5,486
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| Umbarak, Hayreb, Nanampuyyi, Wattare, Saxtam, Gannasia, Rummak , Iyyay, Hattūmi, Nu'ay, and Xirrim Prefectures; <br/> | | Umbarak, Hayreb, Nanampuyyi, Wattare, Saxtam, Gannasia, Rummak , Iyyay, Hattūmi, Nu'ay, and Xirrim Prefectures; <br/> | ||
Āš-min-Gāl, Ankussūr, Huruk, Nammadīn, Kered, and Kattek (NW Quadrant of NCR, approx 60%) | Āš-min-Gāl, Ankussūr, Huruk, Nammadīn, Kered, and Kattek (NW Quadrant of NCR, approx 60%) | ||
| Fossilized affix ''-ūy'' realized as ''-uyyi''; | | | ||
*Fossilized affix ''-ūy'' realized as ''-uyyi''; | |||
Realization of /rx/ as [ɣ]; | *Realization of /rx/ as [ɣ]; | ||
Syllables containing /a/ trigger progressive vowel harmonization of /I, i, ɛ, e/ to /a/; | *Syllables containing /a/ trigger progressive vowel harmonization of /I, i, ɛ, e/ to /a/; | ||
V + /ħħ/ triggers lengthening of initial vowel and degemination of pharyngeal: VV + /ħ/; | *V + /ħħ/ triggers lengthening of initial vowel and degemination of pharyngeal: VV + /ħ/; | ||
Preservation /wi/, which has merged into /ʔu/ in most dialects; | *Preservation /wi/, which has merged into /ʔu/ in most dialects; | ||
Locational/deictic verbal affixes appear in the Terminatives zone; | *Locational/deictic verbal affixes appear in the Terminatives zone; | ||
Locative noun formed using Locative Applicative ''naħk-'' + verb root (+ Nominalizer ''-naft''); | *Locative noun formed using Locative Applicative ''naħk-'' + verb root (+ Nominalizer ''-naft''); | ||
Pervasive use of the Interrogative-Polarity discourse particle ''ni/nī''; | *Pervasive use of the Interrogative-Polarity discourse particle ''ni/nī''; | ||
Fossilized suffix ''-at'', ''-āt'', ''-mat'' and ''-māt'' (cognates of Salmonic dialects' ''-bāt'', ''-mbāt'', ''-umbāt'') are retained | *Fossilized suffix ''-at'', ''-āt'', ''-mat'' and ''-māt'' (cognates of Salmonic dialects' ''-bāt'', ''-mbāt'', ''-umbāt'') are retained | ||
|- | |- | ||
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| Hittaħm, Iskamharat, Tuhattam, Perim-Sin, Attum Attar, Yikkam min Akk, Ruyāya Prefectures; <br/> | | Hittaħm, Iskamharat, Tuhattam, Perim-Sin, Attum Attar, Yikkam min Akk, Ruyāya Prefectures; <br/> | ||
Iyyūmi (Salmon Speaker suburb in NCR, approx 80%) | Iyyūmi (Salmon Speaker suburb in NCR, approx 80%) | ||
| Fossilized suffix ''-ūy'' preserved; | | | ||
*Fossilized suffix ''-ūy'' preserved; | |||
Initial /ħ/ preserved when followed /a/ | *Initial /ħ/ preserved when followed /a/ | ||
Locational/deictic verbal affixes appear in the Terminatives zone; | *Locational/deictic verbal affixes appear in the Terminatives zone; | ||
Locative noun formed using verb root + IN ''-tappe'', e.g. ''gubbattappe'' "battlefield" | *Locative noun formed using verb root + IN ''-tappe'', e.g. ''gubbattappe'' "battlefield" | ||
Preponderance of fossilized suffix ''-bāt'' and allomorphs ''-mbāt'', ''-umbāt'' | *Preponderance of fossilized suffix ''-bāt'' and allomorphs ''-mbāt'', ''-umbāt'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Hašlua min Kirmast "Wolf Speaker" | ! Hašlua min Kirmast "Wolf Speaker" | ||
| North Central, and Southern Kilmay Rī Mountains, Ešked, Tayyagur, Raqwar, Tabuk Prefectures; Ehar Township | | North Central, and Southern Kilmay Rī Mountains, Ešked, Tayyagur, Raqwar, Tabuk Prefectures; Ehar Township | ||
| Fossilized suffix ''-ūy'' preserved; | | | ||
*Fossilized suffix ''-ūy'' preserved; | |||
Initial /ħ/ preserved when followed /a/ | *Initial /ħ/ preserved when followed /a/ | ||
