Minhast/Dialectology: Difference between revisions

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| Umbarak, Hayreb, Nanampuyyi, Wattare, Saxtam, Gannasia, Rummak , Iyyay, Hattūmi, Nu'ay, and Xirrim Prefectures; <br/>
| Umbarak, Hayreb, Nanampuyyi, Wattare, Saxtam, Gannasia, Rummak , Iyyay, Hattūmi, Nu'ay, and Xirrim Prefectures; <br/>
Āš-min-Gāl, Ankussūr, Huruk, Nammadīn, Kered, and Kattek (NW Quadrant of NCR, approx 60%)
Āš-min-Gāl, Ankussūr, Huruk, Nammadīn, Kered, and Kattek (NW Quadrant of NCR, approx 60%)
| Fossilized affix ''-ūy'' realized as ''-uyyi'';
|  
*Fossilized affix ''-ūy'' realized as ''-uyyi'';


Realization of /rx/ as  [ɣ];
*Realization of /rx/ as  [ɣ];


Syllables containing /a/ trigger progressive vowel harmonization of /I, i, ɛ, e/ to /a/;
*Syllables containing /a/ trigger progressive vowel harmonization of /I, i, ɛ, e/ to /a/;


V + /ħħ/ triggers lengthening of initial vowel and degemination of pharyngeal: VV + /ħ/;
*V + /ħħ/ triggers lengthening of initial vowel and degemination of pharyngeal: VV + /ħ/;


Preservation /wi/, which has merged into /ʔu/ in most dialects;
*Preservation /wi/, which has merged into /ʔu/ in most dialects;


Locational/deictic verbal affixes appear in the Terminatives zone;
*Locational/deictic verbal affixes appear in the Terminatives zone;


Locative noun formed using Locative Applicative ''naħk-'' + verb root (+ Nominalizer ''-naft'');
*Locative noun formed using Locative Applicative ''naħk-'' + verb root (+ Nominalizer ''-naft'');


Pervasive use of the Interrogative-Polarity discourse particle ''ni/nī'';
*Pervasive use of the Interrogative-Polarity discourse particle ''ni/nī'';


Fossilized suffix ''-at'', ''-āt'', ''-mat'' and ''-māt'' (cognates of Salmonic dialects'  ''-bāt'', ''-mbāt'', ''-umbāt'') are retained
*Fossilized suffix ''-at'', ''-āt'', ''-mat'' and ''-māt'' (cognates of Salmonic dialects'  ''-bāt'', ''-mbāt'', ''-umbāt'') are retained
   
   
|-  
|-  
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| Hittaħm, Iskamharat, Tuhattam, Perim-Sin,  Attum Attar, Yikkam min Akk, Ruyāya Prefectures; <br/>  
| Hittaħm, Iskamharat, Tuhattam, Perim-Sin,  Attum Attar, Yikkam min Akk, Ruyāya Prefectures; <br/>  
Iyyūmi (Salmon Speaker suburb in NCR, approx 80%)
Iyyūmi (Salmon Speaker suburb in NCR, approx 80%)
| Fossilized suffix ''-ūy'' preserved;
|  
*Fossilized suffix ''-ūy'' preserved;


Initial /ħ/ preserved when followed /a/
*Initial /ħ/ preserved when followed /a/


Locational/deictic verbal affixes appear in the Terminatives zone;
*Locational/deictic verbal affixes appear in the Terminatives zone;


Locative noun formed using verb root + IN ''-tappe'', e.g. ''gubbattappe'' "battlefield"
*Locative noun formed using verb root + IN ''-tappe'', e.g. ''gubbattappe'' "battlefield"


Preponderance of fossilized suffix ''-bāt'' and allomorphs ''-mbāt'', ''-umbāt''
*Preponderance of fossilized suffix ''-bāt'' and allomorphs ''-mbāt'', ''-umbāt''
|-  
|-  
! Hašlua min Kirmast "Wolf Speaker"
! Hašlua min Kirmast "Wolf Speaker"
| North Central, and Southern Kilmay Rī Mountains, Ešked, Tayyagur, Raqwar, Tabuk Prefectures; Ehar Township  
| North Central, and Southern Kilmay Rī Mountains, Ešked, Tayyagur, Raqwar, Tabuk Prefectures; Ehar Township  
| Fossilized suffix ''-ūy'' preserved;
|  
*Fossilized suffix ''-ūy'' preserved;


