Tigol/Morphology

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Morphology is the most complex part of Old Tíogall. Much of Proto-Talmic morphology survives in Old Tíogall. However, Old Tíogall is most notorious for its often unpredictable verbal allomorphy.

Nouns

Nouns fall into one of masculine, feminine and neuter genders and inflect for singular and plural numbers, inherited from the Thensarian singulative and plurative.

The definite article, inherited from the Thensarian demonstrative inom, is in for singular nouns and na for plural nouns; they trigger mutations based on gender.

Nouns are also inflected for construct state and take possessive suffixes, inherited from Thensarian.

Adjectives

Pronouns

Verb prefixes

Preverb prefixes

Object prefixes

Object prefixes are inherited from Proto-Quihum and are placed in a slot between preverbs and the stem.

Verb TAMs

Old Tíogall inherits many TAMs directly from Thensarian. In addition, Old Tíogall displays extensive verb allomorphy. Verbs can be grouped in two ways: non-prefixed and prefixed, and non-ablauting and ablauting. The verb tables below will use the following example verbs:

  • Unprefixed, non-ablauting verbs: e.g. túsaiṁ /ˈtuːsai̯mʰ/ 'he prays', ní·túsa /niːˈtuːsa/ 'he does not pray' (modern tús)
  • Unprefixed, ablauting verbs: e.g. sormaiṁ /sormai̯mʰ/ 'he finds (intransitive)', ní·sorma /niːˈsorma/ 'he does not find' (modern sorm)
  • Prefixed, non-ablauting verbs: e.g. as·tóċ /asˈtoːkʰ/ 'he proves', ní·assaċ /niːˈasːakʰ/ 'he does not prove' (modern stóch)
  • Prefixed ablauting verbs: e.g. dor·coḃ /dorˈkobʰ/ 'he tolerates' (< de-ar-cobymis 'at-on-bear'), ní·derp /niːˈderp/ 'he does not tolerate' (modern dearb)

In case where there is a preverb, the first syllable after the interpunct is stressed.

Present

Person túsain "pray, request"
(non-prefixed, non-ablauting)
sormain '"find"
(non-prefixed, ablauting)
as·tóċan "prove"
(prefixed, non-ablauting)
dor·coḃ "tolerate"
(prefixed, ablauting)
1SG túsain < tússanis
ní·tús < nīs tússan
sormain < sormynis
ní·sorm < nīs sormyn
as·tóċ < astósāconis
ní·assaċ < nīs ástosācon
dor·coḃ
ní·derp
2SG túsair < tússaris
ní·túsar < nīs tússar
sormair < sormyris
ní·sormar < nīs sormyr
as·tóċar < astósācoris
ní·assaċar < nīs ástosācor
dor·coḃar
ní·derpar
3SG.M túsaiṁ < tússamis
ní·tús < nīs tússam
sormaiṁ < sormymis
ní·sorm < nīs sormym
as·tóċ < astósācomis
ní·assaċ < nīs ástosācom
dor·coḃ
ní·derp
3SG.F túsaé < tússasis
ní·túsaé < nīs tússasi
sormaé < sormysis
ní·sormaé < nīs sormysi
as·tóċaé < astósācosis
ní·assaċ < nīs ástosācosi
dor·coḃaé
ní·derpaé
3SG.N tús < tússas
ní·tús < nīs tússa
soirm < sormis
ní·sorm < nīs sormy
as·tóċ < astósācos
ní·assaċ < nīs ástosāco
dor·coḃ
ní·derp
1EX túsmae < tússamēs
ní·túsaiṁ < nīs tússamē
sormmae < sormymēs
ní·sormaiṁ < nīs sormymē
as·tóċaiṁ < astósācomēs
ní·assaċaiṁ < nīs ástosācomē
dor·coḃaiṁ
ní·derpaiṁ
1IN túsait < tússantis
ní·túsat < nīs tússant
sormait < sormyntis
ní·sormat < nīs sormynt
as·tóċat < astósācontis
ní·assaċat < nīs ástosācont
dor·coḃat
ní·derpat
2PL túsaisc < tússasces
ní·túsaisc < nīs tússasce
sormaisc < sormysces
ní·sormasc < nīs sormysce
as·tóċaisc < astósācosces
ní·assaċaisc < nīs ástosācosce
dor·coḃaisc
ní·derpaisc
3PL túsaiḋ < tússatis
ní·túsaḋ < nīs tússat
sormaiḋ < sormytis
ní·sormaḋ < nīs sormyt
as·tóċaḋ < astósācotis
ní·assaċaḋ < nīs ástosācot
dor·coḃaḋ
ní·derpaḋ

