɜ̃ː(ɹ) jɜ̃ː(ɹ) ɔ̃ː(ɹ) ɔ̃ː(ɹ) ɥɜ̃ː(ɹ)/
- e.g. liangr /ljɑ̃̀ː(ɹ)/ 'dream'
Unstressed vowels:
- final -r = /(j)ə(ɹ)/
- final -i = /ɪ/
- final -ou = /o/
Many grammatical endings are merged in Páuluòbeng.
Linking R
- Example of linking R: yi χadr àrd [jɪ ˈxadə ɹ‿æ̂ːʔ] 'the big flower' (cf. Cienian: ye χaderr àrd [jə ˈxadər ʔɔɯt])
- No linking R: yi búθ àrd [jɪ ˈpǔːħ æ̂ːʔ] 'the big cave' (cf. Cienian: ye bùθa àrd [jə ˈpuːhə ʔɔɯt])
Mutations
Báoluòveng has no eclipsis mutation, unlike Cienian. Lenition is similar to Cienian.
Grammar
Nouns
The Páuluòbeng noun system is much simpler than in Cienian: there is no case, and the masculine and the feminine merged to the common gender.
singular | plural | collective | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
common | neuter | common | neuter | common | neuter |
yiL | yi | na | naN | baL | ba |
Verbs
The -ìn preterite, derived from the Tigol -ín participle, is used with split-ergativity depending on whether the verb is transitive.