Tigol/Morphology

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Old Bhadhagha is a highly inflected fusional language, much more so than modern Bhadhagha. Much of Proto-Talmic morphology survives in Old Bhadhagha. However, Old Bhadhagha is most notorious for its often unpredictable verbal allomorphy.

Nouns

Nouns fall into one of masculine, feminine and neuter genders and inflect for singular and plural numbers, inherited from the Thensarian singulative and plurative.

The definite article, inherited from the Thensarian demonstrative inom, is in for singular nouns and na for plural nouns; they trigger mutations based on gender.

Nouns are also inflected for construct state and take possessive suffixes, inherited from Thensarian.

Adjectives

Pronouns

Verb prefixes

Preverb prefixes

Object prefixes

Object prefixes are inherited from Proto-Quihum and are placed in a slot between preverbs and the stem.

Verb TAMs

Old Bhadhagha inherits many TAMs directly from Thensarian. In addition, Old Bhadhagha displays extensive verb allomorphy. Verbs can be grouped in two ways: non-prefixed and prefixed, and non-ablauting and ablauting. The verb tables below will use the following example verbs:

  • Unprefixed, non-ablauting verbs: e.g. túsaiṁ /ˈtuːsai̯mʰ/ 'he prays', ní·tús /niːˈtuːs/ 'he does not pray' (modern tús)
  • Unprefixed, ablauting verbs: e.g. soṁaiṁ /somʰai̯mʰ/ 'he finds (intransitive)', ní·soṁa /niːˈsomʰa/ 'he does not find' (modern somh)
  • Prefixed, non-ablauting verbs: e.g. as·tóċ /asˈtoːkʰ/ 'he proves', ní·assaċ /niːˈasːakʰ/ 'he does not prove' (modern stóch)
  • Prefixed ablauting verbs: e.g. dor·coḃ /dorˈkobʰ/ 'he tolerates' (< de-ar-cobymis 'at-on-bear'), ní·dérb /niːˈdeːrb/ 'he does not tolerate' (modern déarb)

In case where there is a preverb, the first syllable after the interpunct is stressed.

Present

Person túsain "pray, request"
(non-prefixed, non-ablauting)
soṁain '"find"
(non-prefixed, ablauting)
as·tóċan "prove"
(prefixed, non-ablauting)
dor·coḃ "tolerate"
(prefixed, ablauting)
1SG túsain < tússanis
ní·tús < nīstússan
soṁain < somynis
ní·soṁ < nīssomyn
as·tóċan < astósācon
ní·assaċ < nīsástosācon
dor·coḃ
ní·dérb
2SG túsair < tússaris
ní·túsar < nīstússar
soṁair < somyris
ní·soṁar < nīssomyr
as·tóċar < astósācor
ní·assaċar < nīsástosācor
dor·coḃar
ní·dérbar
3SG.M túsaiṁ < tússamis
ní·tús < nīstússam
soṁaiṁ < somymis
ní·soṁ < nīssomym
as·tóċ < astósācom
ní·assaċ < nīsástosācom
dor·coḃ
ní·dérb
3SG.F túsaé < tússasis
ní·túsaé < nīstússasi
soṁaé < somysis
ní·soṁaé < nīssomysi
as·tóċaé < astósācosi
ní·assaċ < nīsástosācosi
dor·coḃaé
ní·dérbaé
3SG.N tús < tússas
ní·tús < nīstússa
soiṁ < somis
ní·soṁ < nīssomy
as·tóċ < astósācos
ní·assaċ < nīsástosāco
dor·coḃ
ní·dérb
1EX túsmae < tússamēs
ní·túsaiṁ < nīstússamē
sommae < somymēs
ní·soṁaiṁ < nīssomymē
as·tóċaiṁ < astósācomē
ní·assaċaiṁ < nīsástosācomē
dor·coḃaiṁ
ní·dérbaiṁ
1IN túsait < tússantis
ní·túsat < nīstússant
soṁait < somyntis
ní·soṁat < nīssomynt
as·tóċat < astósācont
ní·assaċat < nīsástosācont
dor·coḃat
ní·dérbat
2PL túsaisc < tússasces
ní·túsaisc < nīstússasce
soṁaisc < somysces
ní·soṁasc < nīssomysce
as·tóċaisc < astósācosce
ní·assaċaisc < nīsástosācosce
dor·coḃaisc
ní·dérbaisc
3PL túsaiḋ < tússatis
ní·túsaḋ < nīstússat
soṁaiḋ < somytis
ní·soṁaḋ < nīssomyt
as·tóċaḋ < astósācot
ní·assaċaḋ < nīsástosācot
dor·coḃaḋ
ní·dérbaḋ

Imperfect

The imperfect is its own principal part, from reduplication in Thensarian.

