West Carpathian grammar

In this article various aspects of West Carpathian grammar are discussed. Unlike the neighbouring languages, such as Slovak and Polish, which are the Slavic languages, West Carpathian belongs to the Oronaic language family, and is typologically between fusional and agglutinative languages.

Nouns

The West Carpathian language has gender category in nouns or even in personal pronouns, similarly to neighbouring Hungarian: sun is "he", "she", or "it", depending on the referent. There are no articles, meaning the definiteness is not distinguished.

Cases

West Carpathian has eleven cases: six grammatical cases, three locative cases, three directional cases. The most typical case endings are shown in the table below:

Case	Ending	Example	Translation
Grammatical
nominative	–	oiva	(a) head
accusative	different	oivā	head (as an object)
genitive	-ū/-ju	oivū	of (a) head
dative	-id/-cid	oivid	head (as an indirect object)
instrumental	-inä'/-ina	oivina	by means of (a) head
essive	-pä/-pa	oivapa	as (a) head
Locative
inessive	-utu	oivautu	in (a) head
adessive	-ie/-uo	oivuo	on (a) head
apudessive	-ve/-vo	oivavo	at/near (a) head
Directional
illative	-ēn/-oan	oivoan	into (a) head
lative	-ivä/-iva	oiviva	to (a) head
allative	-ehe/-aho	oivaho	onto (a) head