Tigol/Morphology
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Tigol is a highly inflected, fusional language, unlike modern Eevo. Much of Proto-Talmic morphology survives in Tigol. However, Tigol is most notorious for its often unpredictable verbal allomorphy.
Nouns
Nouns fall into one of masculine, feminine and neuter genders and inflect for singular and plural numbers, inherited from the Thensarian singulative and plurative.
The definite article, inherited from the Thensarian demonstrative φinom, is in for singular nouns and na for plural nouns; they trigger mutations based on gender.
Nouns are also inflected for construct state and take possessive suffixes, inherited from Thensarian.
-0, -' (masculine)
| már 'tree' | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Singulative | Collective | Plurative | |
| Absolute | már | máir | |
| Construct | márae | - | máraibh |
| Possessed forms of már - 'tree' | ||
|---|---|---|
| Numbern→ State↓ |
Singulative | Plurative |
| 1sg possessor | mára | máranna |
| 2sg possessor | márais | márannais |
| 3sg.m possessor | máru | márannu |
| 3sg.f possessor | máiri | márannai |
| 3sg.n possessor | máradh | márann |
| 1exc possessor | máram | márannam |
| 1inc possessor | márfaí | márannfaí |
| 2pl possessor | máracc | márannacc |
| 3pl possessor | márur | márannur |
-0, -ae (masculine)
| gníos 'goat' | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Singulative | Collective | Plurative | |
| Absolute nom. | gníos | gníosae | |
| Construct | gníosadh | - | gníosaibh |
(feminine)
(neuter)
Adjectives
Pronouns
Verb prefixes
Preverb prefixes
Prefixes:
- ar-: on, at
- (deut.) as-: telic
- (prot.) de-, (deut.) do-: in, at
- é-: with, co-
- fin-/sin- = well, thoroughly
- for-: causative, through
- (prot.) ful-, (deut.) fol-: around, back
- (prot.) gel-, (deut.) gol-: up, out
- ro-: down
- sol-: a causative
- (prot.) su-, (deut.) so-: towards
- (prot.) sur-, (deut.) sor-: back
- (prot.) u(cc)-, (deut.) oc-: from
Object prefixes
Object prefixes are inherited from Proto-Quihum and are placed in a slot between preverbs and the stem.
Verb TAMs
Tigol inherits many TAMs directly from Thensarian. In addition, Tigol displays extensive verb allomorphy. Verbs can be grouped in two ways: non-prefixed and prefixed, and non-ablauting and ablauting. The verb tables below will use the following example verbs:
- Unprefixed, non-ablauting verbs: e.g. túsaiṁ /ˈtuːsai̯mʰ/ 'he prays', ní·tús /niːˈtuːs/ 'he does not pray' (modern tus)
- Unprefixed, ablauting verbs: e.g. soṁaiṁ /somʰai̯mʰ/ 'he finds (intransitive)', ní·soṁa /niːˈsomʰa/ 'he does not find' (modern sov)
- Prefixed, non-ablauting verbs: e.g. as·tóċ /asˈtoːkʰ/ 'he proves', ní·assaċ /niːˈasːakʰ/ 'he does not prove'
- Prefixed ablauting verbs: e.g. de·arcoḃ /dorˈkobʰ/ 'he tolerates' (< de-ar-cobym 'at-on-bear'), ní·dérb /niːˈdeːrb/ 'he does not tolerate' (modern deerv)
In case where there is a preverb, the first syllable after the interpunct is stressed.