Phonemes /q, χ/ appear in words of Seal Speaker origin, particularly in the northwestern portion of the ''karak'', now spreading apparently as a sound shift in words of Common and Salmonic origin ,e.g. /qaraq/, c.f. Common /karak/ "tribal territory" | *Phonemes /q, χ/ appear in words of Seal Speaker origin, particularly in the northwestern portion of the ''karak'', now spreading apparently as a sound shift in words of Common and Salmonic origin ,e.g. /qaraq/, c.f. Common /karak/ "tribal territory" | ||
Locative noun formed using verb root + IN ''-tappe''', e.g. ''gubbattappe'' "battlefield" | *Locative noun formed using verb root + IN ''-tappe''', e.g. ''gubbattappe'' "battlefield" | ||
Locational/deictic verbal affixes appear in the Terminatives zone; | *Locational/deictic verbal affixes appear in the Terminatives zone; | ||
Preponderance of fossilized suffix ''-bāt'' and allomorphs ''-mbāt'', ''-umbāt'' | *Preponderance of fossilized suffix ''-bāt'' and allomorphs ''-mbāt'', ''-umbāt'' | ||
|- | |- | ||
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| Hisašarum, Way, Išpa, Warat, Tabbakun, Hara, Nassaškub, Neweyya, Uħpar, Nikwat, Salabūr, Tawāheb Prefectures;<br/> | | Hisašarum, Way, Išpa, Warat, Tabbakun, Hara, Nassaškub, Neweyya, Uħpar, Nikwat, Salabūr, Tawāheb Prefectures;<br/> | ||
Bussum Demilitarized District | Bussum Demilitarized District | ||
| Fossilized suffix ''-ūy'' realized as ''-uyye'' | | | ||
Locational/deictic verbal affixes appear in the Terminatives zone; | *Fossilized suffix ''-ūy'' realized as ''-uyye'' | ||
*Locational/deictic verbal affixes appear in the Terminatives zone; | |||
|- | |- | ||
! Nurrappam Kirmast "Bear Speaker" | ! Nurrappam Kirmast "Bear Speaker" | ||
| Tannumay, Puyya Prefectures | | Tannumay, Puyya Prefectures | ||
| Fossilized suffix ''-ūy'' realized as ''-uyya'' | | | ||
Locational/deictic verbal affixes appear in the Terminatives zone; | *Fossilized suffix ''-ūy'' realized as ''-uyya'' | ||
*Locational/deictic verbal affixes appear in the Terminatives zone; | |||
|- | |- | ||
! Yattaxmin Kirmast "Fox Speaker" | ! Yattaxmin Kirmast "Fox Speaker" | ||
| Kardam, Eħħar, Yussuk Prefectures | | Kardam, Eħħar, Yussuk Prefectures | ||
| Fossilized suffix ''-ūy'' realized as ''-uyye'' | | | ||
Locational/deictic verbal affixes appear in the Terminatives zone; | *Fossilized suffix ''-ūy'' realized as ''-uyye'' | ||
*Locational/deictic verbal affixes appear in the Terminatives zone; | |||
|- | |- | ||
! Naggikim Kirmast "Elk Speaker" | ! Naggikim Kirmast "Elk Speaker" | ||
| Meti, Attuar, Essak Prefectures | | Meti, Attuar, Essak Prefectures | ||
| Fossilized suffix ''-ūy'' realized as ''-ūwe'' | | | ||
Locational/deictic verbal affixes appear in the Terminatives zone; | *Fossilized suffix ''-ūy'' realized as ''-ūwe'' | ||
*Locational/deictic verbal affixes appear in the Terminatives zone; | |||
|- | |- | ||
! Hurkadim Kirmast "Seal Speaker" | ! Hurkadim Kirmast "Seal Speaker" | ||
| Pinda, Rukpu Prefectures | | Pinda, Rukpu Prefectures | ||
| Fossilized suffix ''-ūy'' realized as ''-ūwi'' | | | ||
Locational/deictic verbal affixes appear in the Terminatives zone; | *Fossilized suffix ''-ūy'' realized as ''-ūwi'' | ||
*Occurence of phonemes /q, χ/ | |||
*Locational/deictic verbal affixes appear in the Terminatives zone; | |||
|- | |- | ||
! rowspan="4" | Lower Minhast | ! rowspan="4" | Lower Minhast | ||
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| Kissamut, Tur'akkam, Senzil, Rēgum Prefectures; <br/> | | Kissamut, Tur'akkam, Senzil, Rēgum Prefectures; <br/> | ||
Bayburim, Talwasr/Talwāz, Uğabal (MSM: ''Urgabal''), Tantanay, Nuwway, Kitamta, Antuwe, Sašlar (South Coast Colonies) | Bayburim, Talwasr/Talwāz, Uğabal (MSM: ''Urgabal''), Tantanay, Nuwway, Kitamta, Antuwe, Sašlar (South Coast Colonies) | ||
| Fossilized suffix ''-ūy'' realized as ''-we'', ''-ue'', ''-ia''; | | | ||
*Fossilized suffix ''-ūy'' realized as ''-we'', ''-ue'', ''-ia''; | |||