Imperfect

The imperfect is formed with reduplication as in Thensarian.

Preterite

Person túsain "pray, request"
(non-prefixed, non-ablauting)
sormain '"find"
(non-prefixed, ablauting)
as·tóċan "prove"
(prefixed, non-ablauting)
dor·coḃ "tolerate"
(prefixed, ablauting)
1SG túsnaim < tússannemis
ní·túsainn < nīs tússannem
sirmnim < sirminnemis
ní·sirminn < nīs sirminnem
as·tóċainn < astósāconnemis
ní·assaċainn < nīs ástosāconnem
dor·ciḃinn
ní·deirpinn
2SG túsaí < tússavȳs
ní·túsaí < nīs tússavȳ
sirmí < sirmivȳs
ní·sirmí < nīs sirmivȳ
as·tóċaí < astósācovȳs
ní·assaċaí < nīs ástosācovȳ
dor·ciḃí
ní·deirpí
3SG.M túsaim < tússasmis
ní·túsaim < nīs tússasmi
sirmim < sirmismis
ní·sirmim < nīs sirmismi
as·tóċaim < astósācosmis
ní·assaċaim < nīs ástosācosmi
dor·ciḃim
ní·deirpim
3SG.F túsais < tússastis
ní·túsais < nīs tússasti
sirmis < sirmistis
ní·sirmis < nīs sirmisti
as·tóċais < astósācostis
ní·assaċais < nīs ástosācosti
dor·ciḃis
ní·deirpis
3SG.N túsá < tússasos
ní·túsá < nīs tússaso
sirmeo < sirmisos
ní·sirmeo < nīs sirmiso
as·tóċá < astósācosos
ní·assaċá < nīs ástosācoso
dor·ciḃeo
ní·deirpeo
1EX túsmair < tússameris
ní·túsmar < nīs tússamer
sirmmir < sirmimeris
ní·sirmmer < nīs sirmimeris
as·tóċmar < astósācomeris
ní·assaċmar < nīs ástosācomer
dor·ciḃmer
ní·deirpmer
1IN túsdair < tússanteris
ní·túsdar < nīs tússanter
sirmdir < sirminteris
ní·sirmder < nīs sirminteris
as·tóċdar < astósāconteris
ní·assaċdar < nīs ástosāconter
dor·ciḃder
ní·deirpder
2PL tússcair < tússasceris
ní·tússcar < nīs tússascer
sirmscir < sirmisceris
ní·sirmscer < nīs sirmisceris
as·tóċscar < astósācosceris
ní·assaċscar < nīs ástosācoscer
dor·ciḃscer
ní·deirpscer
3PL túsṫair < tússateris
ní·túsṫar < nīs tússater
sirmṫir < sirmiteris
ní·sirmṫer < nīs sirmiteris
as·tóċṫar < astósācoteris
ní·assaċṫar < nīs ástosācoter
dor·ciḃṫer
ní·deirpṫer

