Nurian/Old
Nurian/Lexicon
Nurian/Swadesh list
Nurian/Old | |
---|---|
nūrimā | |
Created by | IlL |
Setting | Verse:Tricin |
Language codes | |
ISO 639-3 | qnr |
Nurian (/ˈnʊəɹiən/, Nurian: gaffā nūrimā, Eevo: Nwrim) is a Talmic language descending from Thensarian, aesthetically inspired by Pali, Italian, and Lithuanian. Close relatives include Eevo and Bênôcian. Nurian is the official language of Nuria (Nūrē) in southwestern Talma. Nurian is extremely conservative, and contains relatively few loanwords.
Todo
- Did Thensarian have intensive noun/adjective suffixes that Nurian preserves?
Historical phonology
- -am -em -im -om -um -ām -ēm -īm -ōm -ūm > -ą -ę -į -ą -ų -y̨ -ą -ę -į -ų -ų
- -s > -h
- Thn. cia ce ci cio ciu gia ge gi gio giu > ċia ċe ċi ċio ċiu ġia ġe ġi ġio ġiu
- e ē ei ea eā > e ē ei ia iā
- o, ō > a, uo; word final -uo > -ū
- ae oe ui ao eo iu > ai ȳ ui au iuo iū
Cluster assimilations
Nurian is rich in geminate consonants, most of which arise from the following historical assimilations. Geminate consonants become degeminate word-initially.
- pl bl ml fl tl dl θl δl cl gl ngl > ppi bbi mmi ffi ċċi ġġi ṡṡi żżi kki ggi ngi
- ħl, ȝl > ħħ, ȝȝ
- nl, rl > both ll
- sp, st, sc, sȝ, sn, sl, sr > pph, tth, kkh, ħħ, tth, nnh, llh, rrh
- sb, sd, sg > bb, zz, gg
- pr, fr, tr, θr, cr, ngr, ħr > pph, ff, tth, θθ, kkh, ng, ħħ
- br, dr, δr, gr, ȝr > bb, dd, δδ, gg, ȝȝ
- mr > mm
- cn, gn > ngh, ng
- mn > nn
- rC > CC
- lC > :C
- ct > tt
- VN + fricative > V[+nasal] + fricative
- tv dv θv δv > pp bb ff vv
Numbers
Phonology
The Nurian sound system has a large inventory of around 58 consonants and 10 vowels. A notable feature of the phonology of most Nurian accents is phonemic velarization vs. palatalization in hard-soft pairs. All consonants except /ħ ʕ h j/ are members of a hard-soft-pair. /ħ ʕ h j/ color the /a/ vowel as if they were soft, and /ħ ʕ/ tend to lower adjacent vowels.
There are two major accents of Standard Nurian.
Phonotactics
Nurian forbids all consonant clusters other than those of the form homorganic nasal + consonant or consonant. Word-medially, every consonant can be geminated except /j/ and /h/. Word-finally, usually only /n/, /ʔ/ (as an allophone of /r/), /h/, /s/ and vowels are allowed.
