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Sharqi: Difference between revisions
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**(''vowel''): vowel that is usually dropped unless it violates phonotactics. Sometimes unpredictable. | **(''vowel''): vowel that is usually dropped unless it violates phonotactics. Sometimes unpredictable. | ||
*Before a suffix beginning in a vowel, the ''a'' in ''-aL'' in the perfect and imperfect is dropped (if applicable and allowed). This is represented with square brackets (i.e. ''[a]''). | *Before a suffix beginning in a vowel, the ''a'' in ''-aL'' in the perfect and imperfect is dropped (if applicable and allowed). This is represented with square brackets (i.e. ''[a]''). | ||
*The ''(a/i)'' after ''F'' is dropped if possible, even if phonotactics require the ''F'' to be changed - e.g. ''katab'' "he wrote", ''ay tigtib'' "do not write". On the other hand, the ''(a/i)'' or ''[a]'' after ''C'' is generally dropped only if that will lead to no consonant changes - e.g. '' | *The ''(a/i)'' after ''F'' is dropped if possible, even if phonotactics require the ''F'' to be changed - e.g. ''katab'' "he wrote", ''ay tigtib'' "do not write". On the other hand, the ''(a/i)'' or ''[a]'' after ''C'' is generally dropped only if that will lead to no consonant changes - e.g. ''yikatabúu'' "they write" (not ''*yikadbúu''). | ||
:e.g. ''sabar'' "he broke" + ''-ag'' "you (object)" → ''sabrag'' "he broke you" (not *''sabarag'') | :e.g. ''sabar'' "he broke" + ''-ag'' "you (object)" → ''sabrag'' "he broke you" (not *''sabarag'') | ||
::BUT ''baddal'' "he changed" + ''-ag'' → ''baddalag'' "he changed you" (*''baddlag'' violates phonotactics). | ::BUT ''baddal'' "he changed" + ''-ag'' → ''baddalag'' "he changed you" (*''baddlag'' violates phonotactics). | ||
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! !! colspan="2" | Imperfect !! colspan="2" | Subjunctive !! colspan="2" | Perfect !! colspan="2" | Gerundive !! colspan="2" | Imperative !! colspan="2" | Jussive | ! !! colspan="2" | Imperfect !! colspan="2" | Subjunctive !! colspan="2" | Perfect !! colspan="2" | Gerundive !! colspan="2" | Imperative !! colspan="2" | Jussive | ||
|- | |- | ||
| <center>1S</center> || <center>'''''iFaC[a]L'''''</center> || <center>''iqad[a]l''</center>|| <center>'''''iF(i)CíL'''''</center> || <center>''iqdíl''</center>|| <center>'''''FaCaLku'''''</center> || <center>''qadalku''</center>|| <center>''''' | | <center>1S</center> || <center>'''''iFaC[a]L'''''</center> || <center>''iqad[a]l''</center>|| <center>'''''iF(i)CíL'''''</center> || <center>''iqdíl''</center>|| <center>'''''FaCaLku'''''</center> || <center>''qadalku''</center>|| <center>'''''FaCíiLay'''''</center> || <center>''qadíilay''</center>||<center>'''''íF(a)CaL'''''</center> || <center>''íqdal''</center> || <center>'''''íF(a)CaL'''''</center> || <center>''íqdal''</center> | ||
|- | |- | ||
| <center>2S</center> || <center>'''''tiFaC[a]L'''''</center> || <center>''tiqad[a]l''</center>|| <center>'''''tiF(i)CíL'''''</center> || <center>''tiqdíl''</center>||<center>'''''FaCaLka'''''</center> || <center>''qadalka''</center> || <center>''''' | | <center>2S</center> || <center>'''''tiFaC[a]L'''''</center> || <center>''tiqad[a]l''</center>|| <center>'''''tiF(i)CíL'''''</center> || <center>''tiqdíl''</center>||<center>'''''FaCaLka'''''</center> || <center>''qadalka''</center> || <center>'''''FaCíiLag'''''</center> || <center>''qadíilag''</center>|| <center>'''''FíCaL'''''</center> || <center>''qídal''</center>|| <center>'''''tíF(i)CaL'''''</center> || <center>''tíqdal''</center> | ||
