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{{Infobox language
|name          = Muna
|nativename    = [[File:MunaScript 2.8 m.svg|x45px]][[File:MunaScript 2.8 u.svg|x45px]][[File:MunaScript 2.8 n.svg|x45px]][[File:MunaScript 2.8 a.svg|x45px]]
|pronunciation = ˈmuna
|familycolor  = Language isolate
|ancestor      = Proto-Muna
|creator      = [[User:MIGUELbM|Miguel Bartelsman]]
|created      = 2015
|setting      = Fantasy world
|scripts      = * Krotan alphabet
* Latin alphabet
}}
==Phonology==
==Phonology==


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* Can’t have the same manner of articulation as a preceding coda
* Can’t have the same manner of articulation as a preceding coda
'''Medial (μ)'''
'''Medial (μ)'''
* Medials re optional
* Medials are optional
* Liquids are only allowed after stops or fricatives
* Liquids are only allowed after stops or fricatives
* Plosives are only allowed after /s/
* /s/ Is only allowed after nasals or liquids
* /s/ Is only allowed after nasals or liquids
* /s/ is forbidden on a first syllable or after a syllable with coda
* /s/ is forbidden on a first syllable or after a syllable with coda
Line 25: Line 39:
* Nasals must have the same place of articulation as the following obstruent
* Nasals must have the same place of articulation as the following obstruent
* Liquid + fricative are only allowed word-finally
* Liquid + fricative are only allowed word-finally
* Liquid + nasal are only allowed word-finally


===Stress===
===Stress===
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===Allophony===
===Allophony===
*Spirants and plosives with the same place of articulation merge and become geminated voiced plosives
*Spirants and plosives with the same place of articulation merge and become geminated voiced plosives
** [βp] → [bː]<br/><br/>
:: [βp] → [bː]<br/><br/>


* Spirants undergo fortition, becoming voiced plosives, when adjacent to plosives with a different place of articulation or nasals
* Spirants undergo fortition, becoming voiced plosives, when adjacent to plosives with a different place of articulation or nasals
** [ðn] → [dn]
:: [ðn] → [dn]
** [tɣ] → [tg]<br/><br/>
:: [tɣ] → [tg]<br/><br/>
 
* A voiced spirant is added between a nasal and the alveolar flap, corresponding to the same place of articulation as the nasal
::[nɾ] → [nðɾ]<br/><br/>


* A voiced fricative is added between a nasal and the alveolar flap, corresponding to the same place of articulation as the nasal
* The velar spirant merges with the preceding vowel into a voiceless vowel before a consonant
**[nɾ] → [nðɾ]<br/><br/>
::[ehn] → [e̥n]<br/><br/>


* The alveolar voiced spirant undergoes fortition before the lateral fricative and...
* The alveolar voiced spirant undergoes fortition before the lateral fricative and...
* The lateral fricative becomes a lateral release after an alveolar plosive
* The lateral fricative becomes a lateral release after an alveolar plosive
**[ðl] → [dl] → [dˡ]<br/><br/>
::[ðl] → [dl] → [dˡ]<br/><br/>


* The alveolar and velar nasals merge with the palatal glide to form a palatal nasal
* The alveolar and velar nasals merge with the palatal glide to form a palatal nasal
**[nj] → [ɲ]<br/><br/>
::[nj] → [ɲ]<br/><br/>


* The alveolar sibilant merges with the palatal glide into a voiceless palato-alveolar sibilant
* The alveolar sibilant merges with the palatal glide into a voiceless palato-alveolar sibilant
** [sj] → [ʃ]<br/><br/>
:: [sj] → [ʃ]<br/><br/>


* The velar spirant and the palatal glide merge into a voiceless palatal-velar fricative
* The velar spirant and the palatal glide merge into a voiceless palatal-velar fricative
**[hj] → [ɧ]<br/><br/>
::[hj] → [ɧ]<br/><br/>


