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`pùelùe /ʱpɨʱlɨʱ/ - bridge, absolutive
`'''p'''ùelùe /ʱ'''p'''ɨʱlɨʱ/ - bridge, absolutive


bilidlin /bilidɮiɴ/ - bridge, ergative
'''b'''ilidlin /'''b'''ilidɮiɴ/ - bridge, ergative




`pàoy /ʱpɜiʱ/ - baby, absolutive
`'''p'''àoy /ʱ'''p'''ɜiʱ/ - baby, absolutive


baybyin /baibʲiɴ/ - baby, ergative
'''b'''aybyin /'''b'''aibʲiɴ/ - baby, ergative




`nyùewsùeylòen /ʱɲɨuʱsɨʱiʱlɘɴʱ/ - New Zealand, absolutive
`nyùew'''s'''ùeylòen /ʱɲɨuʱ'''s'''ɨiʱlɘɴʱ/ - New Zealand, absolutive


nyuuziilendun /ɲuːziːleɴduɴ/ - New Zealand, ergative
nyuu'''z'''iilendun /ɲuː'''z'''iːleɴduɴ/ - New Zealand, ergative




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yéysitléynyéy /jeiˤsitɬeiˤɲeiˤ/ - mutton, absolutive
yéysi'''tl'''éynyéy /jeiˤsi'''tɬ'''eiˤɲeiˤ/ - mutton, absolutive


yéysidlinyuekin /jeiˤsidɮiɲɨkiɴ/ - mutton, ergative
yéysi'''dl'''inyuekin /jeiˤsi'''dɮ'''iɲɨkiɴ/ - mutton, ergative




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For word initial voiceless obstruents followed by tense voiced vowels in the absolutive
For word initial voiceless obstruents followed by tense voiced vowels in the absolutive
form, which change to modal voice vowels in the ergative form, sometimes this change
form, which change to modal voice vowels in the ergative form, sometimes this change
also occurs e.g.
also occurs as long as there is no tense floating phonation e.g.




támá /taˤmaˤ/- victim of a scam / swindle, absolutive
'''t'''ámá /'''t'''aˤmaˤ/- victim of a scam / swindle, absolutive


damaesin /damɛsiɴ/ - victim of a scam / swindle, ergative
'''d'''amaesin /'''d'''amɛsiɴ/ - victim of a scam / swindle, ergative




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aetenàolùn /ʔɛtenɜʱluɴʱ/ - heart, absolutive
aetenàolùn /ʔɛte'''n'''ɜʱluɴʱ/ - heart, absolutive


aetoetnalonzin /ʔɛtɘtnaloɴziɴ/ - heart, ergative
aetoetnalonzin /ʔɛtɘ'''tn'''aloɴziɴ/ - heart, ergative


 
 
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'kqów
''''kq'''ów
/ˤkʼouˤ/ - a small amount, absolutive
/ˤ'''k'''ʼouˤ/ - a small amount, absolutive


'kuhlin /ˤkuɬiɴ/ - a small amount, ergative
''''k'''uhlin /ˤ'''k'''uɬiɴ/ - a small amount, ergative




ráetqówléykuetu /ʁɛˤtʼoleiˤkɨtu/ - something self-limiting, absolutive
ráe'''tq'''ówléykuetu /ʁɛˤ'''tʼ'''oleiˤkɨtu/ - something self-limiting, absolutive


ráetoluekuetu /ʁɛˤtolɨkɨtu/ something self-limiting, ergative
ráe'''t'''oluekuetu /ʁɛˤ'''t'''olɨkɨtu/ something self-limiting, ergative




'kéychqéy /ˤkeiˤcʼeiˤ/ - a female name, absolutive
'kéy'''chq'''éy /ˤkeiˤ'''cʼ'''eiˤ/ - a female name, absolutive


'kéychuekin /ˤkeiˤcɨkiɴ/ - a female name, ergative
'kéy'''ch'''uekin /ˤkeiˤ'''c'''ɨkiɴ/ - a female name, ergative


 
 
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`myùebyijin /ʱmʲɨʱbʲiɟiɴ/ - my mouth, ergative
`myùebyijin /ʱmʲɨʱbʲiɟiɴ/ - my mouth, ergative
=====Prediction of Floating Phonation=====
As a rule, whether or not a noun has floating phonation cannot be
predicted. The only time when it is possible to do so is for absolutive nouns,
if, in the ergative form, the first vowel loses its
breathy or tense phonation and becomes modally voiced. In this case, the rules
are given below:
 
