Austronesian Hebrew/Verbs

The confluence of the Semitic binyanim/aspect system and the Proto-Austonesian alignment/triggers is among the most labyrinthine combinations in the history of morphosyntactic amalgamations. In the realm of phonaesthetics, PAH progressivelty capitulated to its surroundings. Here, however, it subsumed and appropriated new processes while maintaining all of its original syntax.

History

PH

[[File:Binyanim.png|thumb|right|Hebrew system of voices}} PH was a Nominative-Accusative language, favoring VSO 40% of the time. SVO occurred in 34% of cases, VOS 17%, OSV 5.3%, SOV 2.3%, and OSV 0.98%. Definite direct objects were marked with the preposition /eθ/. The enclitic, post-position location marker /ah/ was slowly giving way to the preposition /la/ and the relative clause marker /ʔaʃer/ was being replaced by the relative pronoun /ʃa+/. There was no tense per se, but a complex system of seven voices, two aspects, four moods and a binary system of reduplication. Most of these could be conjugated for person, number, and gender.

Most Hebrew grammars deem stems to have expressed either the active or the passive voice. They are said to be either ‘simple’, ‘intensive’, or ‘causative’. The hitha’el is was the ‘causative reflexive’. However, the medio-passive role of the niphal and the shadowy remnants of a Qal-passive voice make some Semitologists conjecture a nine-part system of nine binyanim in the earliest stages of Hebrew development, not seven

Reconstructed PH

	Simple	Intensive	Causative
Active	pa'al	pi'el	hif'al
Middle	nif'al	hitpa'el	šitpa'il
Passive	pu'il	pu''al	hof'al

PAn

PAn had the following proclitic case-markers: na for ergative, ta for accusative, and a for direct.

Reconstructed PAn Voice System

	Non-past	Past	Future	Dep.	Subjunct.
Actor	«um»	«inum»	r(a)- -un	Ø	-a
Direct	-en	«in»	r(a)- -en	-a	-ao
Local	-an	«in»-an	r(a)- -an	-i	-ai
Instrum.	i-	i- «in»-iu	r(a)- -un	-u	-au

There were four voices: Actor, Direct-Passive, Local-Passive and Instrumental-Passive (also known as the Benefactive). This system moves from Nominative-Accusative (N-A) alignment, to Ergative-Absolutive (E-A) alignment and beyond via a system of ‘triggers’ on the verb. VSO word-order made this easier to comprehend in real-time.

N-A alignment (e.g., English) puts the subject of an intransitive verb (S) and the agent of a transitive verb (A) in the same case, called ‘nominative’. The object of a transitive verb (O) is in a second case, called ‘accusative’. E-A treats A as its own case (‘ergative’) but S and O as the same case (‘absolutive’). Austronesian morphosyntactic alignment introduces two more terms to the matrix: a location of the action (L) and an instrument or beneficiary of the action (I). The system of triggers indicate which element will be in the ‘direct’ case (D). Other elements revert to their original cases. In the Local and Instrumental, S cannot be stated.

Stems

Within a short time of their involuntary journey to Southeast Asia, the ancient Semitic peoples had come to see their various “stems” differently, because of their environment.

Repeated patterns are marked, but are most often distinguished by ablaut.

Perfective

#	g	Sing.	Dual	Plural
1	c.	ŊaLaMti	ŊaLaMnay	ŊaLaMnu
2	m.	ŊaLaMta	ŊaLaMtum	ŊaLaMtim
	f.	ŊaLaMat		ŊaLaMtin
3	m.	ŊaLaMa	ŊaLaMay	ŊaLaMu
	f.	ŊaLaMo	ŊaLaMto

non-past Imperfective

#	g	Sing.	Dual	Plural
1	c.	'aŊLoMa	niŊLoMu	niŊLoMa
2	m.	tiŊLoMa	tiŊLoMāna	tiŊLiMūna
	f.	tiŊLiMīna		tiŊLoMna
3	m.	yiŊLoMa	yiŊLoMāni	yiŊLiMūna
	f.	tiŊLoMa		tiŊLoMna

