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''' | '''Páuluòbeng''' (''yi bPáuluòbeng'') is a minority language closely related to [[Ciètian]], but is distinct enough to be regarded as a separate language. It is inspired by Mandarin and Yorkshire English. | ||
[[Category: | Páuluòbeng is the most tonal spoken Talmic language (even more tonal than [[Anbirese]]). | ||
Figure out how to assign tones | |||
==Todo== | |||
Glottal reinforcement mania | |||
Final schwa > tone split | |||
dr tr sr > zh ch sh; zhil, zhim, zhin, zhing > zhul, zhum, zhun, zhung | |||
''lr̀'' /lɛ̂ː(ɹ)/ = sap, syrup | |||
''ehcung, yi h-ehcung; pl. ehcungr'' /əhˈkʊ̄ŋ, əhˈkȭː(ɹ)/ = mountain | |||
''dèe, yi dèe; pl. dèen'' /têː, têːn/ = valley | |||
''yi syøød'' /ɕɥǿːʔ/ = rose | |||
''mand'' /manʔ/ = to take | |||
''ted'' /təʔ/ = beautiful | |||
''dùun'' /tû:n/ = far | |||
''duāilig'' /ˈtwɑ́ːljəʔ/ = to demand, to pester | |||
''yi mār'' /mǽ:/ = tree | |||
''jyarm'' /t͡ɕǽ:m/ 'heavy' | |||
''yi kaθr'' /ˈkʰaħə/ 'flower' | |||
''ái'' /ɑ̌ː/ 'gold' | |||
''Áiзaan'' /ɑ̌ːzǣːn/ '(a name)' | |||
''neħdir'' /nəhtjə/ = chain | |||
==Phonology== | |||
Mandarin/Ufirlandisg consonants; Yorkshire vowels | |||
====Tones==== | |||
Báoluòveng is a strongly pitch-accent language. | |||
Three tones for long vowels: | |||
*ā or a: mid level, relaxed | |||
*á: rising | |||
*à: falling | |||
====Consonants==== | |||
p b f v t d c z s з /z/ q j x ξ /ʑ/ ch zh sh r /ɹ/ k g h γ /ɣ/ θ /ħ/ ħ /h/ m n ng l w y - stops are devoiced, as in Mandarin | |||
* /tʂw tʂʰw ʂw ɹw/ labialize to /pf pfʰ f ʋ/ before /u y ɥ w/ | |||
* h = /x/ θ = /ħ/, ħ = /h/ | |||
====Vowels==== | |||
Baoluoveng doesn't like closing diphthongs very much, unlike Standard Ciètian. | |||
Short vowels: | |||
*a ie i o u ü /a (j)ɛ (w)ɪ (w)ɔ (w)ʊ (ɥ)ʏ/ | |||
Long vowels: | |||
*ai ee uai uee ie üe /ɑː~aɪ eː waɪ~wɑː weː jeː ɥøː/ | |||
**[aɪ] is the Canadian-raised allophone of /ɑː/ | |||
*au iau oo ioo /æː~əʊ jæː~əʊ oː joː/ | |||
**[əʊ] is the Canadian-raised allophone of /æː/ | |||
*ii uu üü /(j)iː uː (ɥ)yː/ | |||
R-linking vowels: | |||
*uor, uoor, uoo, ur, uur /(w)ɔː(ɹ)/ | |||
*(i)ar, (i)aar, (i)aa /(j)æː(ɹ)/ | |||
*r, eer /ɛː(ɹ)/ | |||
*ir, iir /jɛː(ɹ)/ | |||
*ür, üür /jɔː(ɹ)~ɥœː(ɹ)/ | |||
*ueer /wɛː(ɹ)/ | |||
*air aur oor /æː(ɹ), ɑː(ɹ), ɔː(ɹ)/ | |||
*angr engr ingr (u)ongr ungr üngr /ɑ̃ː(ɹ) ɜ̃ː(ɹ) jɜ̃ː(ɹ) ɔ̃ː(ɹ) ɔ̃ː(ɹ) ɥɜ̃ː(ɹ)/ | |||
**e.g. ''liangr'' /ljɑ̃̀ː(ɹ)/ 'dream' | |||
Unstressed vowels: | |||
*final -r = /(j)ə(ɹ)/ | |||
*final -i = /ɪ/ | |||
*final -ou = /o/ | |||
Many grammatical endings are merged in {{PAGENAME}}. | |||
=====Linking R===== | |||
*Example of linking R: ''yi χazr àard'' [jɪ ˈxazə ɹ‿æ̂ːʔ] 'the big flower' (cf. [[Ciètian]]: ''ye χazerr àrd'' [jə ˈxazər ʔɔɯt]) | |||
*No linking R: ''yi búuθ àard'' [jɪ ˈpǔːħ æ̂ːʔ] 'the big cave' (cf. [[Ciètian]]: ''ye bùθa àrd'' [jə ˈpuːhə ʔɔɯt]) | |||
