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Minhast/Dialectology (view source)

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Āš-min-Gāl, Ankussūr, Huruk, Nammadīn, Kered, and Kattek (NW Quadrant of NCR, approx 60%)
Āš-min-Gāl, Ankussūr, Huruk, Nammadīn, Kered, and Kattek (NW Quadrant of NCR, approx 60%)
| Fossilized affix ''-ūy'' realized as ''-uyyi'';
| Fossilized affix ''-ūy'' realized as ''-uyyi'';
Pervasive use of the Interrogative-Polarity discourse particle ''ni/nī'';


Realization of /rx/ as  [ɣ];
Realization of /rx/ as  [ɣ];
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V + /ħħ/ triggers lengthening of initial vowel and degemination of pharyngeal: VV + /ħ/;
V + /ħħ/ triggers lengthening of initial vowel and degemination of pharyngeal: VV + /ħ/;


Preserves /wi/, which has merged into /ʔu/ in most dialects;
Preservation /wi/, which has merged into /ʔu/ in most dialects;
 
Locational/deictic verbal affixes appear in the Terminatives zone;


Locative noun formed using Locative Applicative ''naħk-'' + verb root (+ Nominalizer ''-naft'');
Locative noun formed using Locative Applicative ''naħk-'' + verb root (+ Nominalizer ''-naft'');
Pervasive use of the Interrogative-Polarity discourse particle ''ni/nī'';


Fossilized suffix ''-at'', ''-āt'', ''-mat'' and ''-māt'' (cognates of Salmonic dialects'  ''-bāt'', ''-mbāt'', ''-umbāt'') are retained
Fossilized suffix ''-at'', ''-āt'', ''-mat'' and ''-māt'' (cognates of Salmonic dialects'  ''-bāt'', ''-mbāt'', ''-umbāt'') are retained
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Initial /ħ/ preserved when followed /a/
Initial /ħ/ preserved when followed /a/
Locational/deictic verbal affixes appear in the Terminatives zone;


Locative noun formed using verb root + IN ''-tappe'', e.g. ''gubbattappe'' "battlefield"
Locative noun formed using verb root + IN ''-tappe'', e.g. ''gubbattappe'' "battlefield"
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| North Central, and Southern Kilmay Rī Mountains, Ešked, Tayyagur, Raqwar, Tabuk Prefectures; Ehar Township  
| North Central, and Southern Kilmay Rī Mountains, Ešked, Tayyagur, Raqwar, Tabuk Prefectures; Ehar Township  
| Fossilized suffix ''-ūy'' preserved;
| Fossilized suffix ''-ūy'' preserved;
Initial /ħ/ preserved when followed /a/
Phonemes  /q, χ/ appear in words of Seal Speaker origin, particularly in the northwestern portion of the ''karak'', now spreading apparently as a sound shift in words of Common and Salmonic origin ,e.g. /qaraq/,  c.f. Common /karak/ "tribal territory"


Locative noun formed using verb root + IN ''-tappe''', e.g. ''gubbattappe'' "battlefield"
Locative noun formed using verb root + IN ''-tappe''', e.g. ''gubbattappe'' "battlefield"


Initial /ħ/ preserved when followed /a/
Locational/deictic verbal affixes appear in the Terminatives zone;


Preponderance of fossilized suffix ''-bāt'' and allomorphs ''-mbāt'', ''-umbāt''
Preponderance of fossilized suffix ''-bāt'' and allomorphs ''-mbāt'', ''-umbāt''
Phonemes  /q, χ/ appear in words of Seal Speaker origin, particularly in the northwestern portion of the ''karak'', now spreading apparently as a sound shift in words of Common and Salmonic origin ,e.g. /qaraq/,  c.f. Common /karak/ "tribal territory"


