5,486
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Āš-min-Gāl, Ankussūr, Huruk, Nammadīn, Kered, and Kattek (NW Quadrant of NCR, approx 60%) | Āš-min-Gāl, Ankussūr, Huruk, Nammadīn, Kered, and Kattek (NW Quadrant of NCR, approx 60%) | ||
| Fossilized affix ''-ūy'' realized as ''-uyyi''; | | Fossilized affix ''-ūy'' realized as ''-uyyi''; | ||
Realization of /rx/ as [ɣ]; | Realization of /rx/ as [ɣ]; | ||
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V + /ħħ/ triggers lengthening of initial vowel and degemination of pharyngeal: VV + /ħ/; | V + /ħħ/ triggers lengthening of initial vowel and degemination of pharyngeal: VV + /ħ/; | ||
Preservation /wi/, which has merged into /ʔu/ in most dialects; | |||
Locational/deictic verbal affixes appear in the Terminatives zone; | |||
Locative noun formed using Locative Applicative ''naħk-'' + verb root (+ Nominalizer ''-naft''); | Locative noun formed using Locative Applicative ''naħk-'' + verb root (+ Nominalizer ''-naft''); | ||
Pervasive use of the Interrogative-Polarity discourse particle ''ni/nī''; | |||
Fossilized suffix ''-at'', ''-āt'', ''-mat'' and ''-māt'' (cognates of Salmonic dialects' ''-bāt'', ''-mbāt'', ''-umbāt'') are retained | Fossilized suffix ''-at'', ''-āt'', ''-mat'' and ''-māt'' (cognates of Salmonic dialects' ''-bāt'', ''-mbāt'', ''-umbāt'') are retained | ||
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Initial /ħ/ preserved when followed /a/ | Initial /ħ/ preserved when followed /a/ | ||
Locational/deictic verbal affixes appear in the Terminatives zone; | |||
Locative noun formed using verb root + IN ''-tappe'', e.g. ''gubbattappe'' "battlefield" | Locative noun formed using verb root + IN ''-tappe'', e.g. ''gubbattappe'' "battlefield" | ||
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| North Central, and Southern Kilmay Rī Mountains, Ešked, Tayyagur, Raqwar, Tabuk Prefectures; Ehar Township | | North Central, and Southern Kilmay Rī Mountains, Ešked, Tayyagur, Raqwar, Tabuk Prefectures; Ehar Township | ||
| Fossilized suffix ''-ūy'' preserved; | | Fossilized suffix ''-ūy'' preserved; | ||
Initial /ħ/ preserved when followed /a/ | |||
Phonemes /q, χ/ appear in words of Seal Speaker origin, particularly in the northwestern portion of the ''karak'', now spreading apparently as a sound shift in words of Common and Salmonic origin ,e.g. /qaraq/, c.f. Common /karak/ "tribal territory" | |||
Locative noun formed using verb root + IN ''-tappe''', e.g. ''gubbattappe'' "battlefield" | Locative noun formed using verb root + IN ''-tappe''', e.g. ''gubbattappe'' "battlefield" | ||
Locational/deictic verbal affixes appear in the Terminatives zone; | |||
Preponderance of fossilized suffix ''-bāt'' and allomorphs ''-mbāt'', ''-umbāt'' | Preponderance of fossilized suffix ''-bāt'' and allomorphs ''-mbāt'', ''-umbāt'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
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Bussum Demilitarized District | Bussum Demilitarized District | ||
| Fossilized suffix ''-ūy'' realized as ''-uyye'' | | Fossilized suffix ''-ūy'' realized as ''-uyye'' | ||
Locational/deictic verbal affixes appear in the Terminatives zone; | |||
|- | |- | ||
! Nurrappam Kirmast "Bear Speaker" | ! Nurrappam Kirmast "Bear Speaker" | ||
| Tannumay, Puyya Prefectures | | Tannumay, Puyya Prefectures | ||
| Fossilized suffix ''-ūy'' realized as ''-uyya'' | | Fossilized suffix ''-ūy'' realized as ''-uyya'' | ||
Locational/deictic verbal affixes appear in the Terminatives zone; | |||
|- | |- | ||
! Yattaxmin Kirmast "Fox Speaker" | ! Yattaxmin Kirmast "Fox Speaker" | ||
| Kardam, Eħħar, Yussuk Prefectures | | Kardam, Eħħar, Yussuk Prefectures | ||
| Fossilized suffix ''-ūy'' realized as ''-uyye'' | | Fossilized suffix ''-ūy'' realized as ''-uyye'' | ||
Locational/deictic verbal affixes appear in the Terminatives zone; | |||
|- | |- | ||
! Naggikim Kirmast "Elk Speaker" | ! Naggikim Kirmast "Elk Speaker" | ||
| Meti, Attuar, Essak Prefectures | | Meti, Attuar, Essak Prefectures | ||
| Fossilized suffix ''-ūy'' realized as ''-ūwe'' | | Fossilized suffix ''-ūy'' realized as ''-ūwe'' | ||
Locational/deictic verbal affixes appear in the Terminatives zone; | |||
|- | |- | ||
! Hurkadim Kirmast "Seal Speaker" | ! Hurkadim Kirmast "Seal Speaker" | ||
| Pinda, Rukpu Prefectures | | Pinda, Rukpu Prefectures | ||
| Fossilized suffix ''-ūy'' realized as ''-ūwi'' <br/><br/>Occurence of phonemes /q/ and /χ/ | | Fossilized suffix ''-ūy'' realized as ''-ūwi'' <br/><br/>Occurence of phonemes /q/ and /χ/ | ||