Future

Person túsain "pray, request"
(non-prefixed, non-ablauting)
sormain '"find"
(non-prefixed, ablauting)
as·tóċan "prove"
(prefixed, non-ablauting)
dor·coḃ "tolerate"
(prefixed, ablauting)
1SG túsnaim < tússannemis
ní·túsainn < nīs tússannem
sirmnim < sirminnemis
ní·sirminn < nīs sirminnem
as·tóċainn < astósāconnemis
ní·assaċainn < nīs ástosāconnem
dor·ciḃinn
ní·deirpinn
2SG túsaí < tússavȳs
ní·túsaí < nīs tússavȳ
sirmí < sirmivȳs
ní·sirmí < nīs sirmivȳ
as·tóċaí < astósācovȳs
ní·assaċaí < nīs ástosācovȳ
dor·ciḃí
ní·deirpí
3SG.M túsaim < tússasmis
ní·túsaim < nīs tússasmi
sirmim < sirmismis
ní·sirmim < nīs sirmismi
as·tóċaim < astósācosmis
ní·assaċaim < nīs ástosācosmi
dor·ciḃim
ní·deirpim
3SG.F túsais < tússastis
ní·túsais < nīs tússasti
sirmis < sirmistis
ní·sirmis < nīs sirmisti
as·tóċais < astósācostis
ní·assaċais < nīs ástosācosti
dor·ciḃis
ní·deirpis
3SG.N túsá < tússasos
ní·túsá < nīs tússaso
sirmeo < sirmisos
ní·sirmeo < nīs sirmiso
as·tóċá < astósācosos
ní·assaċá < nīs ástosācoso
dor·ciḃeo
ní·deirpeo
1EX túsmair < tússameris
ní·túsmar < nīs tússamer
sirmmir < sirmimeris
ní·sirmmer < nīs sirmimeris
as·tóċmar < astósācomeris
ní·assaċmar < nīs ástosācomer
dor·ciḃmer
ní·deirpmer
1IN túsdair < tússanteris
ní·túsdar < nīs tússanter
sirmdir < sirminteris
ní·sirmder < nīs sirminteris
as·tóċdar < astósāconteris
ní·assaċdar < nīs ástosāconter
dor·ciḃder
ní·deirpder
2PL tússcair < tússasceris
ní·tússcar < nīs tússascer
sirmscir < sirmisceris
ní·sirmscer < nīs sirmisceris
as·tóċscar < astósācosceris
ní·assaċscar < nīs ástosācoscer
dor·ciḃscer
ní·deirpscer
3PL túsṫair < tússateris
ní·túsṫar < nīs tússater
sirmṫir < sirmiteris
ní·sirmṫer < nīs sirmiteris
as·tóċṫar < astósācoteris
ní·assaċṫar < nīs ástosācoter
dor·ciḃṫer
ní·deirpṫer

Present subjunctive

Person túsain "pray, request"
(non-prefixed, non-ablauting)
sormain '"find"
(non-prefixed, ablauting)
as·tóċan "prove"
(prefixed, non-ablauting)
dor·coḃ "tolerate"
(prefixed, ablauting)
1SG túsnaim < tússannemis
ní·túsainn < nīs tússannem
sirmnim < sirminnemis
ní·sirminn < nīs sirminnem
as·tóċainn < astósāconnemis
ní·assaċainn < nīs ástosāconnem
dor·ciḃinn
ní·deirpinn
2SG túsaí < tússavȳs
ní·túsaí < nīs tússavȳ
sirmí < sirmivȳs
ní·sirmí < nīs sirmivȳ
as·tóċaí < astósācovȳs
ní·assaċaí < nīs ástosācovȳ
dor·ciḃí
ní·deirpí
3SG.M túsaim < tússasmis
ní·túsaim < nīs tússasmi
sirmim < sirmismis
ní·sirmim < nīs sirmismi
as·tóċaim < astósācosmis
ní·assaċaim < nīs ástosācosmi
dor·ciḃim
ní·deirpim
3SG.F túsais < tússastis
ní·túsais < nīs tússasti
sirmis < sirmistis
ní·sirmis < nīs sirmisti
as·tóċais < astósācostis
ní·assaċais < nīs ástosācosti
dor·ciḃis
ní·deirpis
3SG.N túsá < tússasos
ní·túsá < nīs tússaso
sirmeo < sirmisos
ní·sirmeo < nīs sirmiso
as·tóċá < astósācosos
ní·assaċá < nīs ástosācoso
dor·ciḃeo
ní·deirpeo
1EX túsmair < tússameris
ní·túsmar < nīs tússamer
sirmmir < sirmimeris
ní·sirmmer < nīs sirmimeris
as·tóċmar < astósācomeris
ní·assaċmar < nīs ástosācomer
dor·ciḃmer
ní·deirpmer
1IN túsdair < tússanteris
ní·túsdar < nīs tússanter
sirmdir < sirminteris
ní·sirmder < nīs sirminteris
as·tóċdar < astósāconteris
ní·assaċdar < nīs ástosāconter
dor·ciḃder
ní·deirpder
2PL tússcair < tússasceris
ní·tússcar < nīs tússascer
sirmscir < sirmisceris
ní·sirmscer < nīs sirmisceris
as·tóċscar < astósācosceris
ní·assaċscar < nīs ástosācoscer
dor·ciḃscer
ní·deirpscer
3PL túsṫair < tússateris
ní·túsṫar < nīs tússater
sirmṫir < sirmiteris
ní·sirmṫer < nīs sirmiteris
as·tóċṫar < astósācoteris
ní·assaċṫar < nīs ástosācoter
dor·ciḃṫer
ní·deirpṫer