Dagȳne accent
Consonants
Labial | Dental | Alveolar | Postalveolar | Velar | Radical | Glottal | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
hard | soft | hard | soft | hard | soft | soft | hard | |||||
Nasal | voiceless | mh m̊ˠ | mhi m̊ʲ | nh n̪̊ˠ | nhi n̊ʲ | nghi ŋ̊ʲ | ngh ŋ̊ | |||||
voiced | m mˠ | mi mʲ | n n̪ˠ | ni nʲ | ngi ŋʲ | ng ŋ | ||||||
Stop | tenuis | p pˠ | pi pʲ | t t̪ˠ | ti tʲ | ċi tʃ | ki kʲ | k k | -r, -t ʔ | |||
aspirated | ph pˠʰ | phi pʲʰ | th t̪ˠʰ | thi tʲʰ | ċhi tʃʰ | khi kʲʰ | kh kʰ | |||||
voiced | b bˠ | bi bʲ | d d̪ˠ | di dʲ | ġi dʒ | gi ɡʲ | g ɡ | |||||
Fricative | voiceless | f fˠ | fi fʲ | θ θˠ | θi θʲ | s sˠ | si sʲ | ṡi ʃ | ħ, ħi ħ | h, hi h | ||
voiced | v vˠ | vi vʲ | δ ðˠ | δi ðʲ | z zˠ | zi zʲ | żi ʒ | |||||
Trill | voiceless | rh r̥ˠ | rhi r̥ʲ | |||||||||
voiced | r rˠ | ri rʲ | ||||||||||
Lateral | voiceless | lh l̥ˠ | lhi l̥ʲ | |||||||||
voiced | l lˠ | li lʲ | ||||||||||
Approximant | j j | ȝ, ȝi ʕ |
- Notes
- Voiceless stops and affricates are unaspirated.
- All hard consonants are velarized (especially /rˠ, lˠ, θˠ, ðˠ/, which are uvularized).
- All consonants are labialized before the back vowels /u, uː, uɔ/.
- /tˠ, dˠ, nˠ/ are laminal denti-alveolar [t̪ˠ, d̪ˠ, n̪ˠ].
- /tʲ, dʲ, nʲ/ are laminal alveolar [t̻ʲ, d̻ʲ, n̻ʲ].
- /θˠ, θ, ðˠ, ð/ are dental spirants [θʶ, θ, ðʶ, ð].
- /sˠ, sʲ, zˠ, zʲ/ are laminal denti-alveolar [s̪ˠ, s̪ʲ, z̪ˠ, z̪ʲ].
- /rˠ/ is uvularized apical alveolar [r̺ʶ] or postalveolar [r̠ʶ]. When not geminated, it can either be a trill [rʶ] or a flap [ɾʶ].
- /rʲ/ is palatalized alveolar flap [ɾ̪ʲ] and less commonly a trill [r̺ʲ]. It is always a trill [r̺ːʲ] when geminated.
- /lˠ/ is a uvularized apical alveolar [l̺ʶ] or uvularized laminal denti-alveolar [l̪ʶ].
- /lʲ/ is laminal alveolar [l̻ʲ].
- /ɲ/ is postpalatal [ɲ̄].
- /tʃ, dʒ, ʃ, ʒ/ are laminal palatalized alveolar [tʃʲ, dʒʲ, ʃʲ, ʒʲ].
- Before /k, ɡ/, /n/ is realized as velar [ŋ].
- /ħ/ has been variously described as pharyngeal [ħ] and epiglottal [ʜ].
- /ʕ/ is an epiglottal approximant [ʕ̞].
- /h/ is voiced [ɦ] after vowels and voiced consonants.
Vowels
Nurian has three short, three long and three nasal monophthongs. There is a considerable degree of allophony in low vowels.
Front | Central | Back | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
short | long | nasal | short | long | nasal | short | long | nasal | |
Close | /ɪ~ɪ̞/ | /iː/ | /ĩː/ | /ʊ/ | /uː/ | /ũː/ | |||
Open | [ɛ~æ] | [æː] | /a/ | /aː/ | /ãː/ | [ɑ] | [ɑː] |
Diphthongs: /aɪ aʊ iɛ uɔ ʊi/
- Notes
- Short /ɪ/ is lowered to [ɪ̞] after hard consonants.
- /a aː/ each have three allophones:
- [ɐ~ɑ ɑː] after non-radical hard consonants
- [ɛ~æ æː] after soft consonants, radicals and /h/
- Allophony of /a aː/ is, however, reduced in the speech of many younger speakers, who pronounce both as [ɐ aː]
Fiuġġēra accent
The Fiuggēra [fudˈdʒæːrˁɑ] accent turns hard consonants into uvularized consonants, and soft consonants into plain.