Locational/deictic verbal affixes appear in the Terminatives zone; | |||
|- | |- | ||
! rowspan="4" | Lower Minhast | ! rowspan="4" | Lower Minhast | ||
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Palatization Test is inconclusive due to dialectal mixing with their Dog, Osprey, and Egret Speaker neighbors: some Gull Speaker words fail the test, while others pass; | Palatization Test is inconclusive due to dialectal mixing with their Dog, Osprey, and Egret Speaker neighbors: some Gull Speaker words fail the test, while others pass; | ||
''Asr̥-Z''-type sandhi: word-final /sr̥/ mutates to /z/, sometimes accompanied by lengthening of previous vowel, e.g. ''kiyuntāz'' "seaweed", c.f. Salmon Speaker ''kiyuntasr'' | |||
Wholesale replacement of /f/ with /x/, e.g. ''puħtanaxt'' vs Common ''puħtanaft'' "the one standing" | |||
Realization of /rg/ as [ɣ], e.g. ''Anyāğ'' (from Stone Speaker ''Āhan Yārg'', the premier city-state in Stone Speaker Country) | |||
Habitative Affix ''-usun-''; | |||
Locational/deictic verbal affixes appear in the Terminatives zone; | |||
Locative noun derived by adding Nominalizer ''-rū'' to verb stems, which often geminates while triggering assimilation of any preceding consonant, e.g. ''gubbarrū'' "battlefield", c.f. Salmonic ''gubbattappe''; this suffix is found in no other dialect, possibly a borrowing from a substrate language; | Locative noun derived by adding Nominalizer ''-rū'' to verb stems, which often geminates while triggering assimilation of any preceding consonant, e.g. ''gubbarrū'' "battlefield", c.f. Salmonic ''gubbattappe''; this suffix is found in no other dialect, possibly a borrowing from a substrate language; | ||
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Marker ''-tunt-'' replaces ''-nta-'' for Intensive; | Marker ''-tunt-'' replaces ''-nta-'' for Intensive; | ||
Locational/deictic verbal affixes appear in the Preverbal zone; | |||
Lexicon contains large number of Salmon Speaker words | Lexicon contains large number of Salmon Speaker words | ||
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| Nentie, Isku Prefectures | | Nentie, Isku Prefectures | ||
| Fossilized suffix ''-ūy'' realized as ''-ie''; | | Fossilized suffix ''-ūy'' realized as ''-ie''; | ||
Marker ''-tint-'' replaces ''-nta-'' for Intensive; | |||
Past Tense ''-ar-'' and Imperfect Aspect ''-ab-'' affixes merge to the Past Imperfect Tense-Aspect marker ''-arb-''/''-rb-''; | Past Tense ''-ar-'' and Imperfect Aspect ''-ab-'' affixes merge to the Past Imperfect Tense-Aspect marker ''-arb-''/''-rb-''; | ||
Locational/deictic verbal affixes appear in the Preverb zone; | |||
|- | |- | ||
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| Sakkeb, Neskud,Yaxparim, Izgilbāš, Zurzugul, Higbilan, Narpaz Prefectures | | Sakkeb, Neskud,Yaxparim, Izgilbāš, Zurzugul, Higbilan, Narpaz Prefectures | ||
| Fossilized suffix ''-ūy'' realized as ''-ī'' | | Fossilized suffix ''-ūy'' realized as ''-ī'' | ||
Development of allophone [o] from /u/ in CVCC syllables or in word-final position, e.g. ['uʃno],, ['oʃno], c.f. Common /'uʃnu/ "to hit, strike" | Development of allophone [o] from /u/ in CVCC syllables or in word-final position, e.g. ['uʃno],, ['oʃno], c.f. Common /'uʃnu/ "to hit, strike" | ||
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Word-initial /s/ becomes either /h/ or /Ø/, e.g. /'aʃ:ija/ "to sit", c.f. Common /'saʃ:ijan/ | Word-initial /s/ becomes either /h/ or /Ø/, e.g. /'aʃ:ija/ "to sit", c.f. Common /'saʃ:ijan/ | ||
Ergative marker ''=de'' is often dropped if the polypersonal agreement markers can disambiguate Agent from Patient; | |||
Much freer word order - the verb often deviates from the verb-final position whereas the other dialects allow the verb to migrate to non-final position within a clause | |||
only under very strict constraints; | |||
Habitative Affix ''-sun-''; | |||
Locational/deictic verbal affixes appear in the Preverb zone | |||
Large inventory of non-Minhast loanwords from Peshpeg, Golahat, and the newly discovered Corradi language (in combination, approximately 20% of the lexicon); the average number of loanwords in the other Lower Minhast dialects range from 3% to 5% | Large inventory of non-Minhast loanwords from Peshpeg, Golahat, and the newly discovered Corradi language (in combination, approximately 20% of the lexicon); the average number of loanwords in the other Lower Minhast dialects range from 3% to 5% |
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