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Northeadish: Difference between revisions
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→Orthography
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===Orthography=== | ===Orthography=== | ||
====a==== | ====a==== | ||
The letter | The letter ‹a› can double as a short open low vowel and a schwa. | ||
* | * ‹a› is pronounced as [ə]: | ||
**At the end of a word or morpheme when unstressed. | **At the end of a word or morpheme when unstressed. | ||
***''vata'' ‘water’ [vá.tə] | ***''vata'' ‘water’ [vá.tə] | ||
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***''balīvɴ'' ‘to stay behind’ [bə.líːv.n̩] | ***''balīvɴ'' ‘to stay behind’ [bə.líːv.n̩] | ||
**In inflexional suffixes; specifically, in the past and subjunctive tenses of verbs, in the second person conjugation of verbs (all tenses), in the third person present singular indicative, and in the superlative forms of adjectives. | **In inflexional suffixes; specifically, in the past and subjunctive tenses of verbs, in the second person conjugation of verbs (all tenses), in the third person present singular indicative, and in the superlative forms of adjectives. | ||
***'' | ***''grœ̄taſt'' ‘biggest’ [grǿː.təst] | ||
***''helpaðþ'' ‘helps’ [hɛ́l.pəθ] | ***''helpaðþ'' ‘helps’ [hɛ́l.pəθ] | ||
**In other common unstressed suffixes: | **In other common unstressed suffixes: | ||
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**''-tag'' (‘-ty’ decimal ending) | **''-tag'' (‘-ty’ decimal ending) | ||
***''tvæntag'' ‘twenty’ [tvɛn.təg] | ***''tvæntag'' ‘twenty’ [tvɛn.təg] | ||
***'' | ***''ſecstag'' ‘sixty’ [sɛks.təg] | ||
**''-aðþ'' (‘th’ nominal ending) | **''-aðþ'' (‘th’ nominal ending) | ||
***'' | ***''daᵹaðþ'' ‘death’ [daug.wəθ] | ||
***''hœ̄gaðþ'' ‘coziness’ [høː.gəθ] | ***''hœ̄gaðþ'' ‘coziness’ [høː.gəθ] | ||
**''-at'' (nominative and accusative neuter ending for adjectives) | **''-at'' (nominative and accusative neuter ending for adjectives) | ||
***''gōðat'' ‘good’ [goː.ðət] (also ''gōðþt''.) | ***''gōðat'' ‘good’ [goː.ðət] (also ''gōðþt''.) | ||
***''yvlat'' ‘bad’ [ʏ.vlət] (also ''yvʌt''.) | ***''yvlat'' ‘bad’ [ʏ.vlət] (also ''yvʌt''.) | ||
* | *‹a› is pronounced as [a] in all other cases. | ||
**''man'' ‘man’ [man] | **''man'' ‘man’ [man] | ||
**'' | **''ſcap'' ‘shape’ [skap] | ||
====æ and e==== | ====æ and e==== | ||
The letters | The letters ‹æ› and ‹e› are both pronounced as [ɛ]; however, ‹æ› only occurs as the i-umlaut of ‹a›. (Historically, ‹æ› was pronounced [æ].) | ||
*''hændɴ'' ‘to catch’ [hɛn.dn̩], from *''handjaną'' | *''hændɴ'' ‘to catch’ [hɛn.dn̩], from *''handjaną'' | ||
*''henðɴ'' ‘to catch’ [hɛn.ðn̩], from *''henþaną'' | *''henðɴ'' ‘to catch’ [hɛn.ðn̩], from *''henþaną'' | ||
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====ǣ and ē==== | ====ǣ and ē==== | ||
Similarly, | Similarly, ‹ǣ› and ‹ē› are both pronounced as [eː], but ‹ǣ› only occurs as the i-umlaut of ‹ā› while ‹ē› is the realization of the Proto-Germanic diphthong *ai or the result of ŋ-deletion after *e. (Historically, ‹ǣ› was pronounced [æː].) | ||
*''bǣgʀ'' ‘quarrels’, plural of ''bāg''. | *''bǣgʀ'' ‘quarrels’, plural of ''bāg''. | ||