- θˠ ðˠ > fˁ vˁ
Consonants
Labial | Dental | Alveolar | Postalveolar | Velar | Radical | Glottal | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
hard | soft | hard | soft | hard | soft | soft | hard | |||||
Nasal | voiceless | m̊ʶ | m̊ | n̥ʶ | n̥ | ɲ̊ | ŋ̊ | |||||
voiced | mʶ | m | n̪ʶ | n | ɲ | ŋʶ | ||||||
Stop | tenuis | pʶ | p | tʶ | t | tʃ | k | kʶ | ʔ | |||
aspirated | pʶʰ | pʰ | tʶʰ | tʰ | tʃʰ | kʰ | kʶʰ | |||||
voiced | bʶ | b | dʶ | d | dʒ | g | ɡʶ | |||||
Fricative | voiceless | fʶ | f | θ | sʶ | s | ʃ | ħ | h | |||
voiced | vʶ | ð | zʶ | z | ʒ | |||||||
Trill | voiceless | r̥ʶ | r̥ | |||||||||
voiced | rʶ | r | ||||||||||
Lateral | voiceless | ɬʶ | ɬ | |||||||||
voiced | l | |||||||||||
Approximant | wʶ | w | j | ʕ |
- Notes
- Hard consonants are uvularized, like Arabic emphatic consonants.
Stress
Nurian stress is similar to Modern Standard Arabic:
- Stress falls on the heavy (CV: or CVC) syllable closest to the end, if it is not the final syllable;
- if neither the penult nor the antepenult are heavy, the antepenult is stressed.
Orthography
Consonants
Grapheme | m | p | b | f | v | n | t | d | θ | δ | s | z | r | l | ng | k | g | ħ | ȝ | h | j |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Hard | /mˠ/ | /pˠ/ | /bˠ/ | /fˠ/ | /vˠ/ | /nˠ/ | /tˠ/ | /dˠ/ | /θˠ/ | /ðˠ/ | /sˠ/ | /zˠ/ | /rˠ/ | /ɫ/ | /ŋ/ | /k/ | /ɡ/ | /ħ/ | /ʕ/ | /h/ | /j/ |
Soft | /mʲ/ | /pʲ/ | /bʲ/ | /fʲ/ | /vʲ/ | /nʲ/ | /tʲ/ | /dʲ/ | /θ/ | /ð/ | /sʲ/ | /zʲ/ | /rʲ/ | /lʲ/ | /ɲ/ | /t͡ʃ/ | /d͡ʒ/ |
The pairs of aspirated plosives and voiceless resonants /pʰˠ pʰʲ/, /tʰˠ tʰʲ/, /tʃʰ/, /kʲʰ kʰ/, /m̊ˠ m̊ʲ/, /n̪̊ˠ n̊ʲ/, /ɲ̊ ŋ̊/, /l̥ˠ l̥ʲ/, /r̥ˠ r̥ʲ/ are written ⟨ph, th, ċh, kh, mh, nh, ngh, lh, rh⟩.
Final -r is pronounced /ʔ/.
Vowels
|
|
Grammar
Somewhat unusually, Nurian is verb-final with prepositions and modified-modifier order.
Nouns
Sgv-clv-plv system.
Nouns and adjectives
Masculine nouns
θȳrą 'bird' | |||
---|---|---|---|
Singulative | Collective | Plurative | |
Indefinite | θȳrą | θyθȳrą | θȳrīh |
Definite | θȳrai | θyθȳrai | θȳruoni |
Feminine nouns
Feminine nouns typically end in -ā, -ē, -ī, or -ū.