======Sonorant Initial Stem======
If the
absolutive stem begins with a sonorant (nasal or approximant), and that
sonorant becomes devoiced when the vowel after it acquires modal voice in the
ergative form, then there is only ever modal floating phonation before it in both cases e.g.
màao /mɜʱː/ - betel nut, absolutive
pmaagin /pmaːgiɴ/ - betel nut, ergative
myimàao /mʲimɜʱː/ - my betel nut, absolutive
Otherwise,
if a word begins with a sonorant, then it always has floating phonation that is the same as that on the first vowel e.g.
'máláeyáae /ˤmaˤlɛˤjɛːˤ/ - manners, absolutive
maleyooetun /malejɘːtuɴ/ - manners, ergative
'myéymáláeyáae /ˤmʲeiˤmaˤlɛˤjɛːˤ/ - my manners, absolutive
 
======Stem starts with /s/======
If the absolutive
stem begins with /s/, it can never have tense floating phonation
e.g.
sásaechin /saˤsɛciɴ/ - stab wound, absolutive
myisásaechin /mʲisaˤsaɛciɴ/ - my stab wound, absolutive
 
In the case
of absolutive nouns with breathy voice on the first vowel, if, in the ergative
form, the initial /s/ becomes voiced /z/, then the word has breathy floating phonation e.g.
`sàomùe /ʱsɜʱmɨʱ/ - (major) wife, absolutive
zamibyin /zamibʲiɴ/ - (major) wife, ergative
`myùesàomùe /ʱmʲɨʱsɜʱmɨʱ/ - my (major) wife, absolutive (not *myisàomùe)
But if, in
the ergative form, the first vowel acquires modal voice but the initial
consonant stays as voiceless /s/, then in both the absolutive form and the ergative, there is floating modal phonation e.g.
sàopyùe /sɜʱpʲɨʱ/ - speech (as in words, not a formal speech), absolutive
sabyishin /sabʲiçiɴ/ - speech (as in words, not a formal speech), ergative
myisàopyùe /mʲisɜʱpʲɨʱ/ - my speech (as in words, not a formal speech), absolutive
 
======Other stems======
If the
absolutive stem begins with another obstruent (oral stop, affricate or
fricative) followed by a vowel with tense voice, and that obstruent stays voiceless even when followed by a modally
voiced vowel (in the ergative form), then the absolutive form has tense floating phonation e.g.
'táen /tɛɴˤ/ - weather, absolutive
toenchin /tɘɴciɴ/ - weather, ergative
'myéytáen /ˤmʲeiˤtɛɴˤ/ - my weather, absolutive
But if the obstruent becomes voiced, then there is only ever floating modal phonation e.g.
támá /taˤmaˤ/ - victim of a scam / swindle, absolutive
damaesin /damaɛsiɴ/ - victim of a scam / swindle, ergative
myitámá /mʲitaˤmaˤ/ - my victim of a scam / swindle, absolutive
 
And vice versa, if the absolutive form of a noun begins with a voicless obstruent followed by a breathy voiced vowel, and that vowel becomes voiced in the ergative form, then the absolutive form has floating breathy phonation e.g.
`pùelùe /ʱpɨʱlɨʱ/ - bridge, absolutive
bilidlin /bilidɮiɴ/ - bridge, ergative
`myùepùelùe /ʱmʲɨʱpɨʱlɨʱ/ - my bridge, absolutive
`pàoy /ʱpɜiʱ/- baby, absolutive
baybyin /baibʲiɴ/ - baby, ergative
`myùepàoy /ʱmʲɨʱpɜiʱ/ - my baby, absolutive
 
And if the
obstruent stays voiceless in the ergative form, then there is only ever floating modal phonation e.g.
pàoy /pɜiʱ/ - page, absolutive
paydlin /paidɮiɴ/ - page, ergative
myipàoy /mʲipɜiʱ/ - my page, absolutive
 


====Nasalisation of Velar Initials====
====Nasalisation of Velar Initials====
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These arise from when the first vowel has breathy or tense voice, but the first consonant is underlyingly a voiced obstruent or a prestopped nasal. These can only occur before modally voiced vowels, and are thus modified before the vowel with breathy or tense voice. But if word has floating modal phonation, then the vowel there will have modal voice and the underlying consonant will surface there.
These arise from when the first vowel has breathy or tense voice, but the first consonant is underlyingly a voiced obstruent or a prestopped nasal. These can only occur before modally voiced vowels, and are thus modified before the vowel with breathy or tense voice. But if word has floating modal phonation, then the vowel there will have modal voice and the underlying consonant will surface there.
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