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{{Private}}
{{Infobox language
{{Infobox language
|name = Aarlaansk
|name = Aarlaansc
|nativename = Aarlaansk
|nativename = Aarlaansc
|pronunciation = ['ɑ:rlɑ:nsk]
|pronunciation = 'a:ʀla:nsk
|region = Europe
|setting = Europe
|states = The Aarlaans
|states = The Aarlaans
|nation = The Aarlaans
|nation = The Aarlaans
Line 9: Line 11:
|date = 2012
|date = 2012
|familycolor = Indo-European
|familycolor = Indo-European
|fam1 = [[w:Indo-European_languages|Indo-European]]
|fam2 = [[w:Italic_languages|Italic]]
|fam2 = [[w:Italic_languages|Italic]]
|fam3 = [[w:Latino-Faliscan_languages|Latino-Faliscan]]
|fam3 = [[w:Latino-Faliscan_languages|Latino-Faliscan]]
|fam4 = [[w:Latin|Latin]]
|fam4 = [[w:Latin|Latin]]
|fam5 = Aarlaansk
|ancestor = [[w:Vulgar_Latin|Vulgar Latin]]
|map          = Aarlaans.gif
|map          = Aarlaans.gif
|mapcaption    = The Aarlaans
|mapcaption    = The Aarlaans
|iso1 = aa
|script1       = Latn
|iso2 = aak
|agency        = Academie a d‑Aarlaansc Leng (Aarlaansk Language Accademy)
|iso3 = aak
|creator = User:Llyn
|script       = [[w:Latin script|Latin]]
|agency        = Ikkeddemie ies Aarlaansk Leng (Aarlaansk Language Accademy)
}}
}}


=General informations=
=General infos=


'''Aarlaansk''' is a language spoken in ''Hies Aarlaans'' (= The Aarlaans), a country that, in a different reality, inclues The Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, a part of our Germany and our Denmark.
'''Aarlaansc''' is a language spoken in ''Hijs Aarlaans'' (= the Aarlaans), a country that, in a different reality, inclues The Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, a half of our France and a part of our Switzerland.
The term ''Aarlaansk'' means "(the language) of the Aarlaans". The origin of the ethnonym hasn't been completely explained yet: the most probable hypothesis explains that "Aarlaans" is a contraction of "Aarvers plaans", that is "plains of the tree", ''aarvers'' is an archaic genitive case of the term ''aarf'', "tree", and ''plaans'' is the plural form of the term ''plaan'', "plain". The fact that in old documents, the ethnonym ''Aarlane'' is also found and that the word ''plaan'' has got an archaic plural form ''plane'', supports this hypothesis.
The term ''Aarlaansc'' means "(the language) of the Aarlaans". The origin of the ethnonym hasn't been completely explained yet: the most probable hypothesis explains that "Aarlaans" is a contraction of "Aarvers laans", that is "plains of the tree", ''aarvers'' is an archaic genitive case of the term ''aarf'', "tree", and ''laans'' is the plural form of the term ''laan'', "plain". The fact that in old documents, the ethnonym ''Aarlane'' is also found and that the word ''laan'' has got an archaic plural form ''lane'', supports this hypothesis.
But why should the Romans have given this place the name of "plains of the tree"? The explanation was found only in 2609 ab U.c. (that is circa 1856 of our era): during an archaeological excavation it was found a table that dates back to 867 ab U.c. (circa 114 of our era), on this table was written the anecdote of the defeat of Germanic Tribes in a Northern territory by the Roman army of Trajan. According to this narration, the emperor had a prophetic dream: the Roman army would have won, only if it had attacked the Germanic tribes far from the forest, in an endless plain. The sign that would have shown the right place would have been a solitary tree, the only one within this immense plain. History teaches us that in the '''Battle of Vloerijgen''' (866 ab U.c., that is 113 d.C.) the future country of ''Aarlaans'' became a part of Roman Empire.
But why should the Romans have given this place the name of "plains of the tree"? The explanation was found only in 2609 ab U.c. (that is circa 1856 of our era): during an archaeological excavation it was found a table that dates back to 867 ab U.c. (circa 114 of our era), on this table was written the anecdote of the defeat of Germanic Tribes in a Northern territory by the Roman army of Trajan. According to this narration, the emperor had a prophetic dream: the Roman army would have won, only if it had attacked the Germanic tribes far from the forest, in an endless plain. The sign that would have shown the right place would have been a solitary tree, the only one within this immense plain. History teaches us that in the '''Battle of Vloerijgen''' (866 ab U.c., that is 113 d.C.) the future country of ''Aarlaans'' became a part of Roman Empire.


Aarlaansk is a ''Romance language'' that descends from Vulgar Latin, even if, in spite of other languages of the same family, in Aarlaansk many common terms derive from Classical latin.
Aarlaansc is a ''Romance language'' that descends from Vulgar Latin, even if, in spite of other languages of the same family, in Aarlaansc many common terms derive from Classical Latin. Moreover the Aarlaansc contains many terms of Celtic - specifically of Gaulish - origin and also many terms of Germanic origin: circa 65% of Aarlaansc words comes from Latin, circa 23% comes from Gaulish and circa 12% comes from Germanic.
The lexicon is almost completely of Latin origin (99% of Aarlaansk words derive from Latin).


=Phonology=
=Phonology=
Line 37: Line 33:
==Alphabet==
==Alphabet==


The Aarlaansk alphabet contains 23 letters and 1 digraph that is considered a distinct letter:
The Aarlaansc alphabet contains 21 letters and 2 digraphs that are considered distinct letters:


{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
Line 45: Line 41:
|-
|-
|a
|a
|short [a] - long [ɑ:]
|short [ɑ] - long [a:]
| -
|short a can be pronounced also [ʌ], but this pronunciation is considered quite dialectal
|-
|-
|b
|b
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|c
|c
|[k]
|[k]
|it is used only in digraphs and trigraphs
|it is used in front of 'a', 'o', and 'u'
|-
|-
|d
|d
Line 62: Line 58:
|e
|e
|short [ɛ] - long [e:]
|short [ɛ] - long [e:]
| -
|in unstressed syllables it tends to be pronounced as [ə], even some words are pronounced with this sound, f.ex. pronouns '''me''', '''te''', and so on
|-
|-
|f
|f
Line 69: Line 65:
|-
|-
|g
|g
|[g]
|it is always pronounced as [χ]  
| -
| -
|-
|-
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|ij
|ij
|[ɛi̯]
|[ɛi̯]
|when unstressed it is a schwa [ə]
|when unstressed it is written ''ei'' and it is read as a schwa [ə]
|-
|k
|[k]
| -
|-
|-
|l
|l
Line 111: Line 103:
|[p]
|[p]
| -
| -
|-
|qu
|[k]
|it is used in front of 'e' and 'i'; if it is doubled it is written 'cqu'
|-
|-
|r
|r
|[r]
|[ʀ]
|trilled as in Italian
|as in French
|-
|-
|s
|s
|[s]
|[s] / [z]
| -
|if a word starts with 's' + vowel, the 's' is read as [z], between vowels it is read [z], when followed or preceded by a consonant and in the end of words it is read [s]
|-
|-
|t
|t
Line 125: Line 121:
|-
|-
|u
|u
|short [œ] - long [y:]
|short [ɶ] - long [y:]
| -
|someone pronounces the short u as [a], but it is considered uncorrect and quite dialectal
|-
|-
|v
|v
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| -
| -
|-
|-
|z
|x
|[z]
|[ʃ]
| -
| -
|}
|}


When voiced consonants are found in final position, they are devoiced and become voiceless. The ''g'', ''z'' and ''v'' can be pronounced respectively [χ], [s] and [f] when at the beginning of a word, this pronounciation is not compulsory and is rather dialectal.
When voiced consonants are found in final position, they are devoiced and become voiceless.


===Vowels===
===Vowels===


The vocalic phonemes of Aarlaansk are the following:
The vocalic phonemes of Aarlaansc are the following:


{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
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|-
|-
!'''Mid-open'''
!'''Mid-open'''
|ɛ œ
|ɛ
|ɔ
|ɔ
|
|
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|-
|-
!'''Open'''
!'''Open'''
|a
|a: ɶ
|
|
|
|
|ɑ:
|ɑ
|}
|}


The [a] and the [ɑ:] are rather centralised.
[a:] and [ɑ] are rather centralised.


===Diphthongs, false diphthongs and vowel length===
===Diphthongs, false diphthongs and vowel length===


In Aarlaansk there are only three diphthongs:
In Aarlaansc there are only three diphthongs:


* ''ei'' [ɛi̯];
* ''ei'' [ɛi̯] > [ə];
* ''ou'' [au̯];
* ''ou'' [au̯];
* ''ui'' [œy].
* ''ui'' [ɶy] (someone pronounces it as [ai̯], but it is considered uncorrect and dialectal).


The diphthong ''ei'' is used only in unstressed syllable, otherwise it is used the letter ''ij'', ex.: ''henTIJL'', "pagan" > ''henteiLIE'', "paganism".
In these diphthongs the last ''i'' is always written ''i'', no matter if the syllable is long or short.
There are also other "vocalic combinations" that represent a long vowel instead, thus they are called '''false diphthongs''' or just '''long vowels''':
There are also other "vocalic combinations" that represent a long vowel instead, thus they are called '''false diphthongs''' or just '''long vowels''':


* eu [ø:];
* ''eu'' [ø:];
* ie [i:];
* ''ie'' [i:];
* oe [u:].  
* ''oe'' [u:].  