* The velar spirant and the labiovelar glide merge into a voiceless labiovelar approximant
* The velar spirant and the labiovelar glide merge into a voiceless labiovelar approximant
**[hw] → [ʍ]<br/><br/>
::[hw] → [ʍ]<br/><br/>


* The labiovelar glide turns into labialization after a voiced velar plosive or spirant
* The labiovelar glide turns into labialization after a voiced velar plosive or spirant
**[ɣw] → [ɣʷ]<br/><br/>
::[ɣw] → [ɣʷ]<br/><br/>


* The palatal glide becomes a voiced palatal fricative word-initially
* The palatal glide becomes a voiced palatal fricative word-initially
**[∅j] → [ʝ]<br/><br/>
::[∅j] → [ʝ]<br/><br/>


* The labiovelar glide becomes a labiodental approximant word-initially
* The labiovelar glide becomes a labiodental approximant word-initially
**[∅w] → [ʋ]
::[∅w] → [ʋ]
 
===Ortography===
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"
! style="width:60px" rowspan="2" | Krotan
! colspan="2" | Romanization
! style="width:60px" rowspan="2" | IPA
|-
! style="width:60px" |<small>ASCII</small>
! style="width:60px" |<small>Unicode</small>
|- style="height:40px" |
|[[File:MunaScript 2.8 k.svg|x22px]]
|k
|k
|/k/
|- style="height:40px" |
|[[File:MunaScript 2.8 r.svg|x22px]]
|r
|r
|/ɾ/
|- style="height:40px" |
|[[File:MunaScript 2.8 o.svg|x22px]]
|o
|o
|/o/
|- style="height:40px" |
|[[File:MunaScript 2.8 t.svg|x22px]]
|t
|t
|/t/
|- style="height:40px" |
|[[File:MunaScript 2.8 a.svg|x22px]]
|a
|a
|/a/
|- style="height:40px" |
|[[File:MunaScript 2.8 n.svg|x22px]]
|n
|n
|/n/
|- style="height:40px" |
|[[File:MunaScript 2.8 h.svg|x22px]]
|h
|h
|/h/
|- style="height:40px" |
|[[File:MunaScript 2.8 e.svg|x22px]]
|e
|e
|/e/
|- style="height:40px" |
|[[File:MunaScript 2.8 s.svg|x22px]]
|s
|s
|/s/
|- style="height:40px" |
|[[File:MunaScript 2.8 þ.svg|x22px]]
|D
|þ
|/θ/
|- style="height:40px" |
|[[File:MunaScript 2.8 b.svg|x22px]]
|b
|b
|/β/
|- style="height:40px" |
|[[File:MunaScript 2.8 w.svg|x22px]]
|w
|w
|/w/
|- style="height:40px" |
|[[File:MunaScript 2.8 f.svg|x22px]]
|f
|f
|/ɸ/
|- style="height:40px" |
|[[File:MunaScript 2.8 p.svg|x22px]]
|p
|p
|/p/
|- style="height:40px" |
|[[File:MunaScript 2.8 ø.svg|x22px]]
|A
|ø
|/ɒ/
|- style="height:40px" |
|[[File:MunaScript 2.8 ŋ.svg|x22px]]
|N
|ŋ
|/ŋ/
|- style="height:40px" |
|[[File:MunaScript 2.8 l.svg|x22px]]
|l
|l
|/l/
|- style="height:40px" |
|[[File:MunaScript 2.8 j.svg|x22px]]
|j
|j
|/j/
|- style="height:40px" |
|[[File:MunaScript 2.8 d.svg|x22px]]
|d
|d
|/ð/
|- style="height:40px" |
|[[File:MunaScript 2.8 i.svg|x22px]]
|i
|i
|/i/
|- style="height:40px" |
|[[File:MunaScript 2.8 m.svg|x22px]]
|m
|m
|/m/
|- style="height:40px" |
|[[File:MunaScript 2.8 u.svg|x22px]]
|u
|u
|/u/
|-  style="height:40px" |
| [[File:MunaScript 2.8 g.svg|x22px]]
|g
|g
|/ɣ/
|}


