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{{More footnotes |date=September 2015}}
{{wikipedia}}
{{Infobox language
|name=Brithenig
|nativename=''Brithenig''
|creator=Andrew Smith
|created=1996
|setting=A [[thought experiment]] in [[alternate history]], Ill Bethisad, if [[Latin]] had replaced the [[Brittonic languages]]
|fam1=[[Indo-European languages|Indo-European]]
|fam2=[[Italic languages|Italic]]
|fam3=[[Romance languages|Romance]]
|fam4=[[British Latin]]
|posteriori=[[A posteriori (languages)|''a posteriori'']] [[Romance languages|Romance language]]<ref>{{Cite journal |url=http://journal.media-culture.org.au/0003/languages.php |last=Higley |first=Sarah L. |title=Audience, Uglossia, and CONLANG: Inventing Languages on the Internet |journal=M/C: A Journal of Media and Culture |volume=3 |issue=1 |at=para. 18 |date=March 2000}}</ref> constructed from [[Celtic languages]]
|iso3=bzt
|linglist=bzt
|glotto=none
}}
 
'''Brithenig''' is an invented language, or [[constructed language]] ("conlang"). It was created as a hobby in 1996 by Andrew Smith from [[New Zealand]], who also invented the [[alternate history]] of [[Ill Bethisad]] to "explain" it.
 
Brithenig was not developed to be used in the real world, like [[Esperanto]] or [[Interlingua]], nor to provide detail to a work of fiction, like [[Klingon language|Klingon]] from the ''[[Star Trek]]'' scenarios. Rather, Brithenig started as a thought experiment to create a [[Romance languages|Romance]] language that might have evolved if [[Latin]] had displaced the native [[Celtic languages|Celtic]] language as the spoken language of the people in [[Great Britain]].
 
The result is an artificial sister language to [[French language|French]], [[Catalan language|Catalan]], [[Spanish language|Spanish]], [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]], [[Romanian language|Romanian]], [[Occitan language|Occitan]] and [[Italian language|Italian]] which differs from them by having sound-changes similar to those that affected the [[Welsh language]], and words that are borrowed from the [[Brittonic languages]] and from [[English language|English]] throughout its pseudo-history. One important distinction between Brithenig and Welsh is that while Welsh is [[Gallo-Brittonic languages|P-Celtic]], Latin was a [[Osco-Umbrian_languages#Differences_from_Latin|Q-Italic language]] (as opposed to [[Osco-Umbrian_languages#Differences_from_Latin|P-Italic]], like [[Oscan language|Oscan]]), and this trait was passed onto Brithenig.
 
Similar efforts to extrapolate Romance languages are ''Breathanach'' (influenced by the other branch of Celtic), ''Judajca'' (influenced by Hebrew), ''Þrjótrunn'' (a non-Ill Bethisad language influenced by Icelandic), ''[[Wenedyk]]'' (influenced by Polish), and ''Xliponian'' (which experienced a [[Grimm's law]]-like sound shift). It has also inspired ''Wessisc'', a hypothetical Germanic language influenced by contact with Old Celtic.
 
Brithenig was granted the code BZT as part of [[ISO 639:b#bzt|ISO 639-3]].
 
Andrew Smith was one of the conlangers featured in the exhibit "Esperanto, Elvish, and Beyond: The World of Constructed Languages" displayed at the [[Cleveland Public Library]] from May through August 2008.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.flickr.com/photos/26418663@N05/2478687117/ |title=Esperanto, Elvish, and Beyond |website=[[Flickr]] |access-date=2009-09-07}}</ref> Smith's creation of Brithenig was cited as the reason for his inclusion in the exhibit (which also included the Babel Text<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.langmaker.com/babelintro.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110514232430/http://www.langmaker.com/babelintro.htm |title=Babel Text Introduction |archive-date=2011-05-14 |website=Langmarker |access-date=2009-09-07}}</ref> in Smith's language).
 
==Vocabulary==
Most of Brithenig's vocabulary is distinctively Romance, even though it is disguised as Welsh. The following list of 30 words gives an impression of what Brithenig looks like in comparison to nine other Romance languages including Wenedyk, and to Welsh. The similarity of about one-quarter of the Welsh words to Brithenig words (indicated by not being bracketed) is due to their common [[Proto-Indo-European language|Indo-European]] background, although a few others, such as ''ysgol'', were borrowings from Latin into Welsh.
 