A diaeresis divides two vowels that, otherwise, would form a diphthong, ex.: ''ïe'' [‘ie], "they"; ''zoüüt'' [zo'y:t], "greeting". The diphthongs, the false diphthongs and the letter ''ij'' (that really indicates the same diphthong as ''ei'') are always long in Aarlaansk, while the letters ''i'' and ''y'' are always short. The letters ''a'', ''e'', ''o'', and ''u'' can be both short and long, instead. To indicate the vowel length of these four vowels, this language uses a special system that is based on the kind of syllables.
The diphthongs, the false diphthongs and the letter ''ij'' are always long in Aarlaansc, while the letter ''i'' is always short. The letters ''a'', ''e'', ''o'', and ''u'' can be both short and long, instead. To indicate the vowel length of these four vowels, this language uses a special system that is based on the kind of syllables.


There are two kind of syllables: they can be both open and closed. A syllable is open when it ends with a vowel (so ''ma'', ''te'', ''ko'', ''su'' are all open syllables); a syllable is closed when it ends with a consonant (so ''mat'', ''tek'', ''kos'', ''sum'' are all closed syllables).
There are two kind of syllables: they can be both open and closed. A syllable is open when it ends with a vowel (so ''ma'', ''te'', ''ko'', ''su'' are all open syllables); a syllable is closed when it ends with a consonant (so ''mat'', ''tek'', ''kos'', ''sum'' are all closed syllables).
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«'''When a long vowel is found in an open syllable, it is written once, whereas if it is found in a closed syllable, it is written twice.'''»
«'''When a long vowel is found in an open syllable, it is written once, whereas if it is found in a closed syllable, it is written twice.'''»


That is to say that short vowels are never found in open syllables, but only in closed ones. In both these cases (short vowel in closed syllable and long vowel in open syllable) the vowels are written once. When a long vowel occurs in a closed syllable, then it is written twice,ex.:
That is to say that short vowels are never found in open syllables, but only in closed ones. In both these cases (short vowel in closed syllable and long vowel in open syllable) the vowels are written once. When a long vowel occurs in a closed syllable, then it is written twice.
 
* in ''ma'' and ''maat'' the a's are long; in ''mat'' the a is short;
* in ''te'' and ''teek'' the e's are long; in ''tek'' the e is short;
* in ''ko'' and ''koos'' the o's are long; in ''kos'' the o is short;
* in ''su'' and ''suum'' the u's are long; in ''sum'' the u is short.
 
This rule has got one last implication: if the syllabic division changes, then there could be grafic changes, ex.:
This rule has got one last implication: if the syllabic division changes, then there could be grafic changes, ex.:


Line 218: Line 210:
* ''mat'' (''a'' is short) > ''mat'''t'''e'' (''a'' remains short, but a short vowel occurs never in an open syllable, so we need to double the following consonant to maintain the syllable closed).
* ''mat'' (''a'' is short) > ''mat'''t'''e'' (''a'' remains short, but a short vowel occurs never in an open syllable, so we need to double the following consonant to maintain the syllable closed).


===Digraphs and trigraphs===
However, when a vowel forms a diphthong with ''j'' or ''w'', it is written doubled when it is long, ex.:


Aarlaansk has got two digraphs, that are ''ch'', that is read [χ], and ''ck'', that is read [k] and represents the double k. There is only a trigraph, ''sch'' that is read [ʃ].
* ''hooj'', "today", is read ['ho:i̯], ''o'' is long;
* ''raj'', "ray", is read ['ʀɑi̯], ''a'' is short.
 
There are also words whose pronunciation is tricky: how is the word ''deeuw'', "god", pronounced? Either as ['de:ɶu̯] or as ['dεø:u̯]? Do the vowels ''e'' and ''u'' form a diphthong or a hiatus? In such cases it is used a dieresis to help the reader. The dieresis indicates that the following vowel doesn't form a diphthong, f.ex. the word ''deeuw'' is written ''dëeuw'': the dieresis indicates that the second ''e'' isn't part of a long ''e'', but it is part of the diphthong ''eu'', thus ''dëeuw'' is read as ['dεø:u̯].


==Stress==
==Stress==


The stress usually falls on the last syllable, this is particularly true for the infinitive and for the simple past of the verbs, for the feminine nouns that end in ''-el'', for the nouns that end in ''-ie''.
The stress usually falls on the last syllable, this is particularly true for infinitive and for simple past of verbs, for feminine nouns (nouns that indicate a female being) that end in ''-ew'', for nouns that end in ''-ie'' and in ''-oen''.
Generally the nouns and the adjective ending in ''e-'', ''-em'', ''-en'', ''-el'' (except for the feminine nouns) and ''-er'' are stressed on the last but one syllable.
Generally nouns and adjectives ending in ''-e'', ''-em'', ''-en'', ''-ew'' (except for feminine nouns) and ''-er'' are stressed on the last but one syllable.
However it is advisable to learn the pronunciation of every word as you learn them.
However it is advisable to learn the pronunciation of every word as you learn it.
 
=Grammar=
 
==Nouns, gender and number==
 
Nouns in Aarlaansc can be either '''common''' or '''neuter''': the previously masculine and feminine genders have merged into the common one, whereas the neuter has remained the same. Nouns have got two forms: '''singular''', that indicates one object, person, animal, concept, and so forth, and '''plural''', that indicates more than one object, person, animal, concept, and so on.
 
Generally the plural is formed with the termination ''-s'', but if the noun ends already with an '-s', then no further ending is added, that is the singular and the plural forms are the same.
 
Here are some nouns with their gender, their plural and their meaning:
 
{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Singular'''
!'''Plural'''
!'''Gender'''
!'''Meaning'''
|-
|vloer
|vloers
|common
|flower
|-
|luin
|luins
|common
|moon
|-
|luip
|luips
|common
|wolf
|-
|soel
|soels
|common
|sun
|-
|nogt
|nogts
|common
|night
|-
|dij
|dijs
|common
|day
|-
|luic
|luics
|common
|light
|-
|eurquel
|eurquels
|neuter
|ear
|-
|coul
|couls
|common
|horse
|-
|stiel
|stiels
|common
|star
|-
|silf
|silfs
|common
|wood, forest
|-
|vijl
|vijls
|common
|son
|-
|veilel
|veilels
|common
|daughter
|-
|tens
|tens
|neuter
|time
|-
|sier
|siers
|common
|lord
|-
|sierel
|sierels
|common
|lady
|-
|masie
|masies
|common
|home, house
|-
|pajr
|pajrs
|common
|father
|-
|maajr
|maajrs
|common
|mother
|-
|baas
|baas
|neuter
|kiss
|-
|vraat
|vraats
|common
|brother
|-
|soer
|soers
|common
|sister
|-
|oor
|oors
|neuter
|gold
|-
|queel
|queels
|common
|sky
|-
|cor
|cors
|neuter
|heart
|-
|ouw
|ouws
|common
|bird
|-
|mijster
|mijsters
|common
|master, male teacher
|-
|meistrel
|meistrels
|common
|mistress, female teacher
|}
 
==Articles==
 
In Aarlaansc there are two kinds of article: '''definite article''' and '''indefinite article'''. The first is used to talk about things, people, concepts that are already known by both the speaker and the listener, whereas the indefinite article introduces concepts, things, people that are new.
The indefinite article is just one: ''uin'' and it is used with both common and neuter nouns, it has got also a plural form, ''uins'', that indicates a "group of", "some", f.ex.: ''uin masie'', "a house", ''uins masies'', "some houses".
 
The definite article has got a gender differentiation in the singular but a common form in the plural:
 
{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Gender'''
!'''Singular'''
!'''Plural'''
|-
!'''Common'''
|hij
|rowspan="2" colspan="1"|hijs
|-
!'''Neuter'''
|hoe
|}
 
The articles always precede the noun they are referred to.
 
==Adjectives==
 
The adjectives always precede the noun they are referred to and they don't vary, as in English, f.ex.:
 
* ''Hij cat es grand'' - The cat is big.
* ''Uin grand cat'' - A big cat;
* ''Hij grand cat'' - The big cat;
* ''Nuin grand cat'' - No big cat;
* ''Goun oor'' - Yellow gold;
* ''Hoe goun oor'' - The yellow gold;
* ''Hijs cats sunt goun'' - The cats are yellow.
 
===Comparative and superlative===
 
The lower degree comparative is formed with the pattern ''min + adjective + ca + 2nd term'' (in the same case of the first, if it is a pronoun), ex.:
 
* ''Noes sunt min nit ca toe'' - We are less beautiful than you.
 
The same degree comparative is formed with the pattern ''tan + adjective + cant + 2nd term'' (in the same case of the first, if it is a pronoun), ex.:
 
* ''Noes sunt tan nit cant toe'' - We are as beautiful as you.
 
The higher degree comparative is formed with the pattern ''pluis + adjective + ca + 2nd term'' (in the same case of the first, if it is a pronouns), ex.:
 
* ''Noes sunt pluis nit ca toe'' - We are more beautiful than you.
 