Person túsain "pray, request"
(non-prefixed, non-ablauting)
soṁain '"find"
(non-prefixed, ablauting)
as·tóċan "prove"
(prefixed, non-ablauting)
dor·coḃ "tolerate"
(prefixed, ablauting)
1SG téussain < tétussanis
ní·téuss < nīstétussan
séṁain < sésomynis
ní·séṁ < nīssésomyn
as·tecc
ní·astóċ
dor·coġḃ
ní·dercob
2SG téussair < tétussaris
ní·téussar < nīstétussar
séṁair < somyris
ní·séṁar < nīssésomyr
as·teccar
ní·astóċar
dor·coġḃar
ní·dercobar
3SG.M téussaiṁ < tétussamis
ní·téuss < nīstétussam
séṁaiṁ < sésomymis
ní·séṁ < nīssésomym
as·tecc
ní·astóċ
dor·coġḃ
ní·dercob
3SG.F téussaé < tétussasis
ní·téussaé < nīstétussasi
séṁaé < sésomysis
ní·séṁaé < nīssésomysi
as·teccaé
ní·astóċaé
dor·coġḃaé
ní·dercobaé
3SG.N téuss < tétussas
ní·téuss < nīstétussa
séṁ < sésomis
ní·séṁ < nīssésomy
as·tecc
ní·astóċ
dor·coġḃ
ní·dercob
1EX téussaiṁ < tétussamēs
ní·téussaiṁ < nīstétussamē
sémmae < sésomymēs
ní·séṁaiṁ < nīssésomymē
as·teccaiṁ
ní·astóċaiṁ
dor·coġḃaiṁ
ní·dercobaiṁ
1IN téussait < tétussantis
ní·téussat < nīstétussant
séṁait < sésomyntis
ní·séṁat < nīssésomynt
as·teccat
ní·astóċat
dor·coġḃat
ní·dercobat
2PL téussaisc < tétussasces
ní·téussaisc < nīstétussasce
séṁaisc < sésomysces
ní·soṁasc < nīssésomysce
as·teccaisc
ní·astóċaisc
dor·coġḃaisc
ní·dercobaisc
3PL téussaiḋ < tétussatis
ní·téussaḋ < nīstétussat
séṁaiḋ < sésomytis
ní·séṁaḋ < nīssésomyt
as·teccaḋ
ní·astóċaḋ
dor·coġḃaḋ
ní·dercobaḋ