{|class="wikitable"
|+'''Brithenig compared with Romance and Welsh'''
! [[English language|English]] !! '''Brithenig''' !! [[Latin language|Latin]] !! [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]] !! [[Galician language|Galician]] !! [[Spanish language|Spanish]] !! [[Catalan language|Catalan]] !! [[Occitan language|Occitan]]  !! [[French language|French]] !! [[Italian language|Italian]] !! [[Romansh language|Rhaeto-&#x200B;Romance]] !! [[Friulian language|Friulian]] !! [[Romanian language|Romanian]] !! [[Wenedyk]] !! [[Welsh language|Welsh]]
|-
| '''arm''' || '''breich''' || brachium || braço || brazo || brazo || braç  || braç || bras || braccio || bratsch || braç || braţ || brocz || braich
|-
| '''black''' || '''nîr''' || nĭger, nĭgrum || negro || negro || negro || negre || negre || noir || nero || nair || neri || negru || niegry || (du)
|-
| '''city, town''' || '''ciwdad''' || cīvĭtās, cīvĭtātem || cidade || cidade || ciudad || ciutat  || ciutat || cité || città || citad || citât || ''oraş'', cetate || czytać || (dinas)
|-
| '''death''' || '''morth''' || mŏrs, mŏrtem || morte  || morte || muerte || mort || mòrt || mort || morte || mort || muart || moarte || mroć || (marwolaeth)
|-
| '''dog''' || '''can''' || canis || cão, ''cachorro'' || can || ''perro'', can || ''gos'', ca || ''gos'', can || chien || cane || chaun || cjan || câine || kań || (ci)
|-
| '''ear''' || '''origl''' || ''auris'', aurĭcŭla || orelha || orella  || oreja || orella || aurelha ||oreille || orecchio || ureglia || orele || ureche || urzykła || (clust)
|-
| '''egg''' || '''ew''' || ovum || ovo  || ovo || huevo || ou || uòu || œuf || uovo || ov || ûf || ou || ów || wy
|-
| '''eye''' || '''ogl''' || ŏcŭlus || olho  || ollo || ojo || ull || uèlh || œil || occhio || egl || voli || ochi || okieł || (llygad)
|-
| '''father''' || '''padr''' || pater, patrem || pai  || pai || padre || pare || paire || père || padre || ''bab'' || pari || ''tată'' || poterz || (tad)
|-
| '''fire''' || '''ffog''' || ''ignis'', fŏcus || fogo  || ''lume'', fogo || fuego || foc  || fuòc || feu || fuoco || fieu || fûc || foc || fok || (tân)
|-
| '''fish''' || '''pisc''' || pĭscis || peixe  || peixe || pez, pescado || peix || peis || poisson || pesce || pesch || pes || peşte || pieszcz || pysgodyn
|-
| '''foot''' || '''pedd''' || pĕs, pĕdem || pé  || pé || pie || peu || pè || pied || piede || pe || pît || picior || piedź || (troed)
|-
| '''friend''' || '''efig''' || amīcus || amigo  || amigo || amigo || amic || amic || ami || amico || ami || amì || amic || omik || (cyfaill)
|-
| '''green''' || '''gwirdd''' || vĭrĭdis || verde  || verde || verde || verd || verd || vert || verde || verd || vert || verde || wierdzi || gwyrdd
|-
| '''horse''' || '''cafall''' || ''ĕquus'', cabăllus || cavalo  || cabalo || caballo || cavall || caval || cheval || cavallo || chaval || cjaval || cal || kawał || ceffyl
|-
| '''I''' || '''eo''' || ĕgo || eu  || eu || yo || jo || ieu || je || io || jau || jo || eu || jo || (mi)
|-
| '''island''' || '''ysl''' || īnsŭla || ilha  || illa || isla || illa || iscla || île || isola || insla || isule || insulă || izła || (ynys)
|-
| '''language, tongue''' || '''llinghedig, llingw''' || lĭngua || língua  || lingua || lengua || llengua || lenga || langue || lingua || linguatg, lieunga || lenghe || limbă || lęgwa || (iaith)
|-
| '''life''' || '''gwid''' || vīta || vida || vida  || vida || vida || vida || vie || vita || vita || vite || viaţă || wita || (bywyd)
|-
| '''milk''' || '''llaeth''' || lac, lactis || leite  || leite || leche || llet || lach || lait || latte || latg || lat || lapte || łoc || llaeth
|-
| '''name''' || '''nôn''' || nōmen || nome  || nome || nombre || nom || nom || nom || nome || num || non || nume || numię || (enw)
|-
| '''night''' || '''noeth''' || nŏx, nŏctem || noite  || noite || noche || nit || nuèch || nuit || notte || notg || gnot || noapte || noc || (nos)
|-
| '''old''' || '''gwegl''' || ''vĕtus'', vĕtŭlus || velho  || vello || viejo || vell || vièlh || vieux || vecchio || vegl || vieli || vechi || wiekły || (hen)
|-
| '''school''' || '''yscol''' || schŏla || escola  || escola || escuela || escola || escòla || école || scuola || scola || scuele || şcoală || szkoła || ysgol
|-
| '''sky''' || '''cel''' || caelum || céu  || ceo || cielo || cel || cèl || ciel || cielo || tschiel || cîl || cer || czał || (awyr)
|-
| '''star''' || '''ystuil''' || stēlla || estrela  || estrela || estrella || estel || estela || étoile || stella || staila || stele || stea || ścioła ||(seren)
|-
| '''tooth''' || '''dent''' || dēns, dĕntem || dente  || dente || diente || dent || dent || dent || dente || dent || dint || dinte || dzięć || dant
|-
| '''voice''' || '''gwg''' || vōx, vōcem || voz  || voz || voz || veu || votz || voix || voce || vusch || vôs || voce || wucz || (llais)
|-
| '''water''' || '''ag''' || aqua || água  || auga || agua || aigua || aiga || eau || acqua || aua || aghe || apă || jekwa || (dŵr)
|-
| '''wind''' || '''gwent''' || vĕntus || vento  || vento || viento || vent || vent || vent || vento || vent || vint || vânt || więt || gwynt
|}
 
