Naeng/Diachronics

• Preinitial vowel reduction, mostly to ă and i.
• Grimm's law: p t k > f th ch; b d g > p t k
• breathy vowel + p t k > breathy vowel + b d g
• some vowels drop, creating consonant clusters
• Get final /b d g/ -- consonant clusters?
  • Pre-Grimm's law *pnürd > Pre-Windermere *pnürð > fnüd 'day'

Sandhi

• th + fric -> fric + t
  • ths -> st, as in sehf (go) -> *thsehf -> stehf (to drive) (Modern binsteaf (energy), sămteaf (to energize))
  • thf -> ft, e.g. tăfi (laugh) -> *titfi -> tifti (mock)
• rC, lC > Cr, Cl
• ps pt pn png > sp pr fn fng
• tp cp kp > tw tsw cw; breathy vowel + tp tsp kp > thw tsw chw
• ck kc cp pc sc ts > sc sc sp sp st st