Tigol/Morphology
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Tigol is a highly inflected, fusional language, unlike modern Eevo. Much of Proto-Talmic morphology survives in Tigol. However, Tigol is most notorious for its often unpredictable verbal allomorphy.
Nouns
Nouns fall into one of masculine, feminine and neuter genders and inflect for singular and plural numbers, inherited from the Thensarian singulative and plurative.
The definite article, inherited from the Thensarian demonstrative φinom, is in for singular nouns and na for plural nouns; they trigger mutations based on gender.
Nouns are also inflected for construct state and take possessive suffixes, inherited from Thensarian.
-0, -' (masculine)
| már 'tree' | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Singulative | Collective | Plurative | |
| Absolute | már | máir | |
| Construct | márae | - | máraibh |
| Possessed forms of már - 'tree' | ||
|---|---|---|
| Numbern→ State↓ |
Singulative | Plurative |
| 1sg possessor | mára | máranna |
| 2sg possessor | márais | márannais |
| 3sg.m possessor | máru | márannu |
| 3sg.f possessor | máiri | márannai |
| 3sg.n possessor | máradh | márann |
| 1exc possessor | máram | márannam |
| 1inc possessor | márfaí | márannfaí |
| 2pl possessor | máracc | márannacc |
| 3pl possessor | márur | márannur |
-0, -ae (masculine)
| giaos 'goat' | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| Singulative | Collective | Plurative | |
| Absolute nom. | giaos | giaosae | |
| Construct | giaosadh | - | giaosaibh |
(feminine)
(neuter)
Adjectives
Pronouns
Verb prefixes
Preverb prefixes
Prefixes:
- ar-: on, at
- (deut.) as-: telic
- (prot.) de-, (deut.) do-: in, at
- é-: with, co-
- fin-/sin- = well, thoroughly
- for-: causative, through
- (prot.) ful-, (deut.) fol-: around, back
- (prot.) gel-, (deut.) gol-: up, out
- ro-: down
- sol-: a causative
- (prot.) su-, (deut.) so-: towards
- (prot.) sur-, (deut.) sor-: back
- (prot.) u(cc)-, (deut.) oc-: from
Object prefixes
Object prefixes are inherited from Proto-Quihum and are placed in a slot between preverbs and the stem.
Verb TAMs
Tigol inherits many TAMs directly from Thensarian. In addition, Tigol displays extensive verb allomorphy. Verbs can be grouped in two ways: non-prefixed and prefixed, and non-ablauting and ablauting. The verb tables below will use the following example verbs:
- Unprefixed, non-ablauting verbs: e.g. túsaiṁ /ˈtuːsai̯mʰ/ 'he prays', ia·tús /niːˈtuːs/ 'he does not pray' (modern tus)
- Unprefixed, ablauting verbs: e.g. soṁaiṁ /somʰai̯mʰ/ 'he finds (intransitive)', ia·soṁa /niːˈsomʰa/ 'he does not find' (modern sov)
- Prefixed, non-ablauting verbs: e.g. as·tóċ /asˈtoːkʰ/ 'he proves', ia·assaċ /niːˈasːakʰ/ 'he does not prove'
- Prefixed ablauting verbs: e.g. de·arcoḃ /dorˈkobʰ/ 'he tolerates' (< de-ar-cobym 'at-on-bear'), ia·dérb /niːˈdeːrb/ 'he does not tolerate' (modern deerv)
In case where there is a preverb, the first syllable after the interpunct is stressed.
Present
| Person | túsain "pray, request" (non-prefixed, non-ablauting) |
soṁain '"find" (non-prefixed, ablauting) |
as·tóċan "prove" (prefixed, non-ablauting) |
dor·coḃ "tolerate" (prefixed, ablauting) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1SG | túsain < tússanis ia·tús < nīs tússan |
soṁain < somynis ia·soṁ < nīs somyn |
as·tóċan < astósācon ia·assaċ < nīs ástosācon |
dor·coḃ ia·dérb |
| 2SG | túsair < tússaris ia·túsar < nīs tússar |
soṁair < somyris ia·soṁar < nīs somyr |
as·tóċar < astósācor ia·assaċar < nīs ástosācor |
dor·coḃar ia·dérbar |
| 3SG.M | túsaiṁ < tússamis ia·tús < nīs tússam |
soṁaiṁ < somymis ia·soṁ < nīs somym |
as·tóċ < astósācom ia·assaċ < nīs ástosācom |
dor·coḃ ia·dérb |
| 3SG.F | túsaé < tússasis ia·túsaé < nīs tússasi |
soṁaé < somysis ia·soṁaé < nīs somysi |
as·tóċaé < astósācosi ia·assaċaé < nīs ástosācosi |
dor·coḃaé ia·dérbaé |
| 3SG.N