====Mutations==== | |||
Báoluòveng has no eclipsis mutation, unlike Cièdian. Lenition is similar to Cièdian. | |||
==Grammar== | |||
===Nouns=== | |||
The {{PAGENAME}} noun system is much simpler than in Cièdian: there is no case, and the masculine and the feminine merged to the common gender. | |||
As in Ciètian, the singular definite article ''ye'' and ''ye<sup>N</sup>'' changes to ''yen'' (with no mutation) before a noun starting with a vowel or a semivowel. The same occurs for plural nouns too. For example: | |||
*''*yi<sup>L</sup> ùur'' > ''yin ùur'' /jɪn ˈwɤ̂ː/ (masculine) 'the sense (nominative)'; pl. ''nan ùurn'' /nən wɤ̂ːn/ 'the senses' | |||
*''*yi àavr'' > ''yin àavr'' /jɪn ˈæ̂ːvə/ (neuter) 'the book (nominative)'; pl. ''nan áavr'' /nən ˈæ̌ːvə/ 'the books' | |||
{| class="greentable lightgreenbg" style="text-align:center;" | |||
|+ '''Definite article''' | |||
! colspan="2" | singular || colspan="2" | plural | |||
|- | |||
! common || neuter || common || neuter | |||
|- | |||
| ''yi<sup>L</sup>, yin''<br/>''yi bpràan'' /jɪ bɹæ̂ːn/ 'the corner' || ''yi, yin''<br/>''yi hāar'' /jɪ xǣ:/ 'the flower' || ''na, nan''<br/>''na bpràanr'' /nə bɹæ̂ːnə/ 'the corners' || ''na<sup>L''</sup><br/>''na γǎar'' /nə ɣæ̌:/ 'the flowers' | |||
|} | |||
Nouns are usually pluralized with ''-r''. If the singular already ends in ''-r'', the plural is unchanged except possibly with a tone change. | |||
====Pluralization patterns==== | |||
#sg. null > pl. -r /ə/: The regular pattern. | |||
#*''bpràan'' /bræ̂:n/ 'a corner' > ''bpràanr'' /bræ̂:nə/ | |||
#sg. level tone > pl. rising tone: Common for nouns whose stems contain a *ð (Tigol ṫ) or *γ (Tigol ċ). | |||
#*''hāar'' /xǣ:/ 'a flower' > ''hǎar'' /xæ̌:/ 'flowers' | |||
#sg. falling tone > pl. rising: Common for nouns already ending in r | |||
#*''àavr'' /ˈæ̂ːvə/ 'a book' > ''áavr'' /ˈæ̌ːvə/ 'books' | |||
#sg. null > pl. -n /ən/: For nouns which were monosyllabic in Tigol and ended in a vowel. | |||
#*''tèe'' /tʰe:/ 'a valley' pl. ''tèen'' /tʰêːn/ 'valleys' | |||
===Adjectives=== | |||
Adjectives take plurals like nouns, and have the same pluralization patterns as nouns. | |||
*''shàan'' /ʂæ̂:n/ 'true (sg)' > ''shàanr'' /ʂæ̂:nə/ 'true (pl)' (~ [[Eevo]] ''tŋawm'' 'true') | |||
*''zhùu'' /tʂû:/ 'red (sg)' > ''zhùun'' /tʂû:n/ 'red (pl)' (~ [[Eevo]] ''dru'' 'copper') | |||
===Verbs=== | |||
There is a binary system of present vs. past. The past tense requires ergative syntax to be used, like in Anbirese and Ciètian. | |||
The ergative particle is ''u'' /ʊ/. | |||
====Tonal ablaut patterns==== | |||
#present level > past rising (verbs ending in consonants) | |||
#present any tone > past -n (verbs ending in vowels) | |||
#*''shuò'' 'digs' (~Eevo ''troh'' 'to oppose'); ''shuōn'' 'dug' | |||
[[Category:Languages]] | |||
[[Category:Conlangs]] | |||
[[Category:A priori]] | |||