Past subjunctive

Combination of optative/future + preterite

Person túsain "pray, request"
(non-prefixed, non-ablauting)
sormain '"find"
(non-prefixed, ablauting)
as·tóċan "prove"
(prefixed, non-ablauting)
dor·coḃ "tolerate"
(prefixed, ablauting)
1SG túsnaim < tússannemis
ní·túsainn < nīs tússannem
sirmnim < sirminnemis
ní·sirminn < nīs sirminnem
as·tóċainn < astósāconnemis
ní·assaċainn < nīs ástosāconnem
dor·ciḃinn
ní·deirpinn
2SG túsaí < tússavȳs
ní·túsaí < nīs tússavȳ
sirmí < sirmivȳs
ní·sirmí < nīs sirmivȳ
as·tóċaí < astósācovȳs
ní·assaċaí < nīs ástosācovȳ
dor·ciḃí
ní·deirpí
3SG.M túsaim < tússasmis
ní·túsaim < nīs tússasmi
sirmim < sirmismis
ní·sirmim < nīs sirmismi
as·tóċaim < astósācosmis
ní·assaċaim < nīs ástosācosmi
dor·ciḃim
ní·deirpim
3SG.F túsais < tússastis
ní·túsais < nīs tússasti
sirmis < sirmistis
ní·sirmis < nīs sirmisti
as·tóċais < astósācostis
ní·assaċais < nīs ástosācosti
dor·ciḃis
ní·deirpis
3SG.N túsá < tússasos
ní·túsá < nīs tússaso
sirmeo < sirmisos
ní·sirmeo < nīs sirmiso
as·tóċá < astósācosos
ní·assaċá < nīs ástosācoso
dor·ciḃeo
ní·deirpeo
1EX túsmair < tússameris
ní·túsmar < nīs tússamer
sirmmir < sirmimeris
ní·sirmmer < nīs sirmimeris
as·tóċmar < astósācomeris
ní·assaċmar < nīs ástosācomer
dor·ciḃmer
ní·deirpmer
1IN túsdair < tússanteris
ní·túsdar < nīs tússanter
sirmdir < sirminteris
ní·sirmder < nīs sirminteris
as·tóċdar < astósāconteris
ní·assaċdar < nīs ástosāconter
dor·ciḃder
ní·deirpder
2PL tússcair < tússasceris
ní·tússcar < nīs tússascer
sirmscir < sirmisceris
ní·sirmscer < nīs sirmisceris
as·tóċscar < astósācosceris
ní·assaċscar < nīs ástosācoscer
dor·ciḃscer
ní·deirpscer
3PL túsṫair < tússateris
ní·túsṫar < nīs tússater
sirmṫir < sirmiteris
ní·sirmṫer < nīs sirmiteris
as·tóċṫar < astósācoteris
ní·assaċṫar < nīs ástosācoter
dor·ciḃṫer
ní·deirpṫer

Imperative

Verbal noun