The superlative is formed with the pattern ''wou(d) + adjective'', ex.: ''Toe es woud nit'' - You are very beautiful.
If it is used as a relative superlative, ''wou(d)'' is substituted for ''hij''/''hoe pluis + adjective + a/i'', ex.:
 
* ''Toe es hij pluis nit a/i hij ouvjoen'' - You are the most beautiful in the world.
 
Some adjectives: ''coud'' (hot), ''vrijgt'' (cold), ''simpel'' (simple), ''vacquel'' (easy), ''veed'' (ugly), ''sacraat'' (sacred), ''vroec'' (fierce), ''cruüiel'' (cruel).
 
=== Numerals ===
 
Here are the numerals from 0 to 1000:
 
{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Number'''
!'''Cardinal'''
!'''Ordinal'''
!'''Number'''
!'''Cardinal'''
!'''Ordinal'''
|-
!0
|nijl
| -
!1
|uin
|prijm
|-
!2
|dij
|seccunt
!3
|tries
|tertie
|-
!4
|catter
|caart
!5
|cvijnc
|cvijnt
|-
!6
|ses
|sest
!7
|seft
|seften
|-
!8
|ogt
|ogtaaf
!9
|nof
|noen
|-
!10
|dec
|decquen
!11
|uindic
|uindiquen
|-
!12
|dijdic
|deidiquen
!13
|treddic
|treddiquen
|-
!14
|catterdic
|catterdiquen
!15
|cvijndic
|cveindiquen
|-
!16
|sedic
|sediquen
!17
|seftendic
|seftendiquen
|-
!18
|ogtoendic
|ogtoendiquen
!19
|noendic
|noendiquen
|-
!20
|wijnt
|weiges
!21
|wijnt-ap-uin
|wijnt-ap-prijm
|-
!22
|wijnt-ap-dij
|wijnt-ap-seccunt
!30
|trijnt
|treiges
|-
!31
|trijnt-ap-uin
|trijnt-ap-prijm
!40
|cattraant
|cattrages
|-
!50
|cveincaant
|cveincages
!60
|sessaant
|sessages
|-
!70
|seftaant
|seftages
!80
|ogtoent
|ogtoeges
|-
!90
|noenaant
|noenages
!100
|quent
|quentes
|-
!125
|quent wijnt-ap-cvijnc
|quentwijnt-ap-cvijnt
!200
|deiquent
|deiquentes
|-
!300
|trecquent
|trecquentes
!400
|catterquent
|catterquentes
|-
!500
|cveingent
|cveingentes
!600
|sesquent
|sesquentes
|-
!700
|seftengent
|seftengentes
!800
|ogtengent
|ogtengentes
|-
!900
|noengent
|noengentes
!1000
|mil
|miles
|}
 
The ordinals ending with -es are stressed on the last syllable (ex. ''cvijncaGES''), whereas the ones ending with -en are generally stressed on the last but one syllable (ex. ''ZEFten''), but one needs to be careful: those ending with -dic are stressed on the last but one syllable (ex. ''TREDdic'') and those ending with -quent are stressed on the last syllable (ex. cveinGENT).
Ordinal number are always stressed on the last syllable (ex. deidiquEN, noengenTES).
 
==Pronouns and other kinds of adjectives==
 
===Personal pronouns===
 
Personal pronouns are the only words that inflect according to case. They have a '''nominative case''', that is the case of the subject, and two kinds of '''accusative case''', the case of the object - both direct and indirect. The accusative case has an ''unstressed form'' and a ''stressed'' one. The reflexive pronouns are used when the subject and the object of the action are the same, as in "I wash (myself)":
 
{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Pronouns'''
!'''Nominative'''
!'''Unstressed accusative'''
!'''Stressed accusative'''
!'''Reflexive'''
!'''Comitative'''
|-
!'''I'''
|eg
|me
|mie
|me
|miec
|-
!'''thou'''
|toe
|te
|tie
|te
|tiec
|-
!'''he'''
|is
|im
|iem
|se
|siec
|-
!'''she'''
|le
|em
|eem
|se
|siec
|-
!'''it'''
|id
|id
|id
|se
|siec
|-
!'''we'''
|noes
|ne
|noes
|ne
|nuusc
|-
!'''you'''
|woes / u
|we / u
|woes / u
|we
|wuusc / usc
|-
!'''they'''
|ïe
|es
|ees
|se
|siec
|}
 
The unstressed accusative form precedes the verb, while the stressed one follows it (except when the pronoun is linked to the verbs in infinitive and imperative). The stressed forms are used after prepositions or to emphasize complements.The pronouns
The ''comitative'' forms represent the locution ''with + pronouns''.
The ''e'' in the pronouns ''me'', ''te'', ''se'', ''le'', ''em'', ''ne'', ''we'', ''es'' is read as [ə]. This is the main difference between ''es'' [əs], "them", and ''es'' [εs], "you are" / "he is".
The pronoun ''toe'' becomes ''oe'' when follows the verb in questions.
The pronoun ''woes'' has got two distinct form: ''woes/we/wuusc'' and ''u/u/usc''. These forms are not interchangeable, as the form ''u'' is used as polite form. The reflexive of this form is however still ''we''.
 
Some examples:
 
* ''Me oodt oe?'' - Do you hear me?
* ''Toe wijdt im'' - You see him.
* ''Eg ood im, hood tie'' - I hear him, not you.
* ''Eg som tiec'' - I am with you.
* ''Is dijct id ar noes'' - He says it to us.
* ''Noes ne loun'' - We wash (ourselves).
* ''Eg me claam Toen'' - My name is Tony.
* ''Coem we claman u?'' - What is your name? (polite form)
* ''Proedt oe nuusc?'' - Do you come with us?
* ''Lesme ijr!'' - Let me go!
 
===Possessives===
 
Possessive adjectives are never preceded by article and they always precede the noun they are referred to:
 
{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Possessive'''
!'''Adjectives / Pronouns'''
|-
!'''my'''
|mies
|-
!'''thy'''
|tuis
|-
!'''his''' / '''her''' / '''its'''
|eëus
|-
!'''our'''
|noost
|-
!'''your'''
|weest / uust
|-
!'''their'''
|loer
|}
 
Possessive pronouns are always preceded by article, ex.:
 
* ''Is es mies carin, hood hij tuis'' - He's my friend, not yours.
 
Sometimes the possessor is specified with '''a + pronoun''' to avoid ambiguity, above all in the case of the 3rd person, ex.:
 
* ''Eëus carin a d-iem'' or ''Hij carin a d-iem'' - His friend (of him);
* ''Eëus carins a d-eem'' or ''Hijs carins a d-eem'' - Their friends (of her).
 
Note that the possessives of 3rd person singular and plural has just one form.
In the speech the possessive pronouns are usually formed without using the article, but using the pronouns ''uin'' after the possessive, ex.:
 
* ''Is es mies carin, hood tuis uin'' - He's my friend, not yours (lit. "your one").
 
===Demonstratives===
 
In this language, demonstratives always follow the name they are referred to when they are used as adjectives.
Demonstratives are never preceded by article, not even if they are used as pronouns. There are two kinds of demonstratives:
 
*Proximal, proximity to the speaker;
*Distal, distance from the speaker.
 
{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!colspan="3"|Proximal
|-
!'''Common singular'''
!'''Neuter singular'''
!'''Plural'''
|-
|colspan="2"|ist
|iste
|-
!colspan="3"|Distal
|-
!'''Common singular'''
!'''Neuter singular'''
!'''Plural'''
|-
|colspan="2"|il
|ils
|}
 
Ex.:
 
* ''Il cat es nit'' - That cat is cute;
* ''Il liver es hij tuis'' - That book is yours;
* ''Eg wol iste awoul'' - I want this apple.
 
===Indefinites===
 
These pronouns and adjectives neither determine nor specify the substantives, that is they don't tell us anything about their quantity or identity:
 
{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Singular pronoun'''
!'''Plural pronoun'''
!'''Meaning'''
!'''Adjective'''
!'''Meaning'''
|-
|''nuin''
| -
|nobody
|''nuin''
|no
|-
|''ries''
| -
|nothing
| -
| -
|-
|''quiduin''
| -
|everyone
|''om''
|every
|-
|''oucuin''
| -
|anyone
|''ouc''
|any
|-
|''oucries''
| -
|anything
| -
| -
|-
|''cou''
|''cous''
|which one(s)
|''cou''
|which / what
|-
| -
| -
| -
|''taal''
|such
|-
|''pooc''
|''poocs''
|a little / few
|''pooc''
|a little / few
|-
|''muit''
|''muits''
|much / many
|''muit''
|much / many
|-
|''tant''
|''tants''
|so much / so many
|''tant''
|so much / so many
|-
|''owen''
|''owens''
|all / everybody
|''owen''
|all
|}
 
Some pronominal forms have got both a singular and a plural voice, but adjective forms have got ONLY one voice, that is both singular and plural. Except for ''nuin'' / ''ries'' and ''oucuin'' / ''oucries'', indefinites don't have a gender distinction.
 
===Relatives, interrogatives and exclamatives===
 
The main relatives are:
 
{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Pronoun'''
!'''Meaning'''
|-
|''qui''
|who
|-
|''que''
|that, which
|-
|''cui''
|whose
|}
 
Some examples:
 
* ''Hij sier qui eg noesc es bon.'' - The man who(m) I know is gentle.
* ''Hij cat que eg haf wist es parf.'' - The cat that/which I've seen is little.
* ''Hijs sierels cui vijls haan mort sunt ils.'' - The women whose sons have died are those.
 