*'' | *''ſtēn'' ‘stone’, from *''stainaz''. | ||
*''þēht'' ‘tight’, from *''þenhtaz''. | *''þēht'' ‘tight’, from *''þenhtaz''. | ||
====q, ᵹ, and ƕ==== | ====q, ᵹ, and ƕ==== | ||
The “labiovelar” letters | The “labiovelar” letters ‹q›, ‹ᵹ›, and ‹ƕ› have several possible articulations depending on their placement in a word and their proximities to other vowels and consonants. The letter ‹ᵹ› in particular is the realization of Germanic [[verschärfung]], which comes from Proto-Germanic combinations such as *gg, *gw, *ww, and *gwj. It may also arise from an intervocalic *w in certain circumstances. The other labiovelar consonants, *hw and *kw, followed the pattern of *gw later in the development of Northeadish. The rules for these letters, while many, are all the same. ‹q›, ‹ᵹ›, and ‹ƕ› are pronounced as: | ||
*[k, g, x], respectively, between two consonants, or after a consonant when word-final. | *[k, g, x], respectively, between two consonants, or after a consonant when word-final. | ||
**'' | **''ſteŋqdȳr'' ‘skunk’ [stɛŋk.dyːr] | ||
**'' | **''æŋᵹleſca'' ‘English’ [ɛŋg.lɛs.kə] | ||
**''hulɧ'' ‘hollow’ [hʊlx] | **''hulɧ'' ‘hollow’ [hʊlx] | ||
*[kʊ, gʊ, xʊ], respectively, after a consonant and before a syllabic. | *[kʊ, gʊ, xʊ], respectively, after a consonant and before a syllabic. | ||
**'' | **''ſeŋqɴ'' ‘to sink’ [sɛŋ.kʊn] | ||
**''æŋᵹʌ'' ‘angle’ [ɛŋ.gʊl] | **''æŋᵹʌ'' ‘angle’ [ɛŋ.gʊl] | ||
**''arƕʀ'' ‘arrows’ [ar.xʊr] | **''arƕʀ'' ‘arrows’ [ar.xʊr] | ||
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**''melcƕīt'' ‘calcium’ [mɛlk.xwiːt] | **''melcƕīt'' ‘calcium’ [mɛlk.xwiːt] | ||
*[ukʊ, ugʊ, uxʊ] after a vowel and before a syllabic. | *[ukʊ, ugʊ, uxʊ] after a vowel and before a syllabic. | ||
**'' | **''ſleqɴ'' ‘to extinguish’ [slɛu.kʊn] | ||
**''baᵹᴍ'' ‘tree’ [bau.gʊm] | **''baᵹᴍ'' ‘tree’ [bau.gʊm] | ||
**'' | **''ſeƕɴ'' ‘to see’ [sɛu.xʊn] | ||
*[ukw, ugw, uxw] when intervocalic. | *[ukw, ugw, uxw] when intervocalic. | ||
**''eqarn'' ‘acorn’ [ɛu.kwarn] | **''eqarn'' ‘acorn’ [ɛu.kwarn] | ||
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**''þeq'' ‘thick’ [θɛuk] | **''þeq'' ‘thick’ [θɛuk] | ||
**''daᵹ'' ‘dew’ [daug] | **''daᵹ'' ‘dew’ [daug] | ||
**'' | **''ſeɧcunðag'' ‘visible’ [sɛ́ux.kʊn.ðəg] | ||
*In simpler terms: | *In simpler terms: | ||
**The “nucleus” (k, g, or x) is always fully pronounced. | **The “nucleus” (k, g, or x) is always fully pronounced. | ||
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**The coda labiovelar is not pronounced when word-final or before a consonant. | **The coda labiovelar is not pronounced when word-final or before a consonant. | ||
**The coda labiovelar becomes vocalic ([ʊ]) when followed by a syllabic. | **The coda labiovelar becomes vocalic ([ʊ]) when followed by a syllabic. | ||
*When any labiovelar consonant is followed by | *When any labiovelar consonant is followed by ‹v›, the pronunciation of ‹v› changes from [v] to [w]. | ||
**'' | **''treᵹvetſcap'' ‘dendrology’ [trɛug.wɛt.skap] | ||
**''naɧventʀ'' ‘next winter’ [naux.wɛnt.r̩] | **''naɧventʀ'' ‘next winter’ [naux.wɛnt.r̩] | ||
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The letter h may have three different pronunciations depending on its position relative to neighboring phonemes. | The letter h may have three different pronunciations depending on its position relative to neighboring phonemes. | ||