Contemplative/Jussive

#	g	Sing.	Dual	Plural
1	c.	'aŊLoM	niŊLoM
2	m.	tiŊLoM	tiŊLoMan	tiŊLīMun
	f.	tiŊLīMin		tiŊLoMna
3	m.	yiŊLoM	yiŊLoMan	yiŊLīMun
	f.	tiŊLoM		tiŊLoMna

Cohortative and Imperative

#	g	Sing.	Dual	Plural
1	c.	aŊLoMā	niŊLoMā
2	m.	ŊiLoM(ā)	ŊiLoMān	ŊiLMū
	f.	ŊiLiMī		ŊiLoMnā

Durative

#	g	Sing.	Dual	Plural
1	c.	weŊŊaLāMti	weŊŊaLāMnay	weŊŊaLāMnu
2	m.	weŊŊaLāMta	weŊŊaLāMtum	weŊŊaLāMtim
	f.	weŊŊaLāMat		weŊŊaLāMtin
3	m.	weŊŊaLāMa	weŊŊaLāMay	weŊŊaLāMu
	f.	weŊŊaLāMo	weŊŊaLāMto

Preterite

#	g	Sing.	Dual	Plural
1	c.	wāŊLoM	wanniŊLoM
2	m.	wattiŊLoM	wattiŊLoMan	wattiŊLīMu
	f.	wattiŊLīMi		wattiŊLoMa
3	m.	wayyiŊLoM	wayyiŊLoMan	wayyiŊLīMu
	f.	wattiŊLoM		wayyiŊLoMa

Participle

g	Sing.	Dual	Plural
M	ŊoLēMu	ŊoLMāmi	ŊoLMūma
F	ŊoLēMatu	ŊoLMatomi	ŊoLMotu

Infinitive

Absolute	Construct
ŊaLoMu	ŊiLoMa

The Narrative Past Imperfective is most often referred to by the old Hebrew name, the wayyiqtol. Participles follow the predicable -u/-atu normal ending pattern. Infinitives are sometimes the same as participles, but usually are distinguish by ablaut.

Form

Stem	Actor	Object	Goal	Local	Reflex.
Simple	G	U	N	tG	Gt
Intens.	D	E	Dn	tD	Dt
Caus.	Š	O	Šn	tŠ	Št

Form

Stem	Act.	Obj.	Goal	Local	Reflex.
Simple	ŊaLaMu	ŊuLāMu	niŊLāMu	tiŊLāMu	ŊitLāMu
Intensive	ŊiLLēMu	ŊuLLēMu	'iŊŊaLLēMu	tiŊaLLēMu	ŊiteLLēMu
Causative	hiŊLīMu	huŊLīMu	hiŊŊaLīMu	hitŊaLīMu	hiŊteLīMu

Old Hebrew Names

Stem	Act.	Obj.	Goal	Local	Reflex.
Simple	Qal	Qal Passive	Niphal	-	-
Intensive	Piel	Pual	-	-	-
Caus.	Hiphal	Hophal	-	Hitpael?	-

Weakness

When one of the tri-consonantal roots is a "gutteral" (i.e. 𑀙/q, 𑀛/h, 𑀅/a, 𑀞/e, and sometimes 𑀭/r) or a "glide" (i.e. 𑀬/y or 𑀯/w), it will substantially change the conjugation paradigm of a verb. The PAH scribes felt they had to preserve the root letters, so there are five letters which may function solely as mater lectionis. They are indicated in the transcription with a parenthetic letter:

Colored Consonants

	q	h	a	e	y	w	r
ø-colored	No	Yes	No	No	Yes	Yes	Yes
a-colored	No	No	Yes	No	No	Yes	No
e-colored	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	Yes	No	No
coda	No	mmm	mmm	No	Yes	Yes	Yes
gem.	No	No	No	No	Yes	Yes	No

The paradigm III-q verb is ŋalāqa, II-q is

The paradigm III-a verb is mācâ

The paradigm III-e verb is ŋamē'a

The paradigm III-y verb is galî

The paradigm III-w verb is ŋalow

The paradigm III-r(e) verb is

There is no paradigm for III-r because III never gets geminated, so it is entirely normal.