|-  
|-  
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Bussum Demilitarized District
Bussum Demilitarized District
| Fossilized suffix ''-ūy'' realized as ''-uyye''
| Fossilized suffix ''-ūy'' realized as ''-uyye''
Locational/deictic verbal affixes appear in the Terminatives zone;
|-  
|-  
! Nurrappam Kirmast "Bear Speaker"
! Nurrappam Kirmast "Bear Speaker"
| Tannumay, Puyya Prefectures
| Tannumay, Puyya Prefectures
| Fossilized suffix ''-ūy'' realized as ''-uyya''
| Fossilized suffix ''-ūy'' realized as ''-uyya''
Locational/deictic verbal affixes appear in the Terminatives zone;
|-  
|-  
! Yattaxmin Kirmast "Fox Speaker"
! Yattaxmin Kirmast "Fox Speaker"
| Kardam, Eħħar, Yussuk  Prefectures
| Kardam, Eħħar, Yussuk  Prefectures
| Fossilized suffix ''-ūy'' realized as ''-uyye''
| Fossilized suffix ''-ūy'' realized as ''-uyye''
Locational/deictic verbal affixes appear in the Terminatives zone;
|-  
|-  
! Naggikim Kirmast "Elk Speaker"
! Naggikim Kirmast "Elk Speaker"
| Meti, Attuar, Essak Prefectures
| Meti, Attuar, Essak Prefectures
| Fossilized suffix ''-ūy'' realized as ''-ūwe''
| Fossilized suffix ''-ūy'' realized as ''-ūwe''
Locational/deictic verbal affixes appear in the Terminatives zone;
|-  
|-  
! Hurkadim Kirmast  "Seal Speaker"
! Hurkadim Kirmast  "Seal Speaker"
| Pinda, Rukpu  Prefectures
| Pinda, Rukpu  Prefectures
| Fossilized suffix ''-ūy'' realized as ''-ūwi'' <br/><br/>Occurence of phonemes /q/ and /χ/  
| Fossilized suffix ''-ūy'' realized as ''-ūwi'' <br/><br/>Occurence of phonemes /q/ and /χ/
Locational/deictic verbal affixes appear in the Terminatives zone;
|-  
|-  
! rowspan="4" | Lower Minhast
! rowspan="4" | Lower Minhast
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Palatization Test is inconclusive due to dialectal mixing with their Dog, Osprey, and Egret Speaker neighbors: some Gull Speaker words fail the test, while others pass;
Palatization Test is inconclusive due to dialectal mixing with their Dog, Osprey, and Egret Speaker neighbors: some Gull Speaker words fail the test, while others pass;


Past Tense ''-ar-'' and Imperfect Aspect ''-ab-'' affixes merge to the Past Imperfect Tense-Aspect marker ''-rb-''/''-rēb-'';
''Asr̥-Z''-type sandhi: word-final  /sr̥/  mutates to /z/, sometimes accompanied by lengthening of previous vowel, e.g. ''kiyuntāz'' "seaweed", c.f. Salmon Speaker ''kiyuntasr''


Habitative Affix ''-usun-'';
Wholesale replacement of /f/ with /x/, e.g. ''puħtanaxt'' vs Common ''puħtanaft'' "the one standing"


''Asr̥-Z''-type sandhi: word-final  /sr̥/  mutates to /z/, sometimes accompanied by lengthening of previous vowel, e.g. ''kiyuntāz'' "seaweed", c.f. Salmon Speaker ''kiyuntasr''
Realization of /rg/ as [ɣ], e.g. ''Anyāğ'' (from Stone Speaker ''Āhan Yārg'', the premier city-state in Stone Speaker Country)


Realization of /rg/ as  [ɣ], e.g. ''Anyāğ'' (from Stone Speaker ''Āhan Yārg'', the premier city-state in Stone Speaker Country)
Habitative Affix ''-usun-'';


Wholesale replacement of /f/ with /x/, e.g. ''puħtanaxt'' vs Common ''puħtanaft'' "the one standing"
Locational/deictic verbal affixes appear in the Terminatives zone;