Preterite

Person túsain "pray, request"
(non-prefixed, non-ablauting)
soṁain '"find"
(non-prefixed, ablauting)
as·tóċan "prove"
(prefixed, non-ablauting)
dor·coḃ "tolerate"
(prefixed, ablauting)
1SG túsnaim < tússannemis
ní·túsainn < nīstússannem
siṁnim < siminnemis
ní·siṁinn < nīssiminnem
as·tóċainn < astósāconnem
ní·assaċainn < nīsástosāconnem
dor·ciḃinn
ní·déirbinn
2SG túsaí < tússavȳs
ní·túsaí < nīstússavȳ
siṁí < simivȳs
ní·siṁí < nīssimivȳ
as·tóċaí < astósācovȳ
ní·assaċaí < nīsástosācovȳ
dor·ciḃí
ní·déirbí
3SG.M túsaim < tússasmis
ní·túsaim < nīstússasmi
siṁim < simismis
ní·siṁim < nīssimismi
as·tóċaim < astósācosmi
ní·assaċaim < nīsástosācosmi
dor·ciḃim
ní·déirbim
3SG.F túsais < tússastis
ní·túsais < nīstússasti
siṁis < simistis
ní·siṁis < nīssimisti
as·tóċais < astósācosti
ní·assaċais < nīsástosācosti
dor·ciḃis
ní·déirbis
3SG.N túsá < tússasos
ní·túsá < nīstússaso
siṁeo < simisos
ní·siṁeo < nīssimiso
as·tóċá < astósācoso
ní·assaċá < nīsástosācoso
dor·ciḃeo
ní·déirbeo
1EX túsmair < tússameris
ní·túsmar < nīstússamer
simmir < simimeris
ní·simmer < nīssimimeris
as·tóċmar < astósācomer
ní·assaċmar < nīsástosācomer
dor·ciḃmer
ní·déirbmer
1IN túsdair < tússanteris
ní·túsdar < nīstússanter
siṁdir < siminteris
ní·siṁder < nīssiminteris
as·tóċdar < astósāconter
ní·assaċdar < nīsástosāconter
dor·ciḃder
ní·déirbder
2PL tússcair < tússasceris
ní·tússcar < nīstússascer
siṁscir < simisceris
ní·siṁscer < nīssimisceris
as·tóċscar < astósācosceris
ní·assaċscar < nīsástosācoscer
dor·ciḃscer
ní·déirbscer
3PL túsṫair < tússateris
ní·túsṫar < nīstússater
siṁṫir < simiteris
ní·siṁṫer < nīssimiteris
as·tóċṫar < astósācoter
ní·assaċṫar < nīsástosācoter
dor·ciḃṫer
ní·déirbṫer

Future

Person túsain "pray, request"
(non-prefixed, non-ablauting)
soṁain '"find"
(non-prefixed, ablauting)
as·tóċan "prove"
(prefixed, non-ablauting)
dor·coḃ "tolerate"
(prefixed, ablauting)
1SG túsṫain < tússatēnis
ní·túsaiḋ < nīstússatēn
sóitin < sontēnis
ní·sóit < nīssontēn
as·tóċtan
ní·assaċt
dor·coċtan
ní·derċtan
2SG túsṫair < tússatēris
ní·túsṫar < nīstússatēr
sóitir < sontēris
ní·sóiter < nīssontēr
as·tóċtar
ní·assaċtar
dor·coċtar
ní·derċtar
3SG.M túsṫaiṁ < tússatēmis
ní·túsaiḋ < nīstússatēm
sóitiṁ < sontēmis
ní·sóit < nīssomym
as·tóċt
ní·assaċt
dor·coċt
ní·derċt
3SG.F túsṫaé < tússatēsis
ní·túsṫaé < nīstússatēsi
sóité < sontēsis
ní·sóité < nīssomysi
as·tóċtaé
ní·assaċtaé
dor·coċtaé
ní·derċtaé
3SG.N túsaiḋ < tússatēs
ní·túsaiḋ < nīstússatē
sóit < sontēs
ní·sóit < nīssontē
as·tóċt
ní·assaċt
dor·coċt
ní·derċt
1EX túsṫaiṁ < tússatēmēs
túsṫaiṁ < nīstússatēmē
sóitiṁ < sontēmēs
ní·sóiteṁ < nīssontēm
as·tóċtaiṁ
ní·assaċtaiṁ
dor·coċtaiṁ
ní·derċtaiṁ
1IN túsṫait < tússatēntis
ní·túsṫat < nīstússatēnt
sóitit < sontēntis
ní·sóitet < nīssontēnt
as·tóċtat
ní·assaċtat
dor·coċtat
ní·derċtat
2PL túsṫaisc < tússatēsces
ní·túsṫaisc < nīstússatēsce
sóitisc < sontēsces
ní·sóitisc < nīssontēsce
as·tóċtaisc
ní·assaċtaisc
dor·coċtaisc
ní·derċtaisc
3PL túsṫaiḋ < tússatētis
ní·túsṫaḋ < nīstússatēt
sóitiḋ < sontētis
ní·sóiteḋ < nīssontēt
as·tóċtaḋ
ní·assaċtaḋ
dor·coċtaḋ
ní·derċtaḋ

Present subjunctive

Past subjunctive

Imperative

Verbal noun