==Verbs==
==Verbs==


===Phonotactic restrictions===
Verbs must end in one of the following patterns:
*<code>-a</code>
*<code>-an</code>
===Dependency structure===
===Dependency structure===


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===Aspect===
===Aspect===


Muna has five aspect suffixes and one unmarked aspect:
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"
! style="width:100px;" | Aspect
! style="width:60px;" | Abbr.
! style="width:70px;" | Suffix
! Description
|-
|'''Gnomic'''
|{{abbtip|Gnomic|gno|sc}}
|
| style="text-align:left;" | Expresses general truths and aphorisms in which time structure is irrelevant
|-
|'''Perfective'''
|{{abbtip|Perfective|pfv|sc}}
|
| style="text-align:left;" | Indicates an event viewed in its entirety, without reference to its temporal structure during its occurrence.
|-
|'''Imperfective'''
|{{abbtip|Imperfective|ipfv|sc}}
| -∅
| style="text-align:left;" | Indicates an action which is ongoing, evolving and/or habitual.
|-
|'''Ingressive'''
|{{abbtip|Ingressive|ingr|sc}}
|
| style="text-align:left;" | Marks the beginning of a new action or the acquisition of a state.
|-
|'''Pausative'''
|{{abbtip|Pausative|paus|sc}}
|
| style="text-align:left;" | Marks the atelic cessation of an action and may imply a future continuation.
|-
|'''Resumptive'''
|{{abbtip|Resumptive|res|sc}}
|
| style="text-align:left;" | Marks the continuation of an unfinished or unfinishable action.
|-
|'''Egressive'''
|{{abbtip|Egressive|egr|sc}}
|
| style="text-align:left;" | Marks the cessation and completion of an action.
|}


;Perfective
===Mood===
:The perfective aspect indicates an event viewed in its entirety, without reference to its temporal structure during its occurrence. The perfective aspect in muna can also act as gnomic depending on the sentence itself.


;Imperfective
Mood, like tense, is indicated by a dependent adverb.
:The imperfective is unmarked and indicates an action which is ongoing, evolving and/or habitual.


;Ingressive
==Nouns==
:The ingressive aspect marks the beginning of a new action or the acquisition of a state (I'm beginning to eat, I'm starting to become fat).


;Pausative
===Phonotactic restrictions===
:The pausative marks the stopping of an action without it being completed or carried out thoroughly, depending on context it can imply that the action will be finished in the future.
All nouns, in their base form, must have one of the following ending patterns:


;Resumptive
* <code>-a(C)(C)</code>
: Marks the continuation of an unfinished or unfinishable action.
* <code>-e(C)(C)</code>
* <code>-i(C)(C)</code>


;Egressive
===Noun classes===
: The egressive case marks the stopping of an action, but unlike the pausative, it implies the completion of the action.


===Mood===
'''Gender'''
 
*Masculine
Mood, like tense, is indicated by a dependent adverb.
*:Last vowel is <code>e, ei</code>
*Feminine
*:Last vowel is <code>a, ai</code>
*Neuter
*:Last vowel is <code>i</code>


==Nouns==
'''Strength'''
*Weak
*:The word ends in a vowel
*Strong
*:The word ends in a consonant


===Dependency structure===
===Dependency structure===
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===Case===
===Case===


Muna has six grammatical cases
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"
 
! style="width:100px" rowspan="2"|Case
;Nominative
! style="width:50px" rowspan="2"|Abbr.
: The nominative case marks the agent or voluntary experiencer of the action, it is also the citation form
!colspan="3"|Declension
 
!rowspan="2"|Description
;Absolutive
|-
: The absolutive case marks the patient or involuntary excperiencer of the action
! style="width:80px" | <small>Masculine</small>
 
