Ox-Yew
| Adzaac (Ox-Yew) | |
|---|---|
| Adzaac, Adɮāc | |
| Pronunciation | [/ɑdˈɮɑːtɬ’/] |
| Created by | BenJamin P. Johnson, additionally creator of: |
| Date | 2019 |
language isolate
| |
Adzaac (or Adɮāc) is an a priori, possibly non-terrestrial language whose phonology, morphology, grammar, and really whose entire weltanschauung is inextricably tied to sets of three. Since /ɑdˈɮɑːtɬ’/ is difficult to pronounce for most English speakers, the alternative name “Ox-Yew” (or the Language of the Ox-Yew People) is derived from all of the Latin letters which the orthography of Adzaac explicitly does not use.
Phonology
Vowels
Short: /i a u/
Diphthongs: /ia̯ iu̯ ai̯ au̯ ui̯ ua̯/
Long: /ī ā ū/
Long Diphthongs: /īa̯ īu̯ āi̯ āu̯ ūi̯ ūa̯/
Diphthongs are always falling, but if a non-long diphthong starting with /i/ or /u/ appears at the beginning of a word (i.e. with no onset), it is realized as a glide (/j/ or /w/, respectively).
Stress
Stress is moraic. Stress falls on longest, left-most syllable. Where morae are equal, long vowels have a higher priority than diphthongs, which have a higher priority than final consonants.
| Morae | Priority | Examples | |
|---|---|---|---|
| V | 1 | 8 | bu, na, ki |
| VC | 2 | 7 | uk, it, an |
| VV | 2 | 6 | hau, niu |
| V̄ | 2 | 5 | lī |
| VVC | 3 | 4 | kais |
| V̄C | 3 | 3 | āt |
| V̄V | 3 | 2 | gīu |
| V̄VC | 4 | 1 | xūap |
Non-stressed syllables are reduced. (See Phonotactics).
Consonants
| Frontish | Middlin’ | Backish | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Unvoiced Stop: | ‹p› /p/ | ‹t› /t/ | ‹k› /k/ |
| Voiced Stop: | ‹b› /b/ | ‹d› /d/ | ‹g› /ɡ/ |
| Affricate: | ‹c› /ƛ/ | ‹q› /ʧ/ | ‹j› /ʤ/ |
| Fricative: | ‹s› /s/ | ‹f› /ʃ/ | ‹h› /x/ |
| Nasal: | ‹m› /m/ | ‹n› /n/ | ‹v› /ŋ/ |
| Liquid: | ‹z› /ɮ/ | ‹r› /r/ | ‹l› /l/ |
Phonotactics
Syllable Structure
CLVC
- All syllables must have a nucleus, but onsets and codas are not required. Syllables in the same word must have either a coda or an onset dividing them (i.e. two syllable nuclei must be separated by at least one consonant.)
- Word onsets may consist of a single consonant, or a stop consonant followed by a liquid.
- p, t, k, b, d, g, q, j, c, m, n, v, l, z, r, s, f, h
- pr, tr, kr, br, dr, gr, pl, tl, kl, bl, dl, gl, pz, tz, kz, bz, dz, gz
- Word codas may consist only of a single consonant; voiced stops, ‹j›, and ‹h› are not permitted as codas.
- p, t, k, q, c, m, n, v, l, z, r, s, f
- Intersyllabic consonant clusters may be:
- C (any single consonant)
- p, t, k, b, d, g, q, j, c, m, n, v, l, z, r, s, f, h
- C[-cnt]C[+liq] (any stop + liquid)
- pr, pl, pz, tr, tl, tz, kr, kl, kz, br, bl, bz, dr, dl, dz, gr, gl, gz
- C[-cnt]ː (any geminate stop)
- pp, tt, kk, bb, dd, gg
- C[+nas]ː (any geminate nasal)
- mm, nn, vv
- C[+nas]C[-cnt-vox] (any nasal + unvoiced stop of the same place of articulation; also ‹ŋg›)
- mp, nt, vk, vg
- C[+nas]C[-cnt-vox]C[+liq] (any nasal + voiced or unvoiced stop of the same place of articulation + liquid)
- mbr, mbl, ndr, ndl, vgr, vgl, vgz
- nC[+liq] (‹n› + any affricate)
- nq, nj, nc
- C[+obs+cnt]C[-cnt-vox] (any fricative + any unvoiced stop)
- sp, st, sk, fp, ft, fk, hp, ht, hk
- C (any single consonant)
Liquid Harmony
- (Still working this out...)
Vowel Reduction in Unstressed Syllables
- Unstressed vowels are reduced to a single mora:
|
ia |
→ i |
ai |
→ a |
ui |
→ u |
- Vowels with secondary stress are reduced by one mora:
| ia iu ī |
→ i | ai au ā |
→ a | ui ua ū |
→ u |
| īa īu |
→ ī | āi āu |
→ ā | ūi ūa |
→ ū |
- E.g. ā́dlāƛū̀ip → ādlaƛūp
Morphology
Alignments
Typology
The typology of Adzaac is predominantly SOV or verb-final. Marked order is OSV. A morphological particle is inserted between the subject and the direct object which is ostensibly a case suffix combined with a case prefix; a different particle is used in marked order.
Morphosyntactic Alignment
Adzaac alignment is tripartite, so nouns and pronouns are differentiated for subject, object, and agentive roles by use of case affixes and/or particles.
Headedness
Adzaac is predominantly head-final, and this is reflected in many of its more granular alignments.
Noun Phrases
In noun phrases, nouns are always initial, followed by adpositions, demonstratives, numerals, adjectives or adjective phrases, genitive or genitive phrases, and relative clauses.
Adjective Phrases
In adjective phrases, (adverbial) measurements of degree (very, less, too, &c.) follow the adjective.
Verb Phrases
As mentioned in Typology, Adzaac is a verb-final language, and as such, adverbs always immediately precede the verb. In the case of negation, negatives come between the verb and other adverbs. TAM particles, if present, always directly precede the verb after negatives.