Naeng/Diachronics

• Preinitial vowel reduction, mostly to ă and i.
• Grimm's law: p t k > f th ch; b d g > p t k
• breathy vowel + p t k > breathy vowel + b d g
• some vowels drop, creating consonant clusters
• Behavior of laryngeals
  • f was something unvoiced like /φ/ so the breathiness should move to the right in Windermere and yield a breathy vowel on the last syllable?
  • H was something breathy and murmured voice so it affects a vowel directly adjacent to it, either to the left or right
  • X becomes h, word-finally /x/
• Get final /b d g/ -- Georgian-ish consonant clusters?
  • Pre-Grimm's law *pnürd > Pre-Windermere *pnürð > fnüd 'day'
  • Pre-Grimm's law *anèrp > Windermere neab 'end'

Etymologies

• *mpuʔ > Wdm. bü 'baby'
• cmath 'jaw' < *gmät
• thbam 'peace, calm' < *t- + *nbäm "quiet"
• ămuch 'full' < ʔmok
• thăpeal < tobel-s 'laurel' (from substrate)
• cliem "number" < *glim "collect" + -s
• chwep "light" < kweb
• tsoa < tsHo 'morning'
• ărăngeal 'terrible' < ʔi⟨r⟩ŋHel < *ʔiŋHel 'fear'
• fnüd < pnund 'day'
• neab < nemp-s 'end'