Initial /ħ/ preserved when followed /a/
*Initial /ħ/ preserved when followed /a/


Phonemes  /q, χ/ appear in words of Seal Speaker origin, particularly in the northwestern portion of the ''karak'', now spreading apparently as a sound shift in words of Common and Salmonic origin ,e.g. /qaraq/,  c.f. Common /karak/ "tribal territory"
*Phonemes  /q, χ/ appear in words of Seal Speaker origin, particularly in the northwestern portion of the ''karak'', now spreading apparently as a sound shift in words of Common and Salmonic origin ,e.g. /qaraq/,  c.f. Common /karak/ "tribal territory"


Locative noun formed using verb root + IN ''-tappe''', e.g. ''gubbattappe'' "battlefield"
*Locative noun formed using verb root + IN ''-tappe''', e.g. ''gubbattappe'' "battlefield"


Locational/deictic verbal affixes appear in the Terminatives zone;
*Locational/deictic verbal affixes appear in the Terminatives zone;


Preponderance of fossilized suffix ''-bāt'' and allomorphs ''-mbāt'', ''-umbāt''
*Preponderance of fossilized suffix ''-bāt'' and allomorphs ''-mbāt'', ''-umbāt''


|-  
|-  
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| Hisašarum, Way, Išpa, Warat, Tabbakun, Hara, Nassaškub, Neweyya, Uħpar, Nikwat, Salabūr, Tawāheb Prefectures;<br/>  
| Hisašarum, Way, Išpa, Warat, Tabbakun, Hara, Nassaškub, Neweyya, Uħpar, Nikwat, Salabūr, Tawāheb Prefectures;<br/>  
Bussum Demilitarized District
Bussum Demilitarized District
| Fossilized suffix ''-ūy'' realized as ''-uyye''
|  
Locational/deictic verbal affixes appear in the Terminatives zone;
*Fossilized suffix ''-ūy'' realized as ''-uyye''
*Locational/deictic verbal affixes appear in the Terminatives zone;
|-  
|-  
! Nurrappam Kirmast "Bear Speaker"
! Nurrappam Kirmast "Bear Speaker"
| Tannumay, Puyya Prefectures
| Tannumay, Puyya Prefectures
| Fossilized suffix ''-ūy'' realized as ''-uyya''
|  
Locational/deictic verbal affixes appear in the Terminatives zone;
*Fossilized suffix ''-ūy'' realized as ''-uyya''
*Locational/deictic verbal affixes appear in the Terminatives zone;
|-  
|-  
! Yattaxmin Kirmast "Fox Speaker"
! Yattaxmin Kirmast "Fox Speaker"
| Kardam, Eħħar, Yussuk  Prefectures
| Kardam, Eħħar, Yussuk  Prefectures
| Fossilized suffix ''-ūy'' realized as ''-uyye''
|  
Locational/deictic verbal affixes appear in the Terminatives zone;
*Fossilized suffix ''-ūy'' realized as ''-uyye''
*Locational/deictic verbal affixes appear in the Terminatives zone;
|-  
|-  
! Naggikim Kirmast "Elk Speaker"
! Naggikim Kirmast "Elk Speaker"
| Meti, Attuar, Essak Prefectures
| Meti, Attuar, Essak Prefectures
| Fossilized suffix ''-ūy'' realized as ''-ūwe''
|  
Locational/deictic verbal affixes appear in the Terminatives zone;
*Fossilized suffix ''-ūy'' realized as ''-ūwe''
*Locational/deictic verbal affixes appear in the Terminatives zone;
|-  
|-  
! Hurkadim Kirmast  "Seal Speaker"
! Hurkadim Kirmast  "Seal Speaker"
| Pinda, Rukpu  Prefectures
| Pinda, Rukpu  Prefectures
| Fossilized suffix ''-ūy'' realized as ''-ūwi'' <br/><br/>Occurence of phonemes /q/ and /χ/
|  
Locational/deictic verbal affixes appear in the Terminatives zone;  
*Fossilized suffix ''-ūy'' realized as ''-ūwi''  
*Occurence of phonemes /q, χ/
*Locational/deictic verbal affixes appear in the Terminatives zone;  
|-  
|-  
! rowspan="4" | Lower Minhast
! rowspan="4" | Lower Minhast
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| Kissamut, Tur'akkam, Senzil, Rēgum Prefectures; <br/>
| Kissamut, Tur'akkam, Senzil, Rēgum Prefectures; <br/>
Bayburim, Talwasr/Talwāz, Uğabal (MSM: ''Urgabal''), Tantanay, Nuwway, Kitamta, Antuwe, Sašlar (South Coast Colonies)
Bayburim, Talwasr/Talwāz, Uğabal (MSM: ''Urgabal''), Tantanay, Nuwway, Kitamta, Antuwe, Sašlar (South Coast Colonies)
| Fossilized suffix ''-ūy'' realized as ''-we'', ''-ue'', ''-ia'';  
|  
*Fossilized suffix ''-ūy'' realized as ''-we'', ''-ue'', ''-ia'';  