|- | |- | ||
| <center>3SM</center> || <center>'''''yiFaC[a]L'''''</center> || <center>''yiqad[a]l''</center>|| <center>'''''yiF(i)CíL'''''</center> || <center>''yiqdíl''</center>|| <center>'''''FaC[a]L'''''</center> || <center>''qad[a]l''</center> || <center>''''' | | <center>3SM</center> || <center>'''''yiFaC[a]L'''''</center> || <center>''yiqad[a]l''</center>|| <center>'''''yiF(i)CíL'''''</center> || <center>''yiqdíl''</center>|| <center>'''''FaC[a]L'''''</center> || <center>''qad[a]l''</center> || <center>'''''FaCíiLaw'''''</center> || <center>''qadíilaw''</center>|| <center>'''''yíF(a)CaL'''''</center> || <center>''yíqdal''</center>|| <center>'''''yíF(a)CaL'''''</center> || <center>''yíqdal''</center> | ||
|- | |- | ||
| <center>3SF</center> || <center>'''''tiFaC[a]L'''''</center> || <center>''tiqad[a]l''</center>|| <center>'''''tiF(i)CíL'''''</center> || <center>''tiqdíl''</center>||<center>'''''FaC(a)Lad'''''</center> || <center>''qadlad''</center> || <center>''''' | | <center>3SF</center> || <center>'''''tiFaC[a]L'''''</center> || <center>''tiqad[a]l''</center>|| <center>'''''tiF(i)CíL'''''</center> || <center>''tiqdíl''</center>||<center>'''''FaC(a)Lad'''''</center> || <center>''qadlad''</center> || <center>'''''FaCiiLaád'''''</center> || <center>''qadiilaád''</center>|| <center>'''''tíF(a)CaL'''''</center> || <center>''tíqdal''</center>|| <center>'''''tíF(a)CaL'''''</center> || <center>''tíqdal''</center> | ||
|- | |- | ||
| <center>1P</center> || <center>'''''niFaC[a]L'''''</center> || <center>''niqad[a]l''</center>|| <center>'''''niF(i)CíL'''''</center> || <center>''niqdíl''</center>|| <center>'''''FaCaLna'''''</center> || <center>''qadalna''</center> || <center>''''' | | <center>1P</center> || <center>'''''niFaC[a]L'''''</center> || <center>''niqad[a]l''</center>|| <center>'''''niF(i)CíL'''''</center> || <center>''niqdíl''</center>|| <center>'''''FaCaLna'''''</center> || <center>''qadalna''</center> || <center>'''''FaCíiLan'''''</center> || <center>''qadíilan''</center>|| <center>'''''níF(a)CaL'''''</center> || <center>''níqdal''</center>|| <center>'''''níF(a)CaL'''''</center> || <center>''níqdal''</center> | ||
|- | |- | ||
| <center>2P</center> || <center>'''''tiFaC(a)Lúun'''''</center> || <center>''tiqadlúun''</center>|| <center>'''''tiF(i)CiLúun'''''</center> || <center>''tiqdilúun''</center>||<center>'''''FaCaLkúun'''''</center> || <center>''qadalkúun''</center> || <center>'''''FaCiiLkúun'''''</center> || <center>''qadiilkúun''</center>|| <center>'''''FíC(i)Lu'''''</center> || <center>''qídlu''</center>|| <center>'''''tiF(i)CiLúun'''''</center> || <center>''tiqdilúun''</center> | | <center>2P</center> || <center>'''''tiFaC(a)Lúun'''''</center> || <center>''tiqadlúun''</center>|| <center>'''''tiF(i)CiLúun'''''</center> || <center>''tiqdilúun''</center>||<center>'''''FaCaLkúun'''''</center> || <center>''qadalkúun''</center> || <center>'''''FaCiiLkúun'''''</center> || <center>''qadiilkúun''</center>|| <center>'''''FíC(i)Lu'''''</center> || <center>''qídlu''</center>|| <center>'''''tiF(i)CiLúun'''''</center> || <center>''tiqdilúun''</center> | ||
