Minhast/Dialectology: Difference between revisions

| Fossilized affix ''-ūy'' realized as ''-uyyi'';

Realization of /rx/ as  [ɣ];

Syllables containing /a/ trigger progressive vowel harmonization of /I, i, ɛ, e/ to /a/;

V + /ħħ/ triggers lengthening of initial vowel and degemination of pharyngeal: VV + /ħ/;

Preservation /wi/, which has merged into /ʔu/ in most dialects;

Locational/deictic verbal affixes appear in the Terminatives zone;

Locative noun formed using Locative Applicative ''naħk-'' + verb root (+ Nominalizer ''-naft'');

Pervasive use of the Interrogative-Polarity discourse particle ''ni/nī'';

Fossilized suffix ''-at'', ''-āt'', ''-mat'' and ''-māt'' (cognates of Salmonic dialects'  ''-bāt'', ''-mbāt'', ''-umbāt'') are retained

| Fossilized suffix ''-ūy'' preserved;

Initial /ħ/ preserved when followed /a/

Locational/deictic verbal affixes appear in the Terminatives zone;

Locative noun formed using verb root + IN ''-tappe'', e.g. ''gubbattappe'' "battlefield"

Preponderance of fossilized suffix ''-bāt'' and allomorphs ''-mbāt'', ''-umbāt''

| Fossilized suffix ''-ūy'' preserved;

Initial /ħ/ preserved when followed /a/

Phonemes  /q, χ/ appear in words of Seal Speaker origin, particularly in the northwestern portion of the ''karak'', now spreading apparently as a sound shift in words of Common and Salmonic origin ,e.g. /qaraq/,  c.f. Common /karak/ "tribal territory"

Locative noun formed using verb root + IN ''-tappe''', e.g. ''gubbattappe'' "battlefield"

Locational/deictic verbal affixes appear in the Terminatives zone;

Preponderance of fossilized suffix ''-bāt'' and allomorphs ''-mbāt'', ''-umbāt''

| Fossilized suffix ''-ūy'' realized as ''-uyye''

Locational/deictic verbal affixes appear in the Terminatives zone;

| Fossilized suffix ''-ūy'' realized as ''-uyya''

Locational/deictic verbal affixes appear in the Terminatives zone;

| Fossilized suffix ''-ūy'' realized as ''-uyye''

Locational/deictic verbal affixes appear in the Terminatives zone;

| Fossilized suffix ''-ūy'' realized as ''-ūwe''

Locational/deictic verbal affixes appear in the Terminatives zone;

| Fossilized suffix ''-ūy'' realized as ''-ūwi'' <br/><br/>Occurence of phonemes /q/ and /χ/

Locational/deictic verbal affixes appear in the Terminatives zone;  

| Fossilized suffix ''-ūy'' realized as ''-we'', ''-ue'', ''-ia'';  

Palatization Test is inconclusive due to dialectal mixing with their Dog, Osprey, and Egret Speaker neighbors: some Gull Speaker words fail the test, while others pass;

''Asr̥-Z''-type sandhi: word-final  /sr̥/  mutates to /z/, sometimes accompanied by lengthening of previous vowel, e.g. ''kiyuntāz'' "seaweed", c.f. Salmon Speaker ''kiyuntasr''

Wholesale replacement of /f/ with /x/, e.g. ''puħtanaxt'' vs Common ''puħtanaft'' "the one standing"

Realization of /rg/ as  [ɣ], e.g. ''Anyāğ'' (from Stone Speaker ''Āhan Yārg'', the premier city-state in Stone Speaker Country)

Habitative Affix ''-usun-'';

Locational/deictic verbal affixes appear in the Terminatives zone;

Locative noun derived by adding Nominalizer ''-rū'' to verb stems, which often geminates while triggering assimilation of any preceding consonant, e.g. ''gubbarrū'' "battlefield", c.f. Salmonic ''gubbattappe''; this suffix is found in no other dialect, possibly a borrowing from a substrate language;

Presence of fossilized suffixes ''-met'' and ''-mut'', cognate with Horse Speaker ''-at'', ''-āt'', ''-māt'', and Salmonic dialects'  ''-bāt'', ''-mbāt'', ''-umbāt''

Contains several Korean loanwords or calques due to extensive trade contacts with the Kingdom of Koguryeo, e.g. ''humbuk'' < Kr. 한복 ''hanbok''  (Korean-style clothing), ''binyū'' < Kr. 비녀 ''binyeo'' "hairpin"

| Fossilized suffix ''-ūy'' realized as ''-ia''

Past Tense ''-ar-'' and Imperfect Aspect ''-ab-'' affixes merge to the Past Imperfect Tense-Aspect marker ''-arb-''/''-rb-'';

Marker ''-tunt-'' replaces ''-nta-'' for Intensive;

Locational/deictic verbal affixes appear in the Preverbal zone;

Lexicon contains large number of Salmon Speaker words

| Fossilized suffix ''-ūy'' realized as ''-ie'';

Marker ''-tint-'' replaces ''-nta-'' for Intensive;

Past Tense ''-ar-'' and Imperfect Aspect ''-ab-'' affixes merge to the Past Imperfect Tense-Aspect marker ''-arb-''/''-rb-'';

Locational/deictic verbal affixes appear in the Preverb zone;

| Fossilized suffix ''-ūy'' realized as ''-ī''

Development of allophone [o] from /u/ in CVCC syllables or in word-final position, e.g. ['uʃno],, ['oʃno], c.f. Common /'uʃnu/ "to hit, strike"

Merger of /aw:a/ to /o/ , e.g. /'kowat/ "iron", c.f. Common /kaw:at/ "steel"

Frequent dropping of ''-n'' suffix of intransitive affix ''-an'', e.g. /'aʃ:ija/ "to sit" (c.f. Common /'saʃ:ijan/)

Word-initial /s/ becomes either /h/ or /Ø/, e.g. /'aʃ:ija/ "to sit", c.f. Common /'saʃ:ijan/

Ergative marker ''=de'' is often dropped if the polypersonal agreement markers can disambiguate Agent from Patient;  

Much freer word order - the verb often deviates from the verb-final position whereas the other dialects allow the verb to migrate to non-final position within a clause  

only under very strict constraints;

Habitative Affix ''-sun-'';

Locational/deictic verbal affixes appear in the Preverb zone

Large inventory of non-Minhast loanwords from Peshpeg, Golahat, and the newly discovered Corradi language (in combination, approximately 20% of the lexicon); the average number of loanwords in the other Lower Minhast dialects range from 3% to 5%