==Example==
[[Lord's Prayer|The Lord's Prayer]]:
:Nustr Padr, ke sia i llo gel:
:sia senghid tew nôn:
:gwein tew rheon:
:sia ffaeth tew wolont,
:syrs lla der sig i llo gel.
:Dun nustr pan diwrnal a nu h-eidd;
:e pharddun llo nustr phechad a nu,
:si nu pharddunan llo nustr phechadur.
:E ngheidd rhen di nu in ill temp di drial,
:mai llifr nu di'll mal.
:Per ill rheon, ill cofaeth e lla leir es ill tew,
:per segl e segl. Amen.
 
==Notes==
{{Reflist}}
 
==References==
* {{Cite journal |title= |journal=Geolinguistics |volume=25–26 |year=1999 |page=255 |issn=0190-4671 |publisher=American Society of Geolinguistics}}{{Full citation needed|date=September 2015}}
* {{Cite journal |url=http://interkom.vecnost.cz/pdf/ik200803cl.pdf |format=PDF |last=Havliš |first=Jan |title=Výlet do Conlangey |journal=Interkom |date=March 2008 |volume=243 |pages=17–21 |language=Czech}}
* {{cite encyclopedia |encyclopedia=International Encyclopedia of Linguistics |editor-last=Frawley |editor-first=William J. |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2003 |page=154}}{{Full citation needed|date=September 2015}}
* {{Cite book |last=Parkvall |first=Mikael |title=Limits of Language: Almost Everything You Didn't Know You Didn't Know about Language and Languages |year=2008 |pages=91–93, 131 |publisher=Battlebridge Publications |location=Wilsonville |oclc=70894631}}
 
==External links==
* {{cite web |url=http://hobbit.griffler.co.nz/introduction.html |title=The Page of Brithenig |last=Smith |first=Andrew |date=23 December 2007 |website=Andrew's Homepage |location=Dunedin |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090529072556/http://hobbit.griffler.co.nz/introduction.html |archive-date=2009-05-29 |access-date=2015-09-07 |url-status=dead }}
* {{Cite web |url=http://www.bethisad.com/ |title=Ill Bethisad |website=bethisad.com |last=Brown |first=Padraic |access-date=2015-09-07|display-authors=etal}}
* {{Cite web |url=http://www.geonames.de/wl-romance.html |title=Romance glossary |last=Fröhlich |first=Werner |website=geonames.de |access-date=2015-09-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080605163536/http://www.geonames.de/wl-romance.html |archive-date=2008-06-05 |url-status=dead }}
 