Present
| Person | túsain "pray, request" (non-prefixed, non-ablauting) |
soṁain '"find" (non-prefixed, ablauting) |
as·tóċan "prove" (prefixed, non-ablauting) |
dor·coḃ "tolerate" (prefixed, ablauting) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1SG | túsain < tússanis ní·tús < nīs tússan |
soṁain < somynis ní·soṁ < nīs somyn |
as·tóċan < astósācon ní·assaċ < nīs ástosācon |
dor·coḃ ní·dérb |
| 2SG | túsair < tússaris ní·túsar < nīs tússar |
soṁair < somyris ní·soṁar < nīs somyr |
as·tóċar < astósācor ní·assaċar < nīs ástosācor |
dor·coḃar ní·dérbar |
| 3SG.M | túsaiṁ < tússamis ní·tús < nīs tússam |
soṁaiṁ < somymis ní·soṁ < nīs somym |
as·tóċ < astósācom ní·assaċ < nīs ástosācom |
dor·coḃ ní·dérb |
| 3SG.F | túsaé < tússasis ní·túsaé < nīs tússasi |
soṁaé < somysis ní·soṁaé < nīs somysi |
as·tóċaé < astósācosi ní·assaċaé < nīs ástosācosi |
dor·coḃaé ní·dérbaé |
| 3SG.N | tús < tússas ní·tús < nīs tússa |
soiṁ < somis ní·soṁ < nīs somy |
as·tóċ < astósācos ní·assaċ < nīs ástosāco |
dor·coḃ ní·dérb |
| 1EX | túsmae < tússamēs ní·túsaiṁ < nīs tússamē |
sommae < somymēs ní·soṁaiṁ < nīs somymē |
as·tóċaiṁ < astósācomē ní·assaċaiṁ < nīs ástosācomē |
dor·coḃaiṁ ní·dérbaiṁ |
| 1IN | túsait < tússantis ní·túsat < nīs tússant |
soṁait < somyntis ní·soṁat < nīs somynt |
as·tóċat < astósācont ní·assaċat < nīs ástosācont |
dor·coḃat ní·dérbat |
| 2PL | túsaisc < tússasces ní·túsaisc < nīs tússasce |
soṁaisc < somysces ní·soṁasc < nīs somysce |
as·tóċaisc < astósācosce ní·assaċaisc < nīs ástosācosce |
dor·coḃaisc ní·dérbaisc |
| 3PL | túsaiḋ < tússatis ní·túsaḋ < nīs tússat |
soṁaiḋ < somytis ní·soṁaḋ < nīs somyt |
as·tóċaḋ < astósācot ní·assaċaḋ < nīs ástosācot |
dor·coḃaḋ ní·dérbaḋ |
Imperfect
The imperfect is its own principal part, from reduplication in Thensarian.
| Person | túsain "pray, request" (non-prefixed, non-ablauting) |
soṁain '"find" (non-prefixed, ablauting) |
as·tóċan "prove" (prefixed, non-ablauting) |
dor·coḃ "tolerate" (prefixed, ablauting) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1SG | téussain < tétussanis ní·téuss < nīs tétussan |
séṁain < sésomynis ní·séṁ < nīs sésomyn |
as·tecc ní·astóċ |
dor·coġḃ ní·dercob |
| 2SG | téussair < tétussaris ní·téussar < nīs tétussar |
séṁair < somyris ní·séṁar < nīs sésomyr |
as·teccar ní·astóċar |
dor·coġḃar ní·dercobar |
| 3SG.M | téussaiṁ < tétussamis ní·téuss < nīs tétussam |
séṁaiṁ < sésomymis ní·séṁ < nīs sésomym |
as·tecc ní·astóċ |
dor·coġḃ ní·dercob |
| 3SG.F | téussaé < tétussasis ní·téussaé < nīs tétussasi |
séṁaé < sésomysis ní·séṁaé < nīs sésomysi |
as·teccaé ní·astóċaé |
dor·coġḃaé ní·dercobaé |
| 3SG.N | téuss < tétussas ní·téuss < nīs tétussa |
séṁ < sésomis ní·séṁ < nīs sésomy |
as·tecc ní·astóċ |
dor·coġḃ ní·dercob |
| 1EX | téussaiṁ < tétussamēs ní·téussaiṁ < nīs tétussamē |