! style="width:80px" | <small>Feminine</small>
;Dative
! style="width:80px" | <small>Neuter</small>
: The dative case maks the indirect object, often the recipient or beneficiary of the action
|-
 
| '''Nominative'''
;Genitive
|{{abbtip|Nominative|nom|sc}}
: The genitive marks indicates ownership of or relation with something
|
 
|
;Locative
|
: The locative indicates a location for the action (whether it is origin, destination, means or other depends on the verb)
| style="text-align:left;" | The nominative case marks the agent or voluntary experiencer of the action, it is also the citation form.
 
|-
;Instrumental
| '''Absolutive'''
: The instrumental marks a tool or person with which the action was carried out
|{{abbtip|Absolutive|abs|sc}}
|
|
|
| style="text-align:left;" | The absolutive case marks the patient or involuntary experiencer of the action.
|-
| '''Dative'''
|{{abbtip|Dative|dat|sc}}
|
|
|
| style="text-align:left;" | The dative case marks the indirect object, often the recipient or beneficiary of the action
|-
| '''Genitive'''
|{{abbtip|Genitive|grn|sc}}
|
|
|
| style="text-align:left;" | The genitive marks indicates ownership of or relation with something
|-
| '''Locative'''
|{{abbtip|Locative|loc|sc}}
|
|
|
| style="text-align:left;" | The locative indicates a location for the action (whether it is origin, destination, means or other depends on the verb)
|-
| '''Instrumental'''
|{{abbtip|Instrumental|ins|sc}}
|
|
|
| style="text-align:left;" | The instrumental marks a tool or person with which the action was carried out
|}


===Number===
===Number===
Muna distinguishes five different numbers, two for count nouns and three for mass nouns


;Count nouns
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="text-align:center;"
* Singular: single instance (pen) {{box|'''-∅'''}}
! colspan="2" style="width:100px" | Number
* Plural: multiple instances (pens) {{box|'''-r, -ar'''}}
! Suffix
 
! style="width:200px" | Description
;Mass nouns
! style="width:100px" | English
*Singulative: single unit of the instance (a drop of water) {{box|'''-h, -ah'''}}
|-
*Mass: single instance (water) {{box|'''-∅'''}}
| rowspan="2" | '''<div style="transform:rotate(270deg)">Count</div>'''
*Plurative: multiple instances (waters) {{box|'''-r, -ar'''}}
| style="width:100px;" | '''Singular'''
 
| style="width:60px;" |  -∅
===Genders===
| style="text-align:left;" |  Single instance
 
| style="text-align:left;" | ''pen''
*Feminine: words whose stem ends with an open vowel or a diphthong with one {{box|'''-a, -ɒ, -ai, -ɒu'''}}
|-
 
| '''Plural'''
*Masculine: words whose stem ends with a mid vowel or a diphthong with one {{box|'''-e, -o, -ei, -ou'''}}
|
 
| style="text-align:left;" |  Multiple instances
*Neuter: words whose stem ends with a close vowel {{box|'''-i, -u'''}}
| style="text-align:left;" | ''pens''
|-
| rowspan="3" | '''<div style="transform:rotate(270deg)">Mass</div>'''
| '''Singulative'''
|
| style="text-align:left;" |  Single unit of the instance
| style="text-align:left;" | ''a drop of water''
|-
| '''Mass'''
| -∅
| style="text-align:left;" |  Single instance
| style="text-align:left;" | ''water''
|-
| '''Plurative'''
|
| style="text-align:left;" |  Multiple instances
| style="text-align:left;" | ''waters''
|}


==Syntax==
==Syntax==
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==Muna Versions==
==Muna Versions==
Current version is v2.8, other versions hosted on Linguifex are below
* [[User:MIGUELbM/Muna_v2.1|Muna v2.1]]
* [[Muna/v21|Muna v21]]
* [[User:MIGUELbM/Muna_v2.9|Muna v2.9]]
* ''[[User:MIGUELbM/Muna_v2.10|Muna v2.10]]''
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