Palatization Test is inconclusive due to dialectal mixing with their Dog, Osprey, and Egret Speaker neighbors: some Gull Speaker words fail the test, while others pass; | *Palatization Test is inconclusive due to dialectal mixing with their Dog, Osprey, and Egret Speaker neighbors: some Gull Speaker words fail the test, while others pass; | ||
''Asr̥-Z''-type sandhi: word-final /sr̥/ mutates to /z/, sometimes accompanied by lengthening of previous vowel, e.g. ''kiyuntāz'' "seaweed", c.f. Salmon Speaker ''kiyuntasr'' | *''Asr̥-Z''-type sandhi: word-final /sr̥/ mutates to /z/, sometimes accompanied by lengthening of previous vowel, e.g. ''kiyuntāz'' "seaweed", c.f. Salmon Speaker ''kiyuntasr'' | ||
Wholesale replacement of /f/ with /x/, e.g. ''puħtanaxt'' vs Common ''puħtanaft'' "the one standing" | *Wholesale replacement of /f/ with /x/, e.g. ''puħtanaxt'' vs Common ''puħtanaft'' "the one standing" | ||
Realization of /rg/ as [ɣ], e.g. ''Anyāğ'' (from Stone Speaker ''Āhan Yārg'', the premier city-state in Stone Speaker Country) | *Realization of /rg/ as [ɣ], e.g. ''Anyāğ'' (from Stone Speaker ''Āhan Yārg'', the premier city-state in Stone Speaker Country) | ||
Habitative Affix ''-usun-''; | *Habitative Affix ''-usun-''; | ||
Locational/deictic verbal affixes appear in the Terminatives zone | *Locational/deictic verbal affixes appear in the Terminatives zone, differing wildly from other dialects (e.g. Upper Minhast group) which also have post-verb root deictic affixes: | ||
<blockquote> | |||
* Proximal: ''-nussar-'' | |||
* Medio-proximal: ''-yayar-'' | |||
* Distal: ''-ppayar-'' | |||
* Invisible: ''-ruššar-'' | |||
</blockquote> | |||
Locative noun derived by adding Nominalizer ''-rū'' to verb stems, which often geminates while triggering assimilation of any preceding consonant, e.g. ''gubbarrū'' "battlefield", c.f. Salmonic ''gubbattappe''; this suffix is found in no other dialect, possibly a borrowing from a substrate language; | *Locative noun derived by adding Nominalizer ''-rū'' to verb stems, which often geminates while triggering assimilation of any preceding consonant, e.g. ''gubbarrū'' "battlefield", c.f. Salmonic ''gubbattappe''; this suffix is found in no other dialect, possibly a borrowing from a substrate language; | ||
Presence of fossilized suffixes ''-met'' and ''-mut'', cognate with Horse Speaker ''-at'', ''-āt'', ''-māt'', and Salmonic dialects' ''-bāt'', ''-mbāt'', ''-umbāt'' | *Presence of fossilized suffixes ''-met'' and ''-mut'', cognate with Horse Speaker ''-at'', ''-āt'', ''-māt'', and Salmonic dialects' ''-bāt'', ''-mbāt'', ''-umbāt'' | ||
Contains several Korean loanwords or calques due to extensive trade contacts with the Kingdom of Koguryeo, e.g. ''humbuk'' < Kr. 한복 ''hanbok'' (Korean-style clothing), ''binyū'' < Kr. 비녀 ''binyeo'' "hairpin" | *Contains several Korean loanwords or calques due to extensive trade contacts with the Kingdom of Koguryeo, e.g. ''humbuk'' < Kr. 한복 ''hanbok'' (Korean-style clothing), ''binyū'' < Kr. 비녀 ''binyeo'' "hairpin" | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Neyūn min Kirmast "Osprey Speaker" | ! Neyūn min Kirmast "Osprey Speaker" | ||
| Uyyuš, Arinak, Naggiriyan, Nāz, Dayyat, Urria Prefectures | | Uyyuš, Arinak, Naggiriyan, Nāz, Dayyat, Urria Prefectures | ||
| Fossilized suffix ''-ūy'' realized as ''-ia'' | | | ||
*Fossilized suffix ''-ūy'' realized as ''-ia'' | |||
Past Tense ''-ar-'' and Imperfect Aspect ''-ab-'' affixes merge to the Past Imperfect Tense-Aspect marker ''-arb-''/''-rb-''; | *Past Tense ''-ar-'' and Imperfect Aspect ''-ab-'' affixes merge to the Past Imperfect Tense-Aspect marker ''-arb-''/''-rb-''; | ||
Marker ''-tunt-'' replaces ''-nta-'' for Intensive; | *Marker ''-tunt-'' replaces ''-nta-'' for Intensive; | ||