sémmae < sésomymēs ní·séṁaiṁ < nīs sésomymē |
as·teccaiṁ ní·astóċaiṁ |
dor·coġḃaiṁ ní·dercobaiṁ |
| 1IN | téussait < tétussantis ní·téussat < nīs tétussant |
séṁait < sésomyntis ní·séṁat < nīs sésomynt |
as·teccat ní·astóċat |
dor·coġḃat ní·dercobat |
| 2PL | téussaisc < tétussasces ní·téussaisc < nīs tétussasce |
séṁaisc < sésomysces ní·soṁasc < nīs sésomysce |
as·teccaisc ní·astóċaisc |
dor·coġḃaisc ní·dercobaisc |
| 3PL | téussaiḋ < tétussatis ní·téussaḋ < nīs tétussat |
séṁaiḋ < sésomytis ní·séṁaḋ < nīs sésomyt |
as·teccaḋ ní·astóċaḋ |
dor·coġḃaḋ ní·dercobaḋ |
Preterite
| Person | túsain "pray, request" (non-prefixed, non-ablauting) |
soṁain '"find" (non-prefixed, ablauting) |
as·tóċan "prove" (prefixed, non-ablauting) |
dor·coḃ "tolerate" (prefixed, ablauting) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1SG | túsaidh < tússadīs ní·túsaidh < nīs tússadī |
siṁidh < simidīs ní·siṁidh < nīs simidī |
as·tóċaidh < astósācādī ní·assaċaidh < nīs ástosācādī |
dor·ciḃid ní·déirbid |
| 2SG | túsaí < tússavoes ní·túsaí < nīs tússavoe |
siṁí < simivoes ní·siṁí < nīs simivoe |
as·tóċaí < astósācovoe ní·assaċaí < nīs ástosācovoe |
dor·ciḃí ní·déirbí |
| 3SG.M | túsaim < tússasmis ní·túsaim < nīs tússasmi |
siṁim < simismis ní·siṁim < nīs simismi |
as·tóċaim < astósācosmi ní·assaċaim < nīs ástosācosmi |
dor·ciḃim ní·déirbim |
| 3SG.F | túsais < tússastis ní·túsais < nīs tússasti |
siṁis < simistis ní·siṁis < nīs simisti |
as·tóċais < astósācosti ní·assaċais < nīs ástosācosti |
dor·ciḃis ní·déirbis |
| 3SG.N | túsá < tússasos ní·túsá < nīs tússaso |
siṁeo < simisos ní·siṁeo < nīs simiso |
as·tóċá < astósācoso ní·assaċá < nīs ástosācoso |
dor·ciḃeo ní·déirbeo |
| 1EX | túsmair < tússameris ní·túsmar < nīs tússamer |
simmir < simimeris ní·simmer < nīs simimeris |
as·tóċmar < astósācomer ní·assaċmar < nīs ástosācomer |
dor·ciḃmer ní·déirbmer |
| 1IN | túsdair < tússanteris ní·túsdar < nīs tússanter |
siṁdir < siminteris ní·siṁder < nīs siminteris |
as·tóċdar < astósāconter ní·assaċdar < nīs ástosāconter |
dor·ciḃder ní·déirbder |
| 2PL | tússcair < tússasceris ní·tússcar < nīs tússascer |
siṁscir < simisceris ní·siṁscer < nīs simisceris |
as·tóċscar < astósācosceris ní·assaċscar < nīs ástosācoscer |
dor·ciḃscer ní·déirbscer |
| 3PL | túsṫair < tússateris ní·túsṫar < nīs tússater |
siṁṫir < simiteris ní·siṁṫer < nīs simiteris |
as·tóċṫar < astósācoter ní·assaċṫar < nīs ástosācoter |
dor·ciḃṫer ní·déirbṫer |
Future
| Person | túsain "pray, request" (non-prefixed, non-ablauting) |
soṁain '"find" (non-prefixed, ablauting) |
as·tóċan "prove" (prefixed, non-ablauting) |
dor·coḃ "tolerate" (prefixed, ablauting) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1SG | túsṫain < tússatēnis ní·túsaiḋ < nīs tússatēn |
sóitin < sontēnis ní·sóit < nīs sontēn |
as·tóċtan ní·assaċt |
dor·coċtan ní·derċtan |