* | *‹h› is pronounced as [h] when initial except before a sonorant. | ||
**''hūs'' ‘house’ [huːs] | **''hūs'' ‘house’ [huːs] | ||
**''helpɴ'' ‘to help’ [hɛl.pn̩] | **''helpɴ'' ‘to help’ [hɛl.pn̩] | ||
*Before a sonorant, | *Before a sonorant, ‹h› is pronounced as [x]. | ||
**''hryg'' ‘back’ [xɾʏg] | **''hryg'' ‘back’ [xɾʏg] | ||
**''hnuta'' ‘nut’ [xnʊ.tə] | **''hnuta'' ‘nut’ [xnʊ.tə] | ||
*After a back vowel, | *After a back vowel, ‹h› is pronounced as [x] (c.f. German “''ach-laut''”). | ||
**''þrūh'' ‘through’ [θruːx] | **''þrūh'' ‘through’ [θruːx] | ||
**''hlah'' ‘laugh’ [xlax] | **''hlah'' ‘laugh’ [xlax] | ||
*After a front vowel, | *After a front vowel, ‹h› is pronounced as [ç] (c.f. German “''ich-laut''”). | ||
**''tehɴ'' ‘ten’ [tɛç.n̩] | **''tehɴ'' ‘ten’ [tɛç.n̩] | ||
**''līht'' ‘easy’ [liːçt] | **''līht'' ‘easy’ [liːçt] | ||
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====ƕ, ɧ==== | ====ƕ, ɧ==== | ||
In addition to the pronunciation complexities mentioned above, the letter ƕ has the additional complication of an orthographic convention whereby it is written as | In addition to the pronunciation complexities mentioned above, the letter ƕ has the additional complication of an orthographic convention whereby it is written as ‹ɧ› when in final position in a word or word segment. | ||
====ſ, s==== | ====ſ, s==== | ||
The letter | The letter ‹s› sports both phonemic and orthographic variation. | ||
*It is written as '''s''' when word- or word-segment-final; otherwise it is written as '''ſ'''. | *It is written as '''s''' when word- or word-segment-final; otherwise it is written as '''ſ'''. | ||
**''þas | **''þas ſeᵹlas ſcīn'' ‘the sun’s rays’ [θəs sɛugləs skiːn] | ||
*It is voiced [z] when intervocalic or after a vowel before a syllabic; otherwise, it is always unvoiced [s]. | *It is voiced [z] when intervocalic or after a vowel before a syllabic; otherwise, it is always unvoiced [s]. | ||
**'' | **''rīſɴ'' ‘to rise’ [riː.zn̩] | ||
**'' | **''æſʌ'' ‘donkey’ [ɛ.zl̩] | ||
====v==== | ====v==== | ||
The letter | The letter ‹v› has two pronunciations. | ||
*It is pronounced [w] | *It is pronounced [w] after a labiovelar consonant (‹q›, ‹ᵹ›, or ‹ƕ›). | ||
**'' | **''treᵹvetſcap'' ‘dendrology’ [trɛug.wɛt.skap] | ||
**''naɧventʀ'' ‘next winter’ [naux.wɛnt.r̩] | **''naɧventʀ'' ‘next winter’ [naux.wɛnt.r̩] | ||
*In all other instances, it is pronounced as [v]. | *In all other instances, it is pronounced as [v]. | ||
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====ðþ, vf==== | ====ðþ, vf==== | ||
The letters | The letters ‹ð› and ‹v› become unvoiced at the end of a word or before another unvoiced consonant (see Obstruent Devoicing), but when they occur word- or word-segment-finally, the voiced consonants remain in the orthography. | ||
Three letters – all of them short vowels – are no longer used in Northeadish: | Three letters – all of them short vowels – are no longer used in Northeadish: ‹ı›, ‹o›, and ‹œ›. | ||
===Syllabics=== | ===Syllabics=== | ||