Naeng/Literature

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Windermere/Lexicon

Windermere/Swadesh list

Naeng/Literature
չէıɱ Ֆ·ժ›ƍᶑ
brits Lăcoaf
Created byIlL, Praimhín
SettingVerse:Tricin
Tergetic
  • Naeng/Literature
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Classical Windermere (native name: brits Lăcoaf /brits ʟəkoəv/, Eevo: Lycóov Yvẃr 'Noble Windermere') was a standardized variety of Lăcoaf spoken in the historically Windermere territories (Wen Dămea) It is based on the language of Windermere texts from ca. fT 900-1100. A classical language of Talma, it lent many words to Eevo and other Talman languages.

See also Rhythoed.

Introduction

Windermere was originally created by Praimhín for the Fifth Linguifex Relay. It is currently being revived and adapted for Verse:Tricin as a classical language of Talma. This version will also be more synthetic than the original creator envisioned. It is a conlang based on similarities between Hebrew and Mon-Khmer languages, such as final stress, minor syllables and overall head-initial syntax. Aesthetically it's also inspired by Tíogall, one of my old sketches.

Todo

  • Eevo-ish grammar but more synthetic
  • Need a "causative"
  • find a good incopyfix verbalizer
  • Grammar: Salish/Eevo

Neutral:

Meac id-imstief leth tsip ăłüth no-bătseal.
sleeping DIR PL-idea green without color ADV-fury
Colorless green ideas sleep furiously.

Focused:

Id-imstief leth tsip ăłüth mo-meac no-bătseal.
DIR=PL-idea green without color REL=sleep ADV=fury
It is the colorless green ideas that sleep furiously.
Düeth id-lun.
naked DIR-king
The king is naked.

Avoid

  • șoa or șo'a or similar - sho'ah is holocaust in hebrew

Phonology of Windermerean Windermere

Orthography

Consonants

  • Ϫϫ Շչ Ɑᶑ Ѡϙ Ғғ Ѵѵ Ƌժ Ƨƨ ſʗ = p b f t d th c g ch
  • Ɨɟ ʢє Ϯ₼ = m n ng
  • Ϟɥ Ɔɔ Պɱ ["sin dot"] Ʌʎ = s ł ts tł ș
  • Էէ Ӿӿ Գƪ Քƍ Ֆⱷ Пп = r w y h l ʔ

Vowels

The vowel signs are placed to the right of the consonant letter.

  • · : ; ı › ˫/⸗ƍ ⸗ = ă u ü i o e a; :ƍ ;ƍ ıƍ ›ƍ ˫ƍ = ua üe ie oa ea

Consonants

Labial Alveolar Lateral Palatal Velar Glottal
Nasal m /m/ n /n/ ng /ŋ/
Plosive voiced b /b/ d /d/ g /g/
voiceless p /p/ t /t/ c /k/ ' /ʔ/
Affricate ts /ts̻/ /tɬ/
Fricative spirant f /f~v/ th /θ~ð/ ch /x/
nonspirant s /s̻/ ł /ɬ/ ș /s̺~ʃ/ h /h/
Resonant w /w/ r /r/ l /l~ɫ/ y /j/

The glottal stop is not transcribed word-initially.

Vowels

These are the realization of vowels in Windermerean Windermere:

Monophthongs
Front Central Back
unrounded rounded
Close i /i/ ü /y/ u /u/
Mid e /e/ ă /ə/ o /o/
Open a /a/

Diphthongs
Front Central Back
unrounded rounded
Close ie /iə/ üe /yə/ ua /uə/
Mid ea /eə/ oa /oə/


Notes
  • /ə/ occurs only in unstressed syllables.

Old Windermere had breathy voiced vowels ah eh ih oh uh üh /aʱ eʱ iʱ oʱ uʱ yʱ/ which became e ea ie oa ua üe in Classical Winderemre.

Stress

Stress is invariably final.

Phonotactics

Zero and C are the only permitted word-final codas.

Morphology

Windermere morphology is exclusively prefixing and infixing.

Old Windermere

Sandhi

Old Windermere had a complex sandhi system (somewhere between Biblical Hebrew and Sanskrit) which is no longer productive in Rhythoed.

  • ths -> st, as in sehf (go) -> *thsehf -> stehf (to drive) (Rhythoed binsteaf (energy), sămteaf (to energize))

Grassmann's law was productive in Old Windermere. When there were two aspirated consonants before a stressed vowel in a word, the first was deaspirated.

Some prefixes

Old Windermere had the following prefixes:

  • th- (causative; denominal verbs)
  • p- (agentive)
    • da (know) -> pda (master; also pda in Rhythoed)
  • ha- (passive)

Old Windermere also used breathy voice ablaut to denote tools: snar (capture) -> snahr (trap, snare) which survives in Rhythoed as sner.