 
{{conlang}}


[[Category:Artistic languages]]
[[Category:Artistic languages]]
Line 148: Line 21:
|iso3=bzt
|iso3=bzt
}}
}}
'''Brithenig''' is a thought-experiment language that shows what a Celtic-influenced Romance language would look like.
 
'''Brithenig''' is an invented language, or [[constructed language]] ("conlang"). It was created as a hobby in 1996 by Andrew Smith from [[New Zealand]], who also invented the [[alternate history]] of [[Ill Bethisad]] to "explain" it.
 
Brithenig was not developed to be used in the real world, like [[Esperanto]] or [[Interlingua]], nor to provide detail to a work of fiction, like [[Klingon language|Klingon]] from the ''[[Star Trek]]'' scenarios. Rather, Brithenig started as a thought experiment to create a [[Romance languages|Romance]] language that might have evolved if [[Latin]] had displaced the native [[Celtic languages|Celtic]] language as the spoken language of the people in [[Great Britain]].
 
The result is an artificial sister language to [[French language|French]], [[Catalan language|Catalan]], [[Spanish language|Spanish]], [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]], [[Romanian language|Romanian]], [[Occitan language|Occitan]] and [[Italian language|Italian]] which differs from them by having sound-changes similar to those that affected the [[Welsh language]], and words that are borrowed from the [[Brittonic languages]] and from [[English language|English]] throughout its pseudo-history. One important distinction between Brithenig and Welsh is that while Welsh is [[Gallo-Brittonic languages|P-Celtic]], Latin was a [[Osco-Umbrian_languages#Differences_from_Latin|Q-Italic language]] (as opposed to [[Osco-Umbrian_languages#Differences_from_Latin|P-Italic]], like [[Oscan language|Oscan]]), and this trait was passed onto Brithenig.
 
Similar efforts to extrapolate Romance languages are ''Breathanach'' (influenced by the other branch of Celtic), ''Judajca'' (influenced by Hebrew), ''Þrjótrunn'' (a non-Ill Bethisad language influenced by Icelandic), ''[[Wenedyk]]'' (influenced by Polish), and ''Xliponian'' (which experienced a [[Grimm's law]]-like sound shift). It has also inspired ''Wessisc'', a hypothetical Germanic language influenced by contact with Old Celtic.
 
Brithenig was granted the code BZT as part of [[ISO 639:b#bzt|ISO 639-3]].
 
Andrew Smith was one of the conlangers featured in the exhibit "Esperanto, Elvish, and Beyond: The World of Constructed Languages" displayed at the [[Cleveland Public Library]] from May through August 2008.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.flickr.com/photos/26418663@N05/2478687117/ |title=Esperanto, Elvish, and Beyond |website=[[Flickr]] |access-date=2009-09-07}}</ref> Smith's creation of Brithenig was cited as the reason for his inclusion in the exhibit (which also included the Babel Text<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.langmaker.com/babelintro.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110514232430/http://www.langmaker.com/babelintro.htm |title=Babel Text Introduction |archive-date=2011-05-14 |website=Langmarker |access-date=2009-09-07}}</ref> in Smith's language).