'''Qui''' and '''que''' can be used as interrogatives and exclamatives too, f.ex.:
 
* ''Qui es is?'' - Who is he?
* ''Que vagt oe?'' - What are you doing?
 
'''Cui''' cannot be used in interrogatives, instead of it it is used '''a qui''':
 
* ''A qui es ist liver?'' - Whose is this book?
 
We have to pay attention to translate the English word ''what''. In some cases it can be translated as ''cou'':
 
* ''Cou anuin nit!'' - What a beautiful name!
* ''Cou es tuis anuin?'' - What's your name?
 
Relatives can be used also as interrogatives or exclamatives and the axamples above show it clearly. Other interrogatives are:
 
{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Interrogatives'''
!'''Meaning'''
|-
|''unt''
|where
|-
|''cand''
|when
|-
|''coem''
|how
|-
|''cvot'' / ''cvots''
|how much / how many
|-
|''cuir''
|why
|}
 
''Cuir'' is used both in questions and answers; ''unt'' and ''cand'' can be used also as a sort of relatives:
 
* ''Cuir vleet oe?'' - Why do you cry?
* ''Cuir eg som meist.'' - Because I'm sad.
* ''Hij wil, unt eg wijf.'' - The city where I live.
* ''Cvots eers coegt le?'' - How much money does she need? (''eer'', "money", is a countable noun in Aarlaansk and has got both singular and plural)
* ''Hoe tens, cand eg veu uin juiven.'' - The time when I was a boy.
 
== Adverbs ==
 
There are two kinds of adverbs in Aarlaansc: ''primitive adverbs'' and ''derived adverbs''.
Primitive adverbs are adverbs that don't derive from other categories, but that exist just as adverbs, some examples are:
 
* ''regt'' - well, fine;
* ''mou'', ''eger'' - bad;
* ''maan'' - early;
* ''roe'' - late;
* ''iest'' - near;
* ''prool'' - far;
* ''pront'' - soon;
...
 
Derived adverbs derive from adjectives, to which the suffix ''-er'' is added, ex.:
 
* ''coud'' > ''couder'' - warmly;
* ''vrijgt'' > ''vrijgter'' - coldly;
* ''corsjaal'' > ''corsjaler'' - cordially;
* ''vort'' > ''vorter'' - strongly;
* ''vraal'' > ''vraler'' - weakly;
* ''queller'' > ''quellerrer'' - quickly;
* ''lent'' > ''lenter'' - slowly;
...
 
<!--
Adverbs can be positioned wherever we want, but it is necessary to remember these rules:
 
1) adverbs can be positioned between subject and verb, but if this verb is the verb ''bjon'', then the adverb is positioned after the verb;
 
2) adverbs can be positioned between auxiliary verbs and the taken verbs.
 
====Place adverbs====
 
As it has been seen in the chapter about demonstratives, some place adverbs - ''her'', ''ter'' and ''jon'' - inflect to indicate a state, a movement towards or a movement from. Also the adverb ''hwer'', "where", inflects:
 
{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Form'''
!'''Hwer'''
!'''Her'''
!'''Ter'''
!'''Jon'''
|-
!'''State'''
|hwer
|her
|ter
|jon
|-
!'''Movement to'''
|hweder
|heder
|teder
|jonner
|-
!'''Movement from'''
|hwens
|hens
|tens
|jons
|}
 
The adverb ''hwer'' / ''hweder'' / ''hwens'' can be used also as a relative, ex.:
 
* ''Se stof her is se tůn, hwens y kume'' - This place is the town where I come from;
* ''Kerdit was se tůn, hweder y skolle gån'' - Cardiff was the town where I had to go to.
 
The adverb ''hwer'' also has the form ''hwerjen'', but it is used only in the expression ''elles hwerjen'', "elsewhere".
 
When ''hweder'' and ''hwens'' are used as interrogative adverbs, they can be written separately, ex.:
 
* ''Hwens kimtů?'' or ''Hwer kimtů hinnes?'' - Where do you come from?
* ''Hweder gåtů?'' or ''Hwer gåtů hider?'' - Where are you going to?
 
Other place adverbs are: ''ålhwer'', "somewhere", and ''nålhwer'', "nowhere".
 
====Time adverbs====
 
The adverb ''hwonne'', "when", can be used both as interrogative and relative. Other time adverbs are:
 
* ''nů'' - now;
* ''tann'' - then;
* ''ivorn'' - before;
* ''eften'' - after;
* ''ålhwon'' - some times;
* ''injakli'' - usually;
* ''jaltyd'' - always;
* ''åfre'' - ever;
* ''nåfre'' - never;
* ''elles tyd'' / ''elstyd'' - another time.
 
Frequency can be expressed also with numerals and ''-nes'' suffix, ex.:
 
* ''ån > ånnes'' - once;
* ''twejn > twejnnes'' - twice;
* ''try > trynes'' - thrice;
* ''vjor > vjornes'' - four times;
* ''vy > vifnes'' (!) - five times;
* ''sys > sysnes'' - six times...
 
Expressions such as "Eight times a week" are translated as ''Jåtnes an wuke''.
 
====Manner adverbs====
 
Manner adverbs are created from adjectives with the suffix ''-i''. The interrogative and relative manner adverb is ''hů'', "how". Some times manner adverbs inflect and have a higher degree comparative and a superlative, ex.:
 
* ''glå - glår - glåst'' (happily - happilier - happiliest);
* ''strengi - strengir - strenglist'' (strongly - stronglier - strongliest).
 
Some adverbs have an irregular comparative and superlative form:
 
* ''jarwe - beter - best'';
* ''lyter - wyrs - wyrst'';
* ''micel - mår - måst'' (much - more - most);
* ''(an) lit / liten - lass - last'' (little - less - least).
 
Both ''gryti'' and ''micel'' can be used to mean "very", ex.: ''tů jart gryti'' / ''micel sken'' - You are very beautiful.
-->
 
== Prepositions ==
 
Aarlaansc has got many different prepositions to express relations between the elements of the sentence. The most important are:
 
{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Preposition'''
!'''English equivalent'''
!'''Example'''
!'''Translation'''
|-
!''i (n-)''
|in, at
|''Eg sum i hij scoel''
|I am at school
|-
!''wers''
|to
|''Eg waad wers hij scoel''
|I go to school
|-
!''af''
|from
|''Eg proed af hij scoel''
|I come from school
|-
!''pers''
|across, through, with, by, to
|''Eg loop pers hij silf'' // ''Eg proed pers hoe trag'' // ''Hoe striem trag pers Vloerijgen''
|I walk through the wood // I come by train // The last train to Vloerijgen
|-
!''ar''
|to, for
|''Ist es ar tie'' // ''Eg doe id ar tie''
|This is for you / I give it to you
|-
!''a (d-)''
|of
|''Il es hij cat a Juilie''
|That is the cat of Julia
|-
!''dies''
|(made) of
|''Uin awoul dies oor''
|An apple (made) of gold
|-
!''di''
|about, of
|''Noes raan di caartie''
|We are talking about love
|-
!''ap''
|with
|''Is raadt ap tie''
|He's talking with you
|-
!''sins''
|without
|''Eg xied hood wijvre sins tie''
|I can't live without you
|-
!''enwers''
|towards
|''Enwers hijs stiels''
|Towards the stars
|-
!''estiers''
|out of
|''Eg veu estiers mies masie''
|I was out of my house
|-
!''surs''
|on, above
|''Hij queel surs noes sim tuis man surs hij mies''
|The sky above us and your hand on mine
|-
!''suf''
|under, beneath
|''Noes suf hij queel sim mies man suf hij tuis''
|We beneath the sky and my hand under yours
|-
!''ijers''
|between, among, for
|''Nuin waadt ser ijers noes'' // ''Id haft plust ijers tries dijs''
|There will be nobody between us // It has rained for three days
|-
!''diepst''
|after, next to
|''Eg opper i hoe fiquie diepst hoe eëus a d-eem'' // ''Diepst hij pluvie proedt hij soel''
|I work in the office next to hers // After the rain comes the sun
|-
!''diepries''
|before
|''Le oppert i hoe fiquie diepries hoe mies'' // ''Diepries hij soel proedt hij pluvie''
|She works in the office before mine // Before the sun comes the rain
|-
!''uder''
|over
|''Oucunt uder hij queljarc''
|Somewhere over the rainbow
|}
 
A note about the usage of the prepositions ''i'' and ''a'': when they precedes a word which begins with a vowel, this word is modified by adding respectively an ''n'' or a ''d'', ex.:
 
* ''I n-aw'' - In the water;
* ''A d-aw'' - Of water.
 
== Verbs ==
 
=== Simple present ===
 
The present tense, or ''prezent'' in Aarlaansc, expresses an action that happens regularly, that is habitual or that happens around the moment of the speech.
 