Nouns

im- is used as the plural prefix.

The case markers are the following:

  • id: nominative
  • u: accusative
  • mi-: locative
  • ya-: comitative
  • șa-: allative
  • faC-: from
  • tsip : without
  • fe: by (passive)

Pronouns

I thou (m.) thou (f.) he she it we (exc.) we (inc.) you (pl.) they (an.) they (inan.)
Nominative rie łen łes in is tan tsa bang ngea ănam tănam
Accusative grie găłen găłes cin cis dan gătsa găbang găngea cănam dănam

After a preposition, nominative forms are used.

Demonstratives

  • this: __ se
  • that: __ fi
  • here: rădun se, runse (casual)
  • there: rădun fe, rumfe (casual)
  • who: ășak ra, ășra (casual)
  • what: ra (in the sense of which), mül ra (in the sense of which thing)
  • where: rădun ra, runra (casual)
  • when sngith ra, sngithra (casual)
  • how li-tănsü ra; litra in casual speech
  • all tsor (preposed)
  • many mea (preposed)
  • some tăchung (preposed)
  • few łüp (preposed)
  • other nătha

Verbs

Lăcoaf verbs inflect for mood, aspect, and trigger/voice, but not for tense.

The trigger system is a Tagalog-style trigger system, with the focus on the direct case argument.

In the imperative, the subject is omitted. The cohortative ('let's VERB') uses the syntax VERB ya-tsa, lit. 'VERB with us (exc)'.

Verbs and adjectives are actually predicate nouns, so a patient trigger verb can be used as a patient noun just by placing a case marker in front of it.

Aspect

Aspect inflection uses a combination of prefixes and reduplication.

Reduplicant uses 1st consonant (F) or last consonant (L)

  • habitual = unmarked for some verbs but marked with ta- for others
  • perfective = unmarked for some verbs but marked with em- for others
  • prospective = hef- (closest equivalent of future tense)
  • momentane = bla-
  • progressive = ăL-
  • gnomic = FăL-
  • frequentative = FeLFă-
  • inchoative/inceptive = oLFă-
  • graduative = tăFa-

Intensive

  • thu- = intensive prefix

Adjectives

Adjectives are stative verbs: they behave almost idenitcally to verbs but they cannot take the imperative by themselves.

Derivational morphology

  • aL› incopyfixation = nom'zer for underived verbs; ‹am› = nom'zer for verbs ending in vowel
  • bin- = nominalizer for derived verbs
  • hăl- = nominalizer for adjectives
  • sa- = nominalizer
  • și- = negation
  • ing- = verbalizer
  • yăn- = adjectivizer
  • nu- = agentive (Classical Windermere; and productive to an extent in Rhythoed)
  • pa- = patientive (from Old Windermere *p + *ha)
  • bo- = adjectivizer for verbs

TODO: verbalizers, "adjectivizers" ("X-like", "characterized by X")

  • Head-initial concatenation. Common concatenated morphemes:
    • hălwier = '-logy' (lit. "beauty of")
    • wang = 'matter, affairs'

"Trigger" verb affixes

These were originally trigger affixes but had become derivational affixes by Classical Windermere times.

  • Core triggers
    • ‹ăc› = Patient trigger [telic]
    • ‹ră› = Patient trigger [atelic]
    • ‹ăs› = Agent trigger [= a weird way of syntacticizing passive voice/ergativity]
    • ‹ăb› = Reflexive trigger
  • Applicative triggers - these meanings are not always literal. Without an explicit direct case argument, these verbs must be nominalized.
    • ‹ăn› = Applicative trigger
    • ‹ith› = Locative trigger
    • ‹ăng› = Instrumental trigger
    • ‹ăfong› = Destination trigger
    • ‹ălis› = Comitative trigger
    • ‹ăm› = Source/cause trigger
    • ‹ăchem› = Benefactive/purpose trigger
    • ‹ărea› = Malefactive trigger

Syntax

Constituent order

The basic word order of Lăcoaf is DIRECT-VERB-INDIRECT - if there is no direct case argument for the trigger to act upon then the word order is VERB-INDIRECT. This should help promote the "focus-first"/"predicate-first" word order in Eevo.

Noun phrase

Verb phrase

There is a preverbal negative particle die.

Time clauses

For a non-finite time clause, mi- + verbal noun may be used.

Relative clauses

mo- = relativizer

  • often combined with the complementizer: mong

Complement clauses

nga = complementizer

Reason clauses

Verbal noun clauses

Example texts

Other resources