gandā 'body' | |||
---|---|---|---|
Singulative | Collective | Plurative | |
Indefinite | gandā | gagandā | gandār |
Definite | gandą | gagandą | gandāh |
Neuter nouns
tettyh 'child' | |||
---|---|---|---|
Singulative | Collective | Plurative | |
Indefinite | tettyh | tetettyh | tettȳn |
Definite | tettȳh | tetettȳh | tettȳr |
Mass nouns
jenāh 'water' (n.) | |||
---|---|---|---|
Singulative | Collective | ||
Indefinite | jenāh | jenenāh | |
Definite | jenaȝeh | jenenaȝeh |
Verbs
Preverbs
Object affixes
TAM
Present
Person | tussani "I pray" (a-stem) |
tareni "I bloom, flourish" (e-stem) |
aillini "I love" (i-stem) |
kassyni "I eat" (ablaut stem) |
---|---|---|---|---|
1SG | tussani | tareni | aillini | kassyni |
2SG | tussar | tarer | aillir | kassyr |
3SG.M | tussą | tarę | aillį | kassy̨ |
3SG.F | tussah | tareh | aillih | kassyh |
3SG.N | tussa | tare | ailli | kassy |
1EX | tussamē | taremē | aillimē | kassymē |
1IN | tussanti | tarenti | aillinti | kassynti |
2PL | tussaċċhi | tareċċhi | ailliċċhi | kassyċċhi |
3PL | tussati | tareti | ailliti | kassyti |
Imperfect
Reduplication rules:
- If word begins with C, redup first CV (V is shortened)
Preterite
Person | tussani "I pray" (a-stem) |
tareni "I bloom, flourish" (e-stem) |
aillini "I love" (i-stem) |
kassyni "I eat" (ablaut stem) |
---|---|---|---|---|
1SG | tussanne | tarenne | aillinne | ċēnne |
2SG | tussȳ | tarī | aillī | ċēvȳ |
3SG.M | tussamhi | taremhi | aillimhi | ċēmhi |
3SG.F | tussatthi | taretthi | aillitthi | ċētthi |
3SG.N | tussasa | taresa | aillisa | ċēsa |
1EX | tussamer | taremer | aillimer | ċēmer |
1IN | tussanter | tarenter | aillinter | ċēnter |
2PL | tussaċċher | tareċċher | ailliċċher | ċēċċher |
3PL | tussati | tareti | ailliti | ċēter |
Syntax
Particles
- ka, k' = 'and'
- ħuġġiah ka pādī [ˈħʊdʒːæh kæ paːdʲiː] = 'bread and milk'
- nīh (/nʲiːh/) = 'not'
- fī /fʲiː/ = 'if'
Relative clauses
Nurian uses the resumptive pronoun strategy when the head is not the subject. A resumptive pronoun must be fronted, if it is not embedded in another clause within the relative clause.
Phrasebook
- Adduorī! = 'Hello!'
- Malisā! = 'Thank you!'
Sample texts
UDHR, Article 1
- Kakarai ħausį gatthāną ka θeθēvų di khussiū k'iġġiatū; ammimīdīnį gą ȝiabbī ka dȳkaluttī, siūȝą danθū fētariākah ħaibatthah di helą venghimę.
- [ˈkɐkɐrˠɐɪ ˈħæʊsʲĩː gɐˈtʰˠɑːnˠɑ̃ː kɐ θʲɛˈθʲæːvˠũː dʲɪ ˈkʰʊsʲːuː k ˈɪdʒːɛtˠuː | æmʲːiːˈdʲiːnʲĩː gɑ̃ː ʕæbʲːiː ka dˠiːkɐlˠʊtʲːiː, sʲuːʕæ̃ː dˠɐnθˠuː fæːtˠɐrʲæːkɐh ħæɪbˠɐtʰˠːɐh dʲɪ hælˠɑ̃ː vʲɛŋ̊ʲːɪmʲæ̃ː]
- human.COL.DEF be.born-3SG.M.PRES free.COL.INDEF.M and equal.COL.INDEF.M in dignity-3SG.M and right-3SG.M; gifted-COL.INDEF.M with reason and conscience, duty upon-3SG.M behave-INFV mutually in spirit-SGV.DEF brotherly-SGV.DEF.F
- All humans are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act toward one another in a spirit of brotherhood.