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| <center>3P</center> || <center>'''''yiFaC(a)Lúun'''''</center> || <center>''yiqadlúún''</center>|| <center>'''''yiF(i)CiLuú'''''</center> || <center>''yiqdilúun''</center>||<center>'''''FaC(a)Lúun'''''</center> || <center>''qadlúun''</center> || <center>'''''FaCiiLúun'''''</center> || <center>''qadiilúun''</center>|| <center>'''''yiF(i)CiLúun'''''</center> || <center>''yiqdilúun''</center>|| <center>'''''yiF(i)CiLúun'''''</center> || <center>''yiqdilúun''</center> | | <center>3P</center> || <center>'''''yiFaC(a)Lúun'''''</center> || <center>''yiqadlúún''</center>|| <center>'''''yiF(i)CiLuú'''''</center> || <center>''yiqdilúun''</center>||<center>'''''FaC(a)Lúun'''''</center> || <center>''qadlúun''</center> || <center>'''''FaCiiLúun'''''</center> || <center>''qadiilúun''</center>|| <center>'''''yiF(i)CiLúun'''''</center> || <center>''yiqdilúun''</center>|| <center>'''''yiF(i)CiLúun'''''</center> || <center>''yiqdilúun''</center> | ||
<!--|- | <!--|- | ||
| <center>IMP</center> || <center>'''''yiFaC(a)Las'''''</center> || <center>''yiqadlas''</center>|| <center>'''''yiF(i)CíLas'''''</center> || <center>''yiqdílas''</center>|| <center>'''''FáC(a)Las'''''</center> || <center>''qádlas''</center> || <center>''''' | | <center>IMP</center> || <center>'''''yiFaC(a)Las'''''</center> || <center>''yiqadlas''</center>|| <center>'''''yiF(i)CíLas'''''</center> || <center>''yiqdílas''</center>|| <center>'''''FáC(a)Las'''''</center> || <center>''qádlas''</center> || <center>'''''FaCíiLays'''''</center> || <center>''qadíilays''</center>|| <center>'''''yíF(a)CiLas'''''</center> || <center>''yíqdilas''</center>|| <center>'''''yíF(a)CiLas'''''</center> || <center>''yíqdilas''</center>--> | ||
|} | |} | ||
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*If ''F'' is:- | *If ''F'' is:- | ||
**w: ''i'' becomes ''u'' before ''w'', with ''uw'' becoming ''uu'' before a consonant - e.g. ''yuwadad'' "he loves" (from ''*yiwadad''). | **w: ''i'' becomes ''u'' before ''w'', with ''uw'' becoming ''uu'' before a consonant - e.g. ''yuwadad'' "he loves" (from ''*yiwadad''). | ||
**y: ''iy'' becomes ''ii'' before a consonant - e.g. ''al | **y: ''iy'' becomes ''ii'' before a consonant - e.g. ''al tiibís'' "she/it does not dry" (from ''*tiybís''). | ||
**Ø: preceding ''i'' becomes ''a'' in the imperfect and | **Ø: preceding ''i'' becomes ''a'' in the imperfect and lengthened in the subjunctive/jussive - e.g. ''yaahal'' "it is enough" (from ''*yiØahal''), ''ay yiíhal'' "let it not be enough" (from *''yíØhal''). | ||
**A guttural letter (''G'': ', h, c, x): when intervocalic, preceding short vowel assimilates to following vowel - e.g. ''yaxamal'' "he carries" (from ''*yixamal'')<!--, ''ay | **A guttural letter (''G'': ', h, c, x): when intervocalic, preceding short vowel assimilates to following vowel - e.g. ''yaxamal'' "he carries" (from ''*yixamal'')<!--, ''ay tácraf'' "don't rest" (from ''tícraf'')-->. | ||
*If ''C'' is:- | *If ''C'' is:- | ||