==Phonology==
==Phonology==
Line 254: Line 138:
|}
|}
|}
|}
==Vocabulary==
Most of Brithenig's vocabulary is distinctively Romance, even though it is disguised as Welsh. The following list of 30 words gives an impression of what Brithenig looks like in comparison to nine other Romance languages including Wenedyk, and to Welsh. The similarity of about one-quarter of the Welsh words to Brithenig words (indicated by not being bracketed) is due to their common [[Proto-Indo-European language|Indo-European]] background, although a few others, such as ''ysgol'', were borrowings from Latin into Welsh.
{|class="wikitable"
|+'''Brithenig compared with Romance and Welsh'''
! [[English language|English]] !! '''Brithenig''' !! [[Latin language|Latin]] !! [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]] !! [[Galician language|Galician]] !! [[Spanish language|Spanish]] !! [[Catalan language|Catalan]] !! [[Occitan language|Occitan]]  !! [[French language|French]] !! [[Italian language|Italian]] !! [[Romansh language|Rhaeto-&#x200B;Romance]] !! [[Friulian language|Friulian]] !! [[Romanian language|Romanian]] !! [[Wenedyk]] !! [[Welsh language|Welsh]]
|-
| '''arm''' || '''breich''' || brachium || braço || brazo || brazo || braç  || braç || bras || braccio || bratsch || braç || braţ || brocz || braich
|-
| '''black''' || '''nîr''' || nĭger, nĭgrum || negro || negro || negro || negre || negre || noir || nero || nair || neri || negru || niegry || (du)
|-
| '''city, town''' || '''ciwdad''' || cīvĭtās, cīvĭtātem || cidade || cidade || ciudad || ciutat  || ciutat || cité || città || citad || citât || ''oraş'', cetate || czytać || (dinas)
|-
| '''death''' || '''morth''' || mŏrs, mŏrtem || morte  || morte || muerte || mort || mòrt || mort || morte || mort || muart || moarte || mroć || (marwolaeth)
|-
| '''dog''' || '''can''' || canis || cão, ''cachorro'' || can || ''perro'', can || ''gos'', ca || ''gos'', can || chien || cane || chaun || cjan || câine || kań || (ci)
|-
| '''ear''' || '''origl''' || ''auris'', aurĭcŭla || orelha || orella  || oreja || orella || aurelha ||oreille || orecchio || ureglia || orele || ureche || urzykła || (clust)
|-
| '''egg''' || '''ew''' || ovum || ovo  || ovo || huevo || ou || uòu || œuf || uovo || ov || ûf || ou || ów || wy
|-
| '''eye''' || '''ogl''' || ŏcŭlus || olho  || ollo || ojo || ull || uèlh || œil || occhio || egl || voli || ochi || okieł || (llygad)
|-
| '''father''' || '''padr''' || pater, patrem || pai  || pai || padre || pare || paire || père || padre || ''bab'' || pari || ''tată'' || poterz || (tad)
|-
| '''fire''' || '''ffog''' || ''ignis'', fŏcus || fogo  || ''lume'', fogo || fuego || foc  || fuòc || feu || fuoco || fieu || fûc || foc || fok || (tân)
|-
| '''fish''' || '''pisc''' || pĭscis || peixe  || peixe || pez, pescado || peix || peis || poisson || pesce || pesch || pes || peşte || pieszcz || pysgodyn
|-
| '''foot''' || '''pedd''' || pĕs, pĕdem || pé  || pé || pie || peu || pè || pied || piede || pe || pît || picior || piedź || (troed)
|-
| '''friend''' || '''efig''' || amīcus || amigo  || amigo || amigo || amic || amic || ami || amico || ami || amì || amic || omik || (cyfaill)
|-
| '''green''' || '''gwirdd''' || vĭrĭdis || verde  || verde || verde || verd || verd || vert || verde || verd || vert || verde || wierdzi || gwyrdd
|-
| '''horse''' || '''cafall''' || ''ĕquus'', cabăllus || cavalo  || cabalo || caballo || cavall || caval || cheval || cavallo || chaval || cjaval || cal || kawał || ceffyl
|-
| '''I''' || '''eo''' || ĕgo || eu  || eu || yo || jo || ieu || je || io || jau || jo || eu || jo || (mi)
|-
| '''island''' || '''ysl''' || īnsŭla || ilha  || illa || isla || illa || iscla || île || isola || insla || isule || insulă || izła || (ynys)
|-
| '''language, tongue''' || '''llinghedig, llingw''' || lĭngua || língua  || lingua || lengua || llengua || lenga || langue || lingua || linguatg, lieunga || lenghe || limbă || lęgwa || (iaith)
|-