| 2SG | túsṫair < tússatēris ní·túsṫar < nīs tússatēr |
sóitir < sontēris ní·sóiter < nīs sontēr |
as·tóċtar ní·assaċtar |
dor·coċtar ní·derċtar |
| 3SG.M | túsṫaiṁ < tússatēmis ní·túsaiḋ < nīs tússatēm |
sóitiṁ < sontēmis ní·sóit < nīs somym |
as·tóċt ní·assaċt |
dor·coċt ní·derċt |
| 3SG.F | túsṫaé < tússatēsis ní·túsṫaé < nīs tússatēsi |
sóité < sontēsis ní·sóité < nīs somysi |
as·tóċtaé ní·assaċtaé |
dor·coċtaé ní·derċtaé |
| 3SG.N | túsaiḋ < tússatēs ní·túsaiḋ < nīs tússatē |
sóit < sontēs ní·sóit < nīs sontē |
as·tóċt ní·assaċt |
dor·coċt ní·derċt |
| 1EX | túsṫaiṁ < tússatēmēs túsṫaiṁ < nīs tússatēmē |
sóitiṁ < sontēmēs ní·sóiteṁ < nīs sontēm |
as·tóċtaiṁ ní·assaċtaiṁ |
dor·coċtaiṁ ní·derċtaiṁ |
| 1IN | túsṫait < tússatēntis ní·túsṫat < nīs tússatēnt |
sóitit < sontēntis ní·sóitet < nīs sontēnt |
as·tóċtat ní·assaċtat |
dor·coċtat ní·derċtat |
| 2PL | túsṫaisc < tússatēsces ní·túsṫaisc < nīs tússatēsce |
sóitisc < sontēsces ní·sóitisc < nīs sontēsce |
as·tóċtaisc ní·assaċtaisc |
dor·coċtaisc ní·derċtaisc |
| 3PL | túsṫaiḋ < tússatētis ní·túsṫaḋ < nīs tússatēt |
sóitiḋ < sontētis ní·sóiteḋ < nīs sontēt |
as·tóċtaḋ ní·assaċtaḋ |
dor·coċtaḋ ní·derċtaḋ |
Present subjunctive
| Person | túsain "pray, request" (non-prefixed, non-ablauting) |
soṁain '"find" (non-prefixed, ablauting) |
as·tóċan "prove" (prefixed, non-ablauting) |
dor·coḃ "tolerate" (prefixed, ablauting) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1SG | túsnae < tússānaes dá·ṫúsnae < δā tússānae |
soṁnae < somnaes dá·shoṁnae < δā somnae |
as·tóċnae dá·assaċnae |
dor·coċnae dá·derċnae |
| 2SG | túsrae < tussāraes dá·ṫúsṫar < δā tússārae |
soṁrae < somraes dá·shoṁrae < δā somrae |
as·tóċrae dá·assaċrae |
dor·coċrae dá·derċrae |
| 3SG.M | túsmair < tússamioris dá·ṫúsmar < δā tússamior |
soimmir < sommioris dá·shoimmer < δā sommior |
as·tóċmar dá·assaċmar |
dor·coċmar dá·derċmar |
| 3SG.F | túsaéir < tússasioris dá·ṫúsaér < δā tússasior |
soimir < somsioris dá·shoimer < δā somsior |
as·tóċaér dá·assaċaér |
dor·coċaér dá·derċaér |
| 3SG.N | túsair < tússaoris dá·ṫúsar < δā tússaor |
soiṁir < somioris dá·shoiṁer < δā somior |
as·tóċar dá·assaċar |
dor·coċar dá·derċar |
| 1EX | túsṁae < tússāmaes dá·ṫúsṁae < δā tússāmae |
sommae < sommaes dá·sommae < δā sommae |
as·tóċmae dá·assaċmae |
dor·coċmae dá·derċmae |
| 1IN | túsdae < tússāntaes dá·ṫúsdae < δā tússāntae |
soṁadae < somyntaes dá·soṁadae < δā somyntae |
as·tóċdae ní·assaċdae |
dor·coċdae dá·derċdae |
| 2PL | túscae < tussāscaes dá·ṫúscae < δā tussāscae |
soṁascae < somyscaes dá·soṁascae < δā somyscae |
as·tóċscae ní·assaċscae |
dor·coċscae dá·derċscae |
| 3PL | túsṫair < tussātioris dá·ṫúsṫair < δā tussātior |
soiṁṫir < somtioris dá·soiṁṫer < δā somtior |
as·tóċṫair dá·assaċṫair |
dor·coċtar dá·derċtar |
Past subjunctive
Gets mixed up with future in descendants.