Locational/deictic verbal affixes appear in the Preverbal zone; | *Locational/deictic verbal affixes appear in the Preverbal zone; | ||
Lexicon contains large number of Salmon Speaker words | *Lexicon contains large number of Salmon Speaker words | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Šunnekim Kirmast "Egret Speaker" | ! Šunnekim Kirmast "Egret Speaker" | ||
| Nentie, Isku Prefectures | | Nentie, Isku Prefectures | ||
| Fossilized suffix ''-ūy'' realized as ''-ie''; | | | ||
*Fossilized suffix ''-ūy'' realized as ''-ie''; | |||
Marker ''-tint-'' replaces ''-nta-'' for Intensive; | *Marker ''-tint-'' replaces ''-nta-'' for Intensive; | ||
Past Tense ''-ar-'' and Imperfect Aspect ''-ab-'' affixes merge to the Past Imperfect Tense-Aspect marker ''-arb-''/''-rb-''; | *Past Tense ''-ar-'' and Imperfect Aspect ''-ab-'' affixes merge to the Past Imperfect Tense-Aspect marker ''-arb-''/''-rb-''; | ||
Locational/deictic verbal affixes appear in the Preverb zone; | *Locational/deictic verbal affixes appear in the Preverb zone; | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Banakim Kirmast "Stone Speaker" | ! Banakim Kirmast "Stone Speaker" | ||
| Sakkeb, Neskud,Yaxparim, Izgilbāš, Zurzugul, Higbilan, Narpaz Prefectures | | Sakkeb, Neskud,Yaxparim, Izgilbāš, Zurzugul, Higbilan, Narpaz Prefectures | ||
| Fossilized suffix ''-ūy'' realized as ''-ī'' | | | ||
*Fossilized suffix ''-ūy'' realized as ''-ī'' | |||
Development of allophone [o] from /u/ in CVCC syllables or in word-final position, e.g. ['uʃno],, ['oʃno], c.f. Common /'uʃnu/ "to hit, strike" | *Development of allophone [o] from /u/ in CVCC syllables or in word-final position, e.g. ['uʃno],, ['oʃno], c.f. Common /'uʃnu/ "to hit, strike" | ||
Merger of /aw:a/ to /o/ , e.g. /'kowat/ "iron", c.f. Common /kaw:at/ "steel" | *Merger of /aw:a/ to /o/ , e.g. /'kowat/ "iron", c.f. Common /kaw:at/ "steel" | ||
Frequent dropping of ''-n'' suffix of intransitive affix ''-an'', e.g. /'aʃ:ija/ "to sit" (c.f. Common /'saʃ:ijan/) | *Frequent dropping of ''-n'' suffix of intransitive affix ''-an'', e.g. /'aʃ:ija/ "to sit" (c.f. Common /'saʃ:ijan/) | ||
Word-initial /s/ becomes either /h/ or /Ø/, e.g. /'aʃ:ija/ "to sit", c.f. Common /'saʃ:ijan/ | *Word-initial /s/ becomes either /h/ or /Ø/, e.g. /'aʃ:ija/ "to sit", c.f. Common /'saʃ:ijan/ | ||
Ergative marker ''=de'' is often dropped if the polypersonal agreement markers can disambiguate Agent from Patient; | *Ergative marker ''=de'' is often dropped if the polypersonal agreement markers can disambiguate Agent from Patient; | ||
Much freer word order - the verb often deviates from the verb-final position whereas the other dialects allow the verb to migrate to non-final position within a clause | *Much freer word order - the verb often deviates from the verb-final position whereas the other dialects allow the verb to migrate to non-final position within a clause only under very strict constraints; | ||
only under very strict constraints; | |||
Habitative Affix ''-sun-''; | *Habitative Affix ''-sun-''; | ||
Locational/deictic verbal affixes appear in the Preverb zone | *Locational/deictic verbal affixes appear in the Preverb zone | ||
Large inventory of non-Minhast loanwords from Peshpeg, Golahat, and the newly discovered Corradi language (in combination, approximately 20% of the lexicon); the average number of loanwords in the other Lower Minhast dialects range from 3% to 5% | *Large inventory of non-Minhast loanwords from Peshpeg, Golahat, and the newly discovered Corradi language (in combination, approximately 20% of the lexicon); the average number of loanwords in the other Lower Minhast dialects range from 3% to 5% | ||
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edits