Palatization Test is inconclusive due to dialectal mixing with their Dog, Osprey, and Egret Speaker neighbors: some Gull Speaker words fail the test, while others pass;
*Palatization Test is inconclusive due to dialectal mixing with their Dog, Osprey, and Egret Speaker neighbors: some Gull Speaker words fail the test, while others pass;


''Asr̥-Z''-type sandhi: word-final  /sr̥/  mutates to /z/, sometimes accompanied by lengthening of previous vowel, e.g. ''kiyuntāz'' "seaweed", c.f. Salmon Speaker ''kiyuntasr''
*''Asr̥-Z''-type sandhi: word-final  /sr̥/  mutates to /z/, sometimes accompanied by lengthening of previous vowel, e.g. ''kiyuntāz'' "seaweed", c.f. Salmon Speaker ''kiyuntasr''


Wholesale replacement of /f/ with /x/, e.g. ''puħtanaxt'' vs Common ''puħtanaft'' "the one standing"
*Wholesale replacement of /f/ with /x/, e.g. ''puħtanaxt'' vs Common ''puħtanaft'' "the one standing"


Realization of /rg/ as  [ɣ], e.g. ''Anyāğ'' (from Stone Speaker ''Āhan Yārg'', the premier city-state in Stone Speaker Country)
*Realization of /rg/ as  [ɣ], e.g. ''Anyāğ'' (from Stone Speaker ''Āhan Yārg'', the premier city-state in Stone Speaker Country)


Habitative Affix ''-usun-'';
*Habitative Affix ''-usun-'';


Locational/deictic verbal affixes appear in the Terminatives zone;
*Locational/deictic verbal affixes appear in the Terminatives zone, differing wildly from other dialects (e.g. Upper Minhast group) which also have post-verb root deictic affixes:
<blockquote>
* Proximal: ''-nussar-''
* Medio-proximal: ''-yayar-''
* Distal: ''-ppayar-''
* Invisible: ''-ruššar-''
</blockquote>


Locative noun derived by adding Nominalizer ''-rū'' to verb stems, which often geminates while triggering assimilation of any preceding consonant, e.g. ''gubbarrū'' "battlefield", c.f. Salmonic ''gubbattappe''; this suffix is found in no other dialect, possibly a borrowing from a substrate language;
*Locative noun derived by adding Nominalizer ''-rū'' to verb stems, which often geminates while triggering assimilation of any preceding consonant, e.g. ''gubbarrū'' "battlefield", c.f. Salmonic ''gubbattappe''; this suffix is found in no other dialect, possibly a borrowing from a substrate language;


Presence of fossilized suffixes ''-met'' and ''-mut'', cognate with Horse Speaker ''-at'', ''-āt'', ''-māt'', and Salmonic dialects'  ''-bāt'', ''-mbāt'', ''-umbāt''
*Presence of fossilized suffixes ''-met'' and ''-mut'', cognate with Horse Speaker ''-at'', ''-āt'', ''-māt'', and Salmonic dialects'  ''-bāt'', ''-mbāt'', ''-umbāt''


Contains several Korean loanwords or calques due to extensive trade contacts with the Kingdom of Koguryeo, e.g. ''humbuk'' < Kr. 한복 ''hanbok''  (Korean-style clothing), ''binyū'' < Kr. 비녀 ''binyeo'' "hairpin"
*Contains several Korean loanwords or calques due to extensive trade contacts with the Kingdom of Koguryeo, e.g. ''humbuk'' < Kr. 한복 ''hanbok''  (Korean-style clothing), ''binyū'' < Kr. 비녀 ''binyeo'' "hairpin"
|-  
|-  
! Neyūn min Kirmast "Osprey Speaker"
! Neyūn min Kirmast "Osprey Speaker"
| Uyyuš, Arinak, Naggiriyan, Nāz, Dayyat, Urria Prefectures
| Uyyuš, Arinak, Naggiriyan, Nāz, Dayyat, Urria Prefectures
| Fossilized suffix ''-ūy'' realized as ''-ia''
|  
*Fossilized suffix ''-ūy'' realized as ''-ia''