**y, yC, or Cy: | **y, yC, or Cy: | ||
***''ay(a)/ya'' becomes ''ee'' - e.g. ''keed'' "he walked/went" (from ''*kayad''). | ***''ay(a)/ya'' becomes ''ee'' - e.g. ''keed'' "he walked/went" (from ''*kayad''). | ||
***''yi(i)'' becomes ''ii'' - e.g. '' | ***''yi(i)'' becomes ''ii'' - e.g. ''al tikiíd'' "you do not walk/go" (from ''*tikyíd''). | ||
***''ayii'' becomes ''ey'' - e.g. '' | ***''ayii'' becomes ''ey'' - e.g. ''kéydaw'' "him walking/going" (from ''*kayíidaw''). | ||
**w, wC, or Cw: | **w, wC, or Cw: | ||
***''aw(a)/wa'' becomes ''oo'' - e.g. ''koon'' "he was/became" (from ''*kawan''). | ***''aw(a)/wa'' becomes ''oo'' - e.g. ''koon'' "he was/became" (from ''*kawan''). | ||
***''wi(i)'' becomes ''uu'' (and makes preceding ''i'' into ''u'') - e.g. '' | ***''wi(i)'' becomes ''uu'' (and makes preceding ''i'' into ''u'') - e.g. ''al tukuún'' "she does not become" (from ''*tikwín''). | ||
***''awii'' becomes ''oy'' - e.g. '' | ***''awii'' becomes ''oy'' - e.g. ''kóynaw'' "him being" (from ''*kawíinaw''). | ||
**Ø, ØC, or CØ: | **Ø, ØC, or CØ: | ||
***''aØ(a)/Øa'' becomes ''aa'' - e.g. ''laag'' "he sent" (from ''*laØag''). | ***''aØ(a)/Øa'' becomes ''aa'' - e.g. ''laag'' "he sent" (from ''*laØag''). | ||
***''Øi(i)'' becomes ''ii''<!--or aa?''--> - e.g. '' | ***''Øi(i)'' becomes ''ii''<!--or aa?''--> - e.g. ''al tiliíg'' "she doesn't send" (from ''*tilØíg''). | ||
***''aØii'' becomes ''ay'' - e.g. ''láygaw'' "him sending" (from ''* | ***''aØii'' becomes ''ay'' - e.g. ''láygaw'' "him sending" (from ''*laØíigaw''). | ||
**G: | **G: | ||
***''aGii'' in gerundive becomes ''iGii'' - e.g. '' | ***''aGii'' in gerundive becomes ''iGii'' - e.g. ''mixíiraw'' "him being kind/merciful" | ||
***When intervocalic, preceding short vowel assimilates to following vowel. | ***When intervocalic, preceding short vowel assimilates to following vowel. | ||
*If ''L'' is:- | *If ''L'' is:- | ||
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***''(a)ya'' becomes ''ay'' - e.g. ''sallayd'' "she prayed" (from ''*sallayad''). | ***''(a)ya'' becomes ''ay'' - e.g. ''sallayd'' "she prayed" (from ''*sallayad''). | ||
***Final ''iy'' becomes ''i'' (''ii'' before a consonant) - e.g. ''silli'' "pray" (from ''*silliy''). | ***Final ''iy'' becomes ''i'' (''ii'' before a consonant) - e.g. ''silli'' "pray" (from ''*silliy''). | ||
***''yuu'' becomes ''uu'' after a consonant - e.g. '' | ***''yuu'' becomes ''uu'' after a consonant - e.g. ''yinasúun'' "they forget" (from ''*yinasyúun''). | ||
<!-- | <!-- | ||
**''ayuu'' becomes ''aw'' - e.g. ''yisallaẃn'' "they pray" (from ''*yisallayuún'') | **''ayuu'' becomes ''aw'' - e.g. ''yisallaẃn'' "they pray" (from ''*yisallayuún'') | ||
**''iyuu'' becomes ''uu'' - e.g. '' | **''iyuu'' becomes ''uu'' - e.g. ''al tisillúun'' "you ''(pl.)'' do not pray" (from ''*tisilliyuún'') | ||
--> | --> | ||
***The gerundive takes the base ''FaCíy-'' ('' | ***The gerundive takes the base ''FaCíy-'' (''FaCíi-'' before a consonant). | ||
**w: | **w: | ||
***''(a)wa'' becomes ''aw'' - e.g. ''cafawd'' "she forgave" (from ''*cafwad''). | ***''(a)wa'' becomes ''aw'' - e.g. ''cafawd'' "she forgave" (from ''*cafwad''). | ||
***Final ''iw'' becomes ''u'' (''uu'' before a consonant) and makes preceding ''i'' into ''u'' - e.g. ''cufu'' "forgive" (from ''*cifiw''). | ***Final ''iw'' becomes ''u'' (''uu'' before a consonant) and makes preceding ''i'' into ''u'' - e.g. ''cufu'' "forgive" (from ''*cifiw''). | ||
***''wuu'' becomes ''uu'' after a consonant - e.g. '' | ***''wuu'' becomes ''uu'' after a consonant - e.g. ''yacafúun'' "they forgive" (from ''*yicafwúun''). | ||
***''awuu'' becomes ''ow'' - e.g. '' | ***''awuu'' becomes ''ow'' - e.g. ''yiqandhówn'' "they get a fever" (from ''*yiqandhawúun''). | ||
***''iwuu'' becomes ''uu'' e.g. ''ay | ***''iwuu'' becomes ''uu'' e.g. ''ay