Locative noun derived by adding Nominalizer ''-rū'' to verb stems, which often geminates while triggering assimilation of any preceding consonant, e.g. ''gubbarrū'' "battlefield", c.f. Salmonic ''gubbattappe''; this suffix is found in no other dialect, possibly a borrowing from a substrate language;
Locative noun derived by adding Nominalizer ''-rū'' to verb stems, which often geminates while triggering assimilation of any preceding consonant, e.g. ''gubbarrū'' "battlefield", c.f. Salmonic ''gubbattappe''; this suffix is found in no other dialect, possibly a borrowing from a substrate language;
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Marker ''-tunt-'' replaces ''-nta-'' for Intensive;
Marker ''-tunt-'' replaces ''-nta-'' for Intensive;
Locational/deictic verbal affixes appear in the Preverbal zone;


Lexicon contains large number of Salmon Speaker words
Lexicon contains large number of Salmon Speaker words
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| Nentie, Isku Prefectures  
| Nentie, Isku Prefectures  
| Fossilized suffix ''-ūy'' realized as ''-ie'';
| Fossilized suffix ''-ūy'' realized as ''-ie'';
Marker ''-tint-'' replaces ''-nta-'' for Intensive;


Past Tense ''-ar-'' and Imperfect Aspect ''-ab-'' affixes merge to the Past Imperfect Tense-Aspect marker ''-arb-''/''-rb-'';
Past Tense ''-ar-'' and Imperfect Aspect ''-ab-'' affixes merge to the Past Imperfect Tense-Aspect marker ''-arb-''/''-rb-'';


Marker ''-tint-'' replaces ''-nta-'' for Intensive
Locational/deictic verbal affixes appear in the Preverb zone;


|-  
|-  
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| Sakkeb, Neskud,Yaxparim, Izgilbāš, Zurzugul, Higbilan, Narpaz Prefectures
| Sakkeb, Neskud,Yaxparim, Izgilbāš, Zurzugul, Higbilan, Narpaz Prefectures
| Fossilized suffix ''-ūy'' realized as ''-ī''
| Fossilized suffix ''-ūy'' realized as ''-ī''
Ergative marker ''=de'' is often dropped if the polypersonal agreement markers can disambiguate Agent from Patient;
Much freer word order - the verb often deviates from the verb-final position whereas the other dialects allow the verb to migrate to non-final position within a clause
only under very strict constraints;
Habitative Affix ''-sun-'';


Development of allophone [o] from /u/ in CVCC syllables or in word-final position, e.g. ['uʃno],, ['oʃno], c.f. Common /'uʃnu/ "to hit, strike"
Development of allophone [o] from /u/ in CVCC syllables or in word-final position, e.g. ['uʃno],, ['oʃno], c.f. Common /'uʃnu/ "to hit, strike"
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Word-initial /s/ becomes either /h/ or /Ø/, e.g. /'aʃ:ija/ "to sit", c.f. Common /'saʃ:ijan/
Word-initial /s/ becomes either /h/ or /Ø/, e.g. /'aʃ:ija/ "to sit", c.f. Common /'saʃ:ijan/
Ergative marker ''=de'' is often dropped if the polypersonal agreement markers can disambiguate Agent from Patient;
Much freer word order - the verb often deviates from the verb-final position whereas the other dialects allow the verb to migrate to non-final position within a clause
only under very strict constraints;
Habitative Affix ''-sun-'';
Locational/deictic verbal affixes appear in the Preverb zone


Large inventory of non-Minhast loanwords from Peshpeg, Golahat, and the newly discovered Corradi language (in combination, approximately 20% of the lexicon); the average number of loanwords in the other Lower Minhast dialects range from 3% to 5%
Large inventory of non-Minhast loanwords from Peshpeg, Golahat, and the newly discovered Corradi language (in combination, approximately 20% of the lexicon); the average number of loanwords in the other Lower Minhast dialects range from 3% to 5%
Anyar
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