| '''life''' || '''gwid''' || vīta || vida || vida  || vida || vida || vida || vie || vita || vita || vite || viaţă || wita || (bywyd)
|-
| '''milk''' || '''llaeth''' || lac, lactis || leite  || leite || leche || llet || lach || lait || latte || latg || lat || lapte || łoc || llaeth
|-
| '''name''' || '''nôn''' || nōmen || nome  || nome || nombre || nom || nom || nom || nome || num || non || nume || numię || (enw)
|-
| '''night''' || '''noeth''' || nŏx, nŏctem || noite  || noite || noche || nit || nuèch || nuit || notte || notg || gnot || noapte || noc || (nos)
|-
| '''old''' || '''gwegl''' || ''vĕtus'', vĕtŭlus || velho  || vello || viejo || vell || vièlh || vieux || vecchio || vegl || vieli || vechi || wiekły || (hen)
|-
| '''school''' || '''yscol''' || schŏla || escola  || escola || escuela || escola || escòla || école || scuola || scola || scuele || şcoală || szkoła || ysgol
|-
| '''sky''' || '''cel''' || caelum || céu  || ceo || cielo || cel || cèl || ciel || cielo || tschiel || cîl || cer || czał || (awyr)
|-
| '''star''' || '''ystuil''' || stēlla || estrela  || estrela || estrella || estel || estela || étoile || stella || staila || stele || stea || ścioła ||(seren)
|-
| '''tooth''' || '''dent''' || dēns, dĕntem || dente  || dente || diente || dent || dent || dent || dente || dent || dint || dinte || dzięć || dant
|-
| '''voice''' || '''gwg''' || vōx, vōcem || voz  || voz || voz || veu || votz || voix || voce || vusch || vôs || voce || wucz || (llais)
|-
| '''water''' || '''ag''' || aqua || água  || auga || agua || aigua || aiga || eau || acqua || aua || aghe || apă || jekwa || (dŵr)
|-
| '''wind''' || '''gwent''' || vĕntus || vento  || vento || viento || vent || vent || vent || vento || vent || vint || vânt || więt || gwynt
|}
==Example==
[[Lord's Prayer|The Lord's Prayer]]:
:Nustr Padr, ke sia i llo gel:
:sia senghid tew nôn:
:gwein tew rheon:
:sia ffaeth tew wolont,
:syrs lla der sig i llo gel.
:Dun nustr pan diwrnal a nu h-eidd;
:e pharddun llo nustr phechad a nu,
:si nu pharddunan llo nustr phechadur.
:E ngheidd rhen di nu in ill temp di drial,
:mai llifr nu di'll mal.
:Per ill rheon, ill cofaeth e lla leir es ill tew,
:per segl e segl. Amen.
==Notes==
{{Reflist}}
==References==
* {{Cite journal |title= |journal=Geolinguistics |volume=25–26 |year=1999 |page=255 |issn=0190-4671 |publisher=American Society of Geolinguistics}}{{Full citation needed|date=September 2015}}
* {{Cite journal |url=http://interkom.vecnost.cz/pdf/ik200803cl.pdf |format=PDF |last=Havliš |first=Jan |title=Výlet do Conlangey |journal=Interkom |date=March 2008 |volume=243 |pages=17–21 |language=Czech}}
* {{cite encyclopedia |encyclopedia=International Encyclopedia of Linguistics |editor-last=Frawley |editor-first=William J. |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2003 |page=154}}{{Full citation needed|date=September 2015}}
* {{Cite book |last=Parkvall |first=Mikael |title=Limits of Language: Almost Everything You Didn't Know You Didn't Know about Language and Languages |year=2008 |pages=91–93, 131 |publisher=Battlebridge Publications |location=Wilsonville |oclc=70894631}}
==External links==
* {{cite web |url=http://hobbit.griffler.co.nz/introduction.html |title=The Page of Brithenig |last=Smith |first=Andrew |date=23 December 2007 |website=Andrew's Homepage |location=Dunedin |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090529072556/http://hobbit.griffler.co.nz/introduction.html |archive-date=2009-05-29 |access-date=2015-09-07 |url-status=dead }}
* {{Cite web |url=http://www.bethisad.com/ |title=Ill Bethisad |website=bethisad.com |last=Brown |first=Padraic |access-date=2015-09-07|display-authors=etal}}
* {{Cite web |url=http://www.geonames.de/wl-romance.html |title=Romance glossary |last=Fröhlich |first=Werner |website=geonames.de |access-date=2015-09-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080605163536/http://www.geonames.de/wl-romance.html |archive-date=2008-06-05 |url-status=dead }}
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