ticfúun'' "do not forgive ''(pl.)''" (from ''*ticfiwúun'') | ||
***The gerundive takes the base ''FaCúw-'' ('' | ***The gerundive takes the base ''FaCúw-'' (''FaCúu-'' before a consonant). | ||
**Ø: | **Ø: | ||
***''aØ(a)/Øa'' becomes ''aa'' - e.g. ''nashaad'' "she took/lifted" (from ''*nashaØad''). | ***''aØ(a)/Øa'' becomes ''aa'' - e.g. ''nashaad'' "she took/lifted" (from ''*nashaØad''). | ||
***Final ''iØ'' becomes ''i'' (''ii'' before a consonant) - e.g. ''nishi'' "take/lift" (from ''*nishiØ''). | ***Final ''iØ'' becomes ''i'' (''ii'' before a consonant) - e.g. ''nishi'' "take/lift" (from ''*nishiØ''). | ||
***''Øuu'' becomes ''uu'' after a consonant - e.g. '' | ***''Øuu'' becomes ''uu'' after a consonant - e.g. ''yinashúun'' "they take/lift" (from ''*yinashØúun''). | ||
***''aØuu'' becomes ''ow'' - e.g. '' | ***''aØuu'' becomes ''ow'' - e.g. ''yuwaddówn'' "they finish" (from ''*yiwaddaØúun'') | ||
***''iØuu'' becomes ''uu'' e.g. '' | ***''iØuu'' becomes ''uu'' e.g. ''al tinshúun'' "you ''(pl.)'' do not take/lift" (from ''*tinshiØúun'') | ||
***The gerundive takes the base ''FaCíy-'' ('' | ***The gerundive takes the base ''FaCíy-'' (''FaCíi-'' before a consonant). | ||
**G: Preceding short vowel assimilates to following vowel | **G: Preceding short vowel assimilates to following vowel. | ||
*Normal sandhi rules apply - e.g. ''sallaygu'' "I prayed" (from ''*sallay-ku''). | *Normal sandhi rules apply - e.g. ''sallaygu'' "I prayed" (from ''*sallay-ku''). | ||
*For quinquiliteral verbs, replace ''C'' with ''CaCC''/''CiCC'' (with the vowel corresponding to the bracketed one) - e.g. ''dhamastar'', ''yidhamastar'', ''yidhimistír'' "complete". If one of the consonants is ''w'' or ''y'', the aforementioned simplifications apply and the unnecessary ''a''/''i'' is not added - e.g. ''targoon'', ''yitargoon'', ''yuturguún'', '' | *For quinquiliteral verbs, replace ''C'' with ''CaCC''/''CiCC'' (with the vowel corresponding to the bracketed one) - e.g. ''dhamastar'', ''yidhamastar'', ''yidhimistír'' "complete". If one of the consonants is ''w'' or ''y'', the aforementioned simplifications apply and the unnecessary ''a''/''i'' is not added - e.g. ''targoon'', ''yitargoon'', ''yuturguún'', ''targúumaw'' "translate" (from ''*taragwam'', ''*yitaragwam'', ''*yitirigwím'', ''*taragwíimaw''). In forms where no simplifications can take place, however, the extra vowel is added - e.g. ''tar<b>a</b>gwaámi'' "translator". | ||
<!-- Might change this to ''wa/ya'' becoming ''o/e'', ''wi/yi'' becoming ''u/i'', and ''waa/yaa'' becoming ''oo''/''ee'' --> | <!-- Might change this to ''wa/ya'' becoming ''o/e'', ''wi/yi'' becoming ''u/i'', and ''waa/yaa'' becoming ''oo''/''ee'' --> | ||
<!--- Some ideas: | <!--- Some ideas: | ||
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*Formed with ''as-''. | *Formed with ''as-''. | ||
---> | ---> | ||
====Tenses==== | |||
=====Simple tenses===== | |||
=====Compound tenses===== | |||
*Present progressive: Imperfect (minus suffixes) + Perfect of ''-(ah)alaw'' - e.g. ''yikeed(ah)alaw'' "he is walking/going". | |||
**This is derived from the defective verb ''halaw'' "he is present" (notice that it has present meaning despite the perfect form) | |||
*Past progressive: Imperfect (minus suffixes) + Perfect of ''nabar'' "he was present" - e.g. ''yikeed nabarúun'' "they were walking/going". | |||
==Syntax== | ==Syntax== | ||