Past Tense ''-ar-'' and Imperfect Aspect ''-ab-'' affixes merge to the Past Imperfect Tense-Aspect marker ''-arb-''/''-rb-'';
*Past Tense ''-ar-'' and Imperfect Aspect ''-ab-'' affixes merge to the Past Imperfect Tense-Aspect marker ''-arb-''/''-rb-'';


Marker ''-tunt-'' replaces ''-nta-'' for Intensive;
*Marker ''-tunt-'' replaces ''-nta-'' for Intensive;


Locational/deictic verbal affixes appear in the Preverbal zone;
*Locational/deictic verbal affixes appear in the Preverbal zone;


Lexicon contains large number of Salmon Speaker words
*Lexicon contains large number of Salmon Speaker words
|-  
|-  
! Šunnekim Kirmast "Egret Speaker"
! Šunnekim Kirmast "Egret Speaker"
| Nentie, Isku Prefectures  
| Nentie, Isku Prefectures  
| Fossilized suffix ''-ūy'' realized as ''-ie'';
|  
*Fossilized suffix ''-ūy'' realized as ''-ie'';


Marker ''-tint-'' replaces ''-nta-'' for Intensive;
*Marker ''-tint-'' replaces ''-nta-'' for Intensive;


Past Tense ''-ar-'' and Imperfect Aspect ''-ab-'' affixes merge to the Past Imperfect Tense-Aspect marker ''-arb-''/''-rb-'';
*Past Tense ''-ar-'' and Imperfect Aspect ''-ab-'' affixes merge to the Past Imperfect Tense-Aspect marker ''-arb-''/''-rb-'';


Locational/deictic verbal affixes appear in the Preverb zone;
*Locational/deictic verbal affixes appear in the Preverb zone;


|-  
|-  
! Banakim Kirmast "Stone Speaker"
! Banakim Kirmast "Stone Speaker"
| Sakkeb, Neskud,Yaxparim, Izgilbāš, Zurzugul, Higbilan, Narpaz Prefectures
| Sakkeb, Neskud,Yaxparim, Izgilbāš, Zurzugul, Higbilan, Narpaz Prefectures
| Fossilized suffix ''-ūy'' realized as ''-ī''
|  
*Fossilized suffix ''-ūy'' realized as ''-ī''


Development of allophone [o] from /u/ in CVCC syllables or in word-final position, e.g. ['uʃno],, ['oʃno], c.f. Common /'uʃnu/ "to hit, strike"
*Development of allophone [o] from /u/ in CVCC syllables or in word-final position, e.g. ['uʃno],, ['oʃno], c.f. Common /'uʃnu/ "to hit, strike"


Merger of /aw:a/ to /o/ , e.g. /'kowat/ "iron", c.f. Common /kaw:at/ "steel"
*Merger of /aw:a/ to /o/ , e.g. /'kowat/ "iron", c.f. Common /kaw:at/ "steel"


Frequent dropping of ''-n'' suffix of intransitive affix ''-an'', e.g. /'aʃ:ija/ "to sit" (c.f. Common /'saʃ:ijan/)
*Frequent dropping of ''-n'' suffix of intransitive affix ''-an'', e.g. /'aʃ:ija/ "to sit" (c.f. Common /'saʃ:ijan/)


Word-initial /s/ becomes either /h/ or /Ø/, e.g. /'aʃ:ija/ "to sit", c.f. Common /'saʃ:ijan/
*Word-initial /s/ becomes either /h/ or /Ø/, e.g. /'aʃ:ija/ "to sit", c.f. Common /'saʃ:ijan/


Ergative marker ''=de'' is often dropped if the polypersonal agreement markers can disambiguate Agent from Patient;  
*Ergative marker ''=de'' is often dropped if the polypersonal agreement markers can disambiguate Agent from Patient;  


Much freer word order - the verb often deviates from the verb-final position whereas the other dialects allow the verb to migrate to non-final position within a clause  
*Much freer word order - the verb often deviates from the verb-final position whereas the other dialects allow the verb to migrate to non-final position within a clause only under very strict constraints;
only under very strict constraints;


Habitative Affix ''-sun-'';
*Habitative Affix ''-sun-'';


Locational/deictic verbal affixes appear in the Preverb zone
*Locational/deictic verbal affixes appear in the Preverb zone


Large inventory of non-Minhast loanwords from Peshpeg, Golahat, and the newly discovered Corradi language (in combination, approximately 20% of the lexicon); the average number of loanwords in the other Lower Minhast dialects range from 3% to 5%
*Large inventory of non-Minhast loanwords from Peshpeg, Golahat, and the newly discovered Corradi language (in combination, approximately 20% of the lexicon); the average number of loanwords in the other Lower Minhast dialects range from 3% to 5%
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