==== Present of ''ser'' ("to be") and ''haar'' ("to have") ====
 
The verbs '''ser''' and '''haar''' are two of the main verbs in Aarlaansk and they are irregular as in most other languages. Here it is the conjugation of these two verbs in the present tense:
 
{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Person'''
!'''Ser'''
!'''Haar'''
|-
!'''eg'''
|som
|haf
|-
!'''toe''' / '''is'''
|es
|haft
|-
!'''noes''' / '''woes''' / '''ïe'''
|sunt
|haan
|-
!'''imp.'''
|id es
|haftur
|}
 
In Aarlaansc the subject is always expressed, with impersonal verbs it is used the dummy subject '''id''', ex.:
 
* ''Id pluigt'' - It rains.
 
====Present of regular verbs====
 
There are IV different verbal classes in Aarlaansk. They can be recongnised thanks to infinitive form:
 
* I: infinitive ending with ''-aar'';
* II: infinitive ending with ''-ier'';
* III: infinitive ending with ''-re'' or with ''-(e)r'';
* IV: infinitive ending with ''-ijr''.
 
The regular verbs are formed adding particular endings to the root form. The root form of a verb is obtained just dropping the infinitive ending and adding the personal endings. Of course to obtain the root form is necessary to pay attention to the vowel length, that must be maintained (unless the verb is irregular). Moreover if the verb root ends with ''-v'' or ''-z'', these letters become unvoiced in the three singular persons voices.
 
Here are four verbs: ''clamaar'' (to call), ''dievier'' (to have to), ''wijvre'' (to live), ''oijr'' (to hear):
 
{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Person'''
!'''Clamaar'''
!'''Dievier'''
!'''Wijvre'''
!'''Oijr'''
|-
!'''eg'''
|claam
|dief
|wijf
|ood
|-
!'''toe''' / '''is'''
|claamt
|dieft
|wijft
|oodt
|-
!'''noes''' / '''woes''' / '''ïe'''
|claman
|dieven
|wijvun
|oon
|-
!'''imp.'''
|claamtur
|dieftur
|wijftur
|oodtur
|}
 
The endings of the present tense of indicative are thus:
 
{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Person'''
!'''Ending'''
|-
!'''eg'''
| - / -d
|-
!'''toe''' / '''is'''
| -t / -dt
|-
!'''noes''' / '''woes''' / '''ïe'''
| -an / -en / -un / -n
|-
!'''impersonal'''
| -tur / -dtur
|}
 
The verbs of the 4th class whose root ends with a vowel (or a diphthong) add ''-d'' ending to 1st person singular, but this consonant can be omitted, ex.: ''eg ood'' > ''eg o''; ''eg wijd'' > ''eg wij''.
 
====Present of some irregular verbs====
 
Aarlaansc has got some irregular verbs too. Some verbs have got the regular infinitive endings ''-aar'', ''-ijr'' and so on, but there are some that have got an irregular infinitive ending. Here it can be seen the present tense of the verbs ''vaar'' (to do), ''ijr'' (to go), ''daar'' (to give), ''dijr'' (to say, to tell), ''wijr'' (to see), ''duir'' (to lead), ''vluir'' (to flow, to slip by) and ''proer'' (to come):
 
{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Person'''
!'''Vaar'''
!'''Ijr'''
!'''Daar'''
!'''Dijr'''
!'''Wijr'''
!'''Duir'''
!'''Vluir'''
!'''Proer'''
|-
!'''eg'''
|vag
|waad
|doe
|dijc
|wijd
|duig
|vluig
|proed
|-
!'''toe''' / '''is'''
|vagt
|waadt
|doet
|dijct
|wijdt
|duigt
|vluigt
|proedt
|-
!'''noes''' / '''woes''' / '''ïe'''
|vaan
|waan
|daan
|dijn
|wijn
|duin
|vluin
|proen
|-
!'''imp.'''
|vagtur
|waadtur
|doetur
|dijctur
|wijdtur
|duigtur
|vluigtur
|proedtur
|}
 
The irregularities are not systematic: how it can be seen, both ''vaar'' and ''daar'' have got an infinitive in ''-aar'', but the former has got a root form ''vag-'' in the three singular persons and in the impersonal form, whereas the latter has got a root form ''doe-''. More systematic (but not ever) are the verbs whose infinitive ends in ''-uir'', ex.: ''id pluigt'', "it rains", from ''pluir'', and so on.
However it is best to control in the dictionary how the root form of the irregular verbs changes.
 
===Impersonal form===
 
To express actions that are performed by an unknown subject or to hide the subject of a verb in Aarlaansk we can use the '''impersonal form'''.
In Aarlaansc there are two impersonal forms:
 
* '''id''' + 3rd person singular verb, which is used also to translate "it" when we talk about verbs that haven't got a subject, as in the example ''id pluigt'', "it rains";
* ''impersonal form of the verb'', which is another downright person that has got its own ending and whose pronoun is never expressed. It mainly corresponds to English "they" or to passive construction, f.ex.: ''Dijctur ca Hijs Aarlaans sunt vrijgt'' > "They say that The Aarlaans are cold".
 
The biggest difference between the ''id-form'' and the ''impersonal form'' is that '''id can never substitute a subject that actually exists and can never substitute the passive form''', whereas the ''impersonal form'' can, ex.:
 
* ''Hooj id nift'' - Today it snows;
* ''Wijdtur hij vuim, que iest af hij cammijn'' - They see the smoke that comes out from the chimney.
 
The impersonal form is formed by adding ''-ur'' to the 3rd person singular form of the verb.
 
===Simple past===
 
The past tense, ''preterrit'' in Aarlaansc, is used to express an action that has happened in the past, independently on when it has happened, if it is ended or not, if it affects the present and so on. It corresponds to English past simple and present perfect.
 
====Past tense of ''ser'' and ''haar''====
 
The past of these two irregular verbs is, obviously, quite irregular:
 
{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Person'''
!'''Ser'''
!'''Haar'''
|-
!'''eg'''
|veu
|heu
|-
!'''toe''' / '''is'''
|veut
|heut
|-
!'''noes''' / '''woes''' / '''ïe'''
|veurn
|heurn
|-
!'''imp.'''
|id veu
|heutur
|}
 
In this tense, the 2nd and the 3rd singular persons share the same ending, as in the present tense.
 
====Past simple of regular verbs====
 
The past tense of regular verbs is formed by deleting the ending of the infinitive and by adding different endings depending on the class:
 
{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Person'''
!'''Clamaar'''
!'''Dievier'''
!'''Wijvre'''
!'''Oijr'''
|-
!'''eg'''
|clamaaf
|dievief
|weivief
|oijf
|-
!'''toe''' / '''is'''
|clamaaft
|dievieft
|weivieft
|oijft
|-
!'''noes''' / '''woes''' / '''ïe'''
|clamaarn
|dieviern
|weiviern
|oijrn
|-
!'''imp.'''
|clamaaftur
|dievieftur
|weivieftur
|oijftur
|}
 
The stress shifts on the last syllable except for the impersonal form, in which it shifts on the last but one.
 
====Past of some irregular verbs====
 
Irregular verbs have, of course, irregular forms for the past of indicative. It is important to remember that neither the singular forms nor the plural ones are made starting from the infinitive:
 
{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Person'''
!'''Vaar'''
!'''Ijr'''
!'''Daar'''
!'''Dijr'''
!'''Wijr'''
!'''Duir'''
!'''Vluir'''
!'''Proer'''
|-
!'''eg'''
|vies
|ijf
|daaf
|dijs
|wief
|duis
|vluis
|pried
|-
!'''toe''' / '''is'''
|viest
|ijft
|daaft
|dijst
|wieft
|duist
|vluist
|priedt
|-
!'''noes''' / '''woes''' / '''ïe'''
|viern
|ijrn
|daarn
|dijrn
|wiern
|duirn
|vluirn
|priern
|-
!'''imp.'''
|viestur
|ijftur
|daaftur
|dijstur
|wieftur
|duistur
|vluistur
|priedtur
|}
 
===Present perfect and past perfect===
 
Beside the ''preterrit'' there is another verbal form that expresses an action that has happened in the past: the '''pervegt'''. This form is similar to the English present perfect, because it is formed with the present of the verb ''haar'' and the past participle of the main verb. In Aarlaansc, however, this form is completely interchangeable with the ''preterrit'' form: it is just a matter of style and of formality, because the ''pervegt'' is more used among friends and in colloquial speech, whereas the ''preterrit'' is more used in written language and in formal meetings.
When the auxiliary ''haar'' is in its past tense, then we obtain the past perfect or '''pluispervegt'''. This tense refers to actions that happened in the past before other actions that happened in the past too.
 
====Present perfect of ''ser'' and ''haar''====
 
The auxiliary verb is always ''haar'':
 
{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Person'''
!'''Ser'''
!'''Haar'''
|-
!'''eg'''
|haf sit
|haf hijt
|-
!'''toe''' / '''is'''
|haft sit
|haft hijt
|-
!'''noes''' / '''woes''' / '''ïe'''
|haan sit
|haan hijt
|-
!'''imp.'''
|haftur sit
|haftur hijt
|}
 
====Present perfect of regular verbs====
 
Even for the regular verbs the auxiliary verb is always ''haar'':
 
{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Person'''
!'''Clamar'''
!'''Dievier'''
!'''Wijvre'''
!'''Oijr'''
|-
!'''eg'''
|haf clamaat
|haf dievuit
|haf weivut
|haf oijt
|-
!'''toe''' / '''is'''
|haft clamaat
|haft dievuit
|haft weivut
|haft oijt
|-
!'''noes''' / '''woes''' / '''ïe'''
|haan clamaat
|haan dievuit
|haan weivut
|haan oijt
|-
!'''imp.'''
|haftur clamaat
|haftur dievuit
|haftur weivut
|haftur oijt
|}
 
As it can be seen, the past participle of the regular verbs is formed by adding the ending ''-aat''/''-uit''/''-ut''/''-ijt'' to the root form according to verb class. It is also true that not all the regular verbs have got a regular past participle (cf. ''wijvre'', that has got also the participle ''weisut''), in these cases it can be useful to check the dictionary.
The stress falls on the last syllable, so it can be noted the substitution ''-ij-''' > ''-ei-'' in the verb ''wijvre''.
 
====Present perfect of irregular verbs====
 
The irregular verbs maintain their irregularity in the form of the past participle used with the auxiliary:
 
{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Person'''
!'''Vaar'''
!'''Ijr'''
!'''Daar'''
!'''Dijr'''
!'''Wijr'''
!'''Duir'''
!'''Vluir'''
!'''Proer'''
|-
!'''eg'''
|haf vagt
|haf ijt
|haf daat
|haf digt
|haf wijst
|haf duigt
|haf vluigt
|haf proes
|-
!'''toe''' / '''is'''
|haft vagt
|haft ijt
|haft daat
|haft digt
|haft wijst
|haft duigt
|haft vluigt
|haft proes
|-
!'''noes''' / '''woes''' / '''ïe'''
|haan vagt
|haan ijt
|haan daat
|haan digt
|haan wijst
|haan duigt
|haan vluigt
|haan proes
|-
!'''imp.'''
|haftur vagt
|haftur ijt
|haftur daat
|haftur digt
|haftur wijst
|haftur duigt
|haftur vluigt
|haftur proes
|}
 
====Past perfect====
 
This tense is called ''pluispervegt'' in Aarlaansc and it corresponds to the English past perfect: it is used to express a past action that happened before another one.
The ''pluispervegt'' is formed with the past of the verb ''haar'' and the past participle of the main verb, ex.:
 
{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Person'''
!'''Ser'''
!'''Haar'''
|-
!'''eg'''
|heu sit
|heu hijt
|-
!'''toe''' / '''is'''
|heut sit
|heut hijt
|-
!'''noes''' / '''woes''' / '''ïe'''
|heurn sit
|heurn hijt
|-
!'''imp.'''
|heutur sit
|heutur hijt
|}
 
* ''Diepst eg heu twuit uin pliquel, eg iesijf'' - After I had watched a film, I went out.
 
===Future===
 
The future, ''vutuir'' in Aarlaansc, is used to speak about actions that have not happened yet and that will happen in the future. English has got three forms of future with three different functions, Aarlaansc has got just one that expresses these funcions. Future expresses:
 
* events that will happen in the future (but that are not planned);
* events that are happening because they are planned and organised;
* events that are going to happen because there is an intention.
 
Moreover the future can be used to express assumptions.
 
This tense is analytical and it is formed by the present tense of the verb ''ijr'' and the infinitive of the main verb.
It exists also a synthetic form of this tense, but it is not used anymore in the speech and it is found only in poetry and in old books. We add it for completeness' sake.
 
====Future of ''ser'' and ''haar''====
 
The analytical form is:
 
{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Person'''
!'''Ser'''
!'''Haar'''
|-
!'''eg'''
|wa(ad) ser
|wa(ad) haar
|-
!'''toe''' / '''is'''
|wa(adt) ser
|wa(adt) haar
|-
!'''noes''' / '''woes''' / '''ïe'''
|waan ser
|waan haar
|-
!'''imp.'''
|waadtur ser
|waadtur haar
|}
 
The 1st and 2nd singular persons can use the more colloquial and informal form ''wa'' instead of ''waad'' and ''waadt''.
 
The synthetic form is:
 
{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Person'''
!'''Ser'''
!'''Haar'''
|-
!'''eg'''
|serraf
|haraf
|-
!'''toe''' / '''is'''
|serraft
|haraft
|-
!'''noes''' / '''woes''' / '''ïe'''
|serraan
|haraan
|-
!'''imp.'''
|id serraft
|haraftur
|}
 
The synthetic form is obtained by adding ''-af'', ''-aft'', and ''-aan'' to the infinitive.
Please note that, as the stress shifts on the last syllable, the verbs whose infinitive ends with ''-ijr'' change this ending with ''-eir-'', ex.:
 
* ''Eg waad clamaar'' / ''Eg clamaraf'' - I shall call;
* ''Toe waadt dievier'' / ''Toe dievraft'' - You will have to;
* ''Is waadt wijvre'' / ''Is weivraft'' - He will live;
* ''Noes waan oijr'' / ''Noes öeiraan'' - We shall hear;
* ''Woes waan vaar'' / ''Woes varaan'' - You will do;
* ''Ïe waan ijr'' / ''Ïe eiraan'' - They will go.
 
Note also that often the verbs of 2nd and 3rd conjugation loose a syllable, ex.:
 
* ''Eg waad dievier'' > ''Eg dievraf'' - I shall have to;
* ''Toe waadt wijvre'' > ''Toe weivraft'' - You will live.
 
The future tense of regular and irregular verbs is formed the same way. In Aarlaansc doesn't exist a future perfect tense, instead of it it is used the future simple.
 
===Subjunctive===
 
The subjunctive mood is no longer used in Aarlaansc, it is no more productive. Both present and past of subjunctive are found in crystallized expressions, such as:
 
* ''Dëeuw te souwe'' - God save you;
* ''Hij queel te tiege'' - Heaven protect you.
 
The present subjunctive of the verbs ''ser'' and ''haar'' is irregular:
 
{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Person'''
!'''Ser'''
!'''Haar'''
|-
!'''eg''' / '''toe''' / '''is'''
|sij
|haaw
|-
!'''noes''' / '''woes''' / '''ïe'''
|sijn
|hawin
|-
!'''imp.'''
|id sij
|hawur
|}
 
The regular verbs form this tense by adding the suffixes ''-e'' for the singular and ''-in'' for the plural:
 
{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Person'''
!'''Clamaar'''
!'''Dievier'''
!'''Wijvre'''
!'''Oijr'''
|-
!'''eg''' / '''toe''' / '''is'''
|clame
|dieve
|wijve
|ode
|-
!'''noes''' / '''woes''' / '''ïe'''
|clamin
|dievin
|wijvin
|odin
|-
!'''imp.'''
|clamur
|dievur
|wijvur
|odur
|}
 
All the singular persons share the same ending. This is true also for the irregular verbs:
 
{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Person'''
!'''Vaar'''
!'''Ijr'''
!'''Daar'''
!'''Dijr'''
!'''Wijr'''
!'''Duir'''
!'''Vluir'''
!'''Proer'''
|-
!'''eg''' / '''toe''' / '''is'''
|vaaj
|waaj
|die
|dijge
|wiëe
|duïje
|vluïje
|proede
|-
!'''noes''' / '''woes''' / '''ïe'''
|vaajn
|waajn
|dien
|dijgin
|wiëin
|duïjin
|vluïjin
|proedin
|-
!'''imp.'''
|vajur
|wajur
|dieur
|dijgur
|wiëur
|duïjur
|vluïjur
|proedur
|}
 
The '''past''' of subjunctive is formed with the endings ''-re'' and ''-ren''. Irregular verbs use the suffix ''-stre(n)'':
 
{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Person'''
!'''Ser'''
!'''Haar'''
!'''Vaar'''
!'''Ijr'''
!'''Daar'''
!'''Dijr'''
!'''Wijr'''
!'''Duir'''
!'''Vluir'''
!'''Proer'''
|-
!'''eg''' / '''toe''' / '''is'''
|vustre
|hustre
|viestre
|ijstre
|diestre
|dijstre
|wijstre
|duistre
|vluistre
|proestre
|-
!'''noes''' / '''woes''' / '''ïe'''
|vustren
|hustren
|viestren
|ijstren
|diestren
|dijstren
|wijstren
|duistren
|vluistren
|proestren
|-
!'''imp.'''
|vustrur
|hustrur
|viestrur
|ijstrur
|diestrur
|dijstrur
|wijstrur
|duistrur
|vluistrur
|proestrur
|}
 
Regular verbs add simply ''-re'' and ''-ren'':
 
{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Person'''
!'''Clamaar'''
!'''Dievier'''
!'''Wijvre'''
!'''Oijr'''
|-
!'''eg''' / '''toe''' / '''is'''
|clamare
|dieviere
|wijvre
|oijre
|-
!'''noes''' / '''woes''' / '''ïe'''
|clamaren
|dievieren
|wijvren
|oijren
|-
!'''imp.'''
|clamarur
|dievierur
|wijvrur
|oijrur
|}
 
It can be assumed that the past of subjunctive is formed by adding ''-e(n)'' to infinitive. In the 3rd conjugation, infinitive and singular form of past of subjunctive are the same.
 
===Conditional===
 
The conditional, ''condisjonaal'' in Aarlaansc, is used fast as in English, f.ex. to be polite or to express probability. As for the future, the conditional has two forms:
 
* an analytical form with the verb ''ijr'', but for conditional it is used its past form;
* a synthetic form with the suffixes ''-eef(t)'' and ''-een'' that are added to the infinitive.
 
Analytical form:
 
{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Person'''
!'''Ser'''
!'''Haar'''
|-
!'''eg'''
|ijf ser
|ijf haar
|-
!'''toe''' / '''is'''
|ijft ser
|ijft haar
|-
!'''noes''' / '''woes''' / '''ïe'''
|ijrn ser
|ijrn haar
|-
!'''imp.'''
|ijftur ser
|ijftur haar
|}
 
Synthetic form:
 
{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Person'''
!'''Ser'''
!'''Haar'''
|-
!'''eg'''
|serreef
|hareef
|-
!'''toe''' / '''is'''
|serreeft
|hareeft
|-
!'''noes''' / '''woes''' / '''ïe'''
|serreen
|hareen
|-
!'''imp.'''
|id serreeft
|hareeftur
|}
 
Also here, as the stress shifts on the last syllable, the verbs whose infinitive ends with ''-ijr'' change this ending with ''-eir-'', ex.:
 
* ''Eg ijf clamaar'' / ''Eg clamareef'' - I would call;
* ''Toe ijft dievier'' / ''Toe dievreeft'' - You should;
* ''Is ijft wijvre'' / ''Is weivreeft'' - He would live;
* ''Noes ijrn oijr'' / ''Noes öeireen'' - We would hear;
* ''Woes ijrn vaar'' / ''Woes vareen'' - You would do;
* ''Ïe ijrn ijr'' / ''Ïe eireen'' - They would go.
 
Note also that often the verbs of 2nd and 3rd conjugation loose a syllable, ex.:
 
* ''Eg ijf dievier'' > ''Eg dievreef'' - I should;
* ''Toe ijft wijvre'' > ''Toe weivreeft'' - You would live.
 
Conditional can be found in conditional clauses of 2nd and 3rd type:
 
* ''Vor eg ijf ser punie, eg ijf suimer uin grand masie'' - If I were rich, I'd buy a big house;
* ''Vor eg hareef sit punie, eg hareef suinft uin grand masie'' - If I had been rich, I'd have bought a big house.
 
Please note that the conditional is used in the protasis also instead of the subjunctive. In conditional clauses of 1st type it is used the present in the protasis and the future in the apodosis:
 
* ''Vor hij nijf es suf hij soel, le se waadt vundre'' - If the snow is under the sun, it will melt.
 
The conditional is also used to express the "future in the past", ex.:
 
* ''Is xijft hood ca id ijf vijr'' - He didn't know that it would happen.
 
===Imperative===
 
In Aarlaansc the '''empratijf''', the imperative mood, is used to order somebody to do something. The "true" voices of the present of imperative are that of the 2nd person singular and the 2nd person plural; the 1st person singular doesn't exist, whereas the other persons have got a periphrastic form:
 
{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Person'''
!'''Ser'''
!'''Haar'''
!'''Clamaar'''
!'''Dievier'''
!'''Wijvre'''
!'''Oijr'''
!'''Vaar'''
!'''Ijr'''
!'''Daar'''
!'''Dijr'''
!'''Wijr'''
!'''Duir'''
!'''Vluir'''
!'''Proer'''
|-
!'''eg'''
| -
| -
| -
| -
| -
| -
| -
| -
| -
| -
| -
| -
| -
| -
|-
!'''toe'''
|'''es'''
|haf
|claam
|dief
|wijf
|o(od)
|vag
|'''ij'''
|'''da'''
|dijc
|wijd
|duig
|vluig
|proed
|-
!'''is'''
|haft a ser
|haft a haar
|haft a clamaar
|haft a dievier
|haft a wijvre
|haft a d-oijr
|haft a vaar
|haft a d-ijr
|haft a daar
|haft a dijr
|haft a wijr
|haft a duir
|haft a vluir
|haft a proer
|-
!'''noes'''
|haan a ser
|haan a haar
|haan a clamaar
|haan a dievier
|haan a wijvre
|haan a d-oijr
|haan a vaar
|haan a d-ijr
|haan a daar
|haan a dijr
|haan a wijr
|haan a duir
|haan a vluir
|haan a proer
|-
!'''woes'''
|set
|haat
|clamaat
|dieviet
|wijvit
|oijt
|vaat
|ijt
|daat
|dijt
|wijt
|duit
|vluit
|proet
|-
!'''ïe'''
|haan a ser
|haan a haar
|haan a clamaar
|haan a dievier
|haan a wijvre
|haan a d-oijr
|haan a vaar
|haan a d-ijr
|haan a daar
|haan a dijr
|haan a wijr
|haan a duir
|haan a vluir
|haan a proer
|}
 
The 2nd person singular form is the same of the 1st person singular form of the present of indicative, but there are also irregular forms as in the verbs ''ser'', ''ijr'', ''daar'', etc.
The 2nd person plural form is obtained from the infinitive form with the substitution of ''-r'' for ''-t'' for the 1st, 2nd, and 4th conjugations. The verbs of 3rd conjugation drop the infinitive ending and replace it with ''-it''. There are not irregular forms for this voice.
The other persons are formed with the periphrasis '''haar + a (d-)+ infinitive'''. It could be translated as '''to have to do something'''.
This structure can be used also with 1st and 2nd persons singular and with 2nd person plural, in this case, however, it doesn't indicate imperative, but it has the same meaning as the verb '''dievier''', only with a hint of politeness, f.ex.:
 
* ''Eg haf a d-ijr wers hij boetiec'' - I have to go to the shop;
* ''Que haft a vaar hooj?'' - What do you have to do today?;
* ''Woes haan a d-ijr wers hij mëic!'' - You have to go to the doctor! (Because you should)
 
Imperative hasn't got an impersonal form.
 
===Infinitive, gerund and participle===
 
As it has been already shown, the infinitive can end with ''-aar'', ''-ier'', ''-er'', ''-re'', ''-ijr'' or other vowels followed by ''-r'', in the cases of irregular verbs.
The infinitive forms ending with ''-r'' is the present form of this mood, but there is also a past form, that is formed with the infinitive form of the verb ''haar'' and the past participle of the main verb:
 
{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Tense'''
!'''Ser'''
!'''Haar'''
!'''Clamaar'''
!'''Dievier'''
!'''Wijvre'''
!'''Oijr'''
!'''Vaar'''
!'''Ijr'''
!'''Daar'''
!'''Dijr'''
!'''Wijr'''
!'''Duir'''
!'''Vluir'''
!'''Proer'''
|-
!'''Present'''
|ser
|haar
|clamaar
|dievier
|wijvre
|oijr
|vaar
|ijr
|daar
|dijr
|wijr
|duir
|vluir
|proer
|-
!'''Past'''
|haar sit
|haar hijt
|haar clamaat
|haar dievuit
|haar wijvut
|haar oijt
|haar vagt
|haar ijt
|haar daat
|haar digt
|haar wijst
|haar duigt
|haar vluigt
|haar proes
|}
 
The gerund is a complicated verbal form: it can have various meanings and translate different linguistic structures of English. It is formed by substituting the infinitive ending for ''-aand'', ''-eend'' (for 2nd and 3rd conjugations) or ''-ijnd'':
 
{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Tense'''
!'''Ser'''
!'''Haar'''
!'''Clamaar'''
!'''Dievier'''
!'''Wijvre'''
!'''Oijr'''
!'''Vaar'''
!'''Ijr'''
!'''Daar'''
!'''Dijr'''
!'''Wijr'''
!'''Duir'''
!'''Vluir'''
!'''Proer'''
|-
!'''Present'''
|Seend
|Heend
|Clamaand
|Dieveend
|Weiveend
|Oijnd
|Veend
|Ijnd
|Daand
|Dijeend
|Wijeend
|Duïeend
|Vluïeend
|Proëeend
|-
!'''Past'''
|heend sit
|heend hijt
|heend clamaat
|heend dievuit
|heend wijvut
|heend oijt
|heend vagt
|heend ijt
|heend daat
|heend digt
|heend wijst
|heend duigt
|heend vluigt
|heemd proes
|}
 
It can be seen that this mood has got two tenses: ''present'' and ''past''. Very often gerund is used to translate adverbials of time, as in:
 
* ''Heend oijt id, is ijft awie.'' - After that he heard it, he went away.
* ''Worraand, is sentijft ca id veut roe.'' - As he was eating, he noticed that it was late.
 
Gerund can translate adverbials of means or of manner also:
 
* ''Vuimaand, souftur ries.'' - By smoking one doesn't obtain anything.
* ''Le proes creitaand sim vleend.'' - She came screaming and crying.
 
The participle has had a strong linguistic evolution: the present and the future tense of this mood are now used as nouns and adjectives and they're no more recognised as verbs. The only tense that is still seen as verb is the past that can be used as adjective also.
The present of participle is formed by substituting the infinitive ending for ''-oer'' for masculine and ''-eur'' for feminine gender (when it indicates a noun, otherwise it is used the only ending -oer):
 
* ''Hij canteur es juiven.'' - The singing woman is young.
* ''Hij cantoer es prisc.'' - The singing man is old.
 
This tense has got not only masculine and feminine forms, but also singular and plural forms:
 
* ''Hijs canteurs sunt juiven.'' - The singing women are young.
* ''Hijs cantoers sunt prisc.'' - The singing men are old.
 
If we want to use the terms ''sierel'' and ''sier'', than we have to change the structure of the sentence:
 
* ''Hij sierel qui cant es juiven.'' - The singing woman (= the woman who sings) is young.
* ''Hijs siers qui cantan sunt prisc.'' - The singing men (= the men who sing) are old.
 
The future of participle is formed by with the past stem of the verb and the ending ''-uir''. Nowadays the so formed words are recognised as nouns or, more rarely, as adjectives:
 
* ''legtuir'' - reading;
* ''creituir'' - creature;
* ''natuir'' - nature;
* ''matuir'' - ripe, mature.
 
The past participle is formed with the past stem of the verb and the ending ''-aat'', ''-uit'', ''-ut'', ''-ijt''. As it is the only tense of the participle that can be used still as verb, often with the term "zoppijn" they refer to this tense of the participle. There are regular and irregular participles:
 
{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Ser'''
!'''Haar'''
!'''Clamaar'''
!'''Dievier'''
!'''Wijvre'''
!'''Oijr'''
!'''Vaar'''
!'''Ijr'''
!'''Daar'''
!'''Dijr'''
!'''Wijr'''
!'''Duir'''
!'''Vluir'''
!'''Proer'''
|-
|sit
|hijt
|clamaat
|dievuit
|weivut
|oijt
|vagt
|ijt
|daat
|digt
|wijst
|duigt
|vluigt
|proes
|}
 
The stress shifts on the last syllable.
 
=== Other important verbs ===
 
Among the analized verbs there is the verb ''dievier'', "must". It is an important modal verb that is often followed by another verb in infinitive, ex.: ''Toe dieft garijr'', "You must talk".
Other main modal verbs are: '''xier''', "can"; '''cvier''', "may, to be allowed to"; '''woor''', "to want (to)"; '''coeger''', "need". Some of them are quite irregular:
 
'''PRESENT'''
{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Person'''
!'''Xier'''
!'''Cvier'''
!'''Woor'''
!'''Coeger'''
|-
!'''eg'''
|xied
|cvie
|wou
|coeg
|-
!'''toe''' / '''is'''
|xiedt
|cviet
|wout
|coegt
|-
!'''noes''' / '''woes''' / '''ïe'''
|xien
|cvien
|woun
|coegun
|-
!'''imp.'''
|xiedtur
|cvietur
|woutur
|coegtur
|}
 
'''PRESENT PERFECT'''
{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Person'''
!'''Xier'''
!'''Cvier'''
!'''Woor'''
!'''Coeger'''
|-
!'''eg'''
|haf xuit
|haf cvuit
|haf wöut
|haf coegt
|-
!'''toe''' / '''is'''
|haft xuit
|haft cvuit
|haft wöut
|haft coegt
|-
!'''noes''' / '''woes''' / '''ïe'''
|haan xuit
|haan cvuit
|haan wöut
|haan coegt
|-
!'''imp.'''
|haftur xuit
|haftur cvuit
|haftur wöut
|haftur coegt
|}
 
'''PAST'''
{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Person'''
!'''Xier'''
!'''Cvier'''
!'''Woor'''
!'''Coeger'''
|-
!'''eg'''
|xief
|cvief
|woief
|quieg
|-
!'''toe''' / '''is'''
|xieft
|cvieft
|woieft
|quiegt
|-
!'''noes''' / '''woes''' / '''ïe'''
|xiern
|cviern
|woiern
|quiern
|-
!'''imp.'''
|xieftur
|cvieftur
|woieftur
|quiegtur
|}
 
'''FUTURE (synthetic)'''
{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Person'''
!'''Xier'''
!'''Cvier'''
!'''Woor'''
!'''Coeger'''
|-
!'''eg'''
|xieraf
|cvieraf
|woraf
|coegraf
|-
!'''toe''' / '''is'''
|xieraft
|cvieraft
|woraft
|coegraft
|-
!'''noes''' / '''woes''' / '''ïe'''
|xieraan
|cvieraan
|woraan
|coegraan
|-
!'''imp.'''
|xieraftur
|cvieraftur
|woraftur
|coegraftur
|}
 
'''PRESENT SUBJUNCTIVE'''
{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Person'''
!'''Xier'''
!'''Cvier'''
!'''Woor'''
!'''Coeger'''
|-
!'''eg''' / '''toe''' / '''is'''
|xiede
|cviëe
|wouje
|coege
|-
!'''noes''' / '''woes''' / '''ïe'''
|xiedin
|cviëin
|woujin
|coegin
|-
!'''imp.'''
|xiedur
|cviëur
|woujur
|coegur
|}
 
'''PAST SUBJUNCTIVE'''
{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Person'''
!'''Xier'''
!'''Cvier'''
!'''Woor'''
!'''Coeger'''
|-
!'''eg''' / '''toe''' / '''is'''
|xiestre
|cviestre
|woustre
|coestre
|-
!'''noes''' / '''woes''' / '''ïe'''
|xiestren
|cviestren
|woustren
|coestren
|-
!'''imp.'''
|xiestrur
|cviestrur
|woustrur
|coestrur
|}
 
'''CONDITIONAL (synthetic)'''
{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Person'''
!'''Xier'''
!'''Cvier'''
!'''Woor'''
!'''Coeger'''
|-
!'''eg'''
|xiereef
|cviereef
|woreef
|coegreef
|-
!'''toe''' / '''is'''
|xiereeft
|cviereeft
|woreeft
|coegreeft
|-
!'''noes''' / '''woes''' / '''ïe'''
|xiereen
|cviereen
|woreen
|coegreen
|-
!'''imp.'''
|xiereeftur
|cviereeftur
|woreeftur
|coegreeftur
|}
 
'''IMPERATIVE'''
{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Person'''
!'''Xier'''
!'''Cvier'''
!'''Woor'''
!'''Coeger'''
|-
!'''toe'''
|xied
|cvie
|wou
|coeg
|-
!'''woes'''
|xiet
|cviet
|woot
|coegit
|}
 
==Greetings==
 
The main ''soüuuts'' ("greetings") in Aarlaansk are:
 
* ''Duus matijn'' - Good morning (used in the first hours of the morning, till 10.00 am);
* ''Duus dij'' - Good morning (used till 01.00 pm);
* ''Duus merrijd'' - Good afternoon! (used till 07.00 pm);
* ''Duus tard'' - Good evening (used till 22.00 pm);
* ''Duus nogt'' - Good night (used after 22.00 pm and in the evening to say goodbye);
* ''Souw'' / ''Su'' - Hello / Hi;
* ''Wal'' - Bye;
* ''Wers riewijrne'' - Good bye;
* ''Coem te waadt?'' / ''Coem u waadt?'' - How art thou? / How are you?;
* ''Regt, merquies, sim te'' / ''u?'' - Fine, thanks, and thou / you?;
* ''Mou'' / ''eger'' - Bad.
 
The word ''merquies'', "thanks", has got a special pronunciation: it is to be read as [ma'ki:s], where the group ''er'' has become ''a'' (cf. some dialects in which ''merquies'' is written ''macquies'' or ''mucquies'' - we have also already explained the dialectal pronunciation of ''u'').
 
==Calendar==
 
In the Aarlaans it is used a ''clendaar'', a "calendar", that is virtually the same that we use: the ''an'', the "year", is splitted into 12 ''miens'', "months", that can last 31 or 30 dijs. Just one month, ''Vebraars'', "February", has got 28 days, but every 4 years it has got 29 days and the year is a ''long an'', a "leap year".
 
{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Months'''
!'''Miens'''
|-
!January
|Janaars
|-
!February
|Vebraars
|-
!March
|Marts
|-
!April
|Aprijls
|-
!May
|Maajs
|-
!June
|Juins
|-
!July
|Juils
|-
!August
|Ogosts
|-
!September
|Seftemmer
|-
!October
|Ogtoever
|-
!November
|Novemmer
|-
!December
|Diquemmer
|}
 
The ''an'' is divided also into 4 ''stasjoens'' (sg. ''stasjoen'', "season"):
 
{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Season'''
!'''Stasjoen'''
!'''From... to...'''
|-
!Winter
|Hïem
|22 dec. - 21 mar.
|-
!Spring
|Weer
|22 mar. - 21 giu.
|-
!Summer
|Astijf
|22 giu. - 22 sep.
|-
!Autumn
|Otuin
|23 sep. - 21 dec.
|}
 
The ''semaan'', the "week", has got 7 days:
 
{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Days of the week'''
!'''Dijs a hij semaan'''
|-
!Monday
|Luinis
|-
!Tuesday
|Maartis
|-
!Wednesday
|Mercris
|-
!Thursday
|Euwis
|-
!Friday
|Wenerris
|-
!Saturday
|Saturnis
|-
!Sunday
|Soelis
|}
 
==Featured Language==
 
Aarlaansc has been nominated to be featured. Though it hasn't yet been featured I have translated this banner:
 
{| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed" style="text-align:left; width:100%"
! Wessil a Horraat Artieleng
|-
| '''Noes daarn sesen honnoer wers ist leng.'''
Noes em haan eelgut cuir le haft uin bon vagtuir, uin nit havit sim muit uis.
|}
{| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed" style="text-align:left; width:100%"
! Honoured Conlang Banner
|-
| '''We gave honour to this tongue at a time.'''
We have voted it for because it has a good make, fair appearance and many uses.
|}
 
 
[[Category:Languages]] [[Category:Languages]] [[Category:Romance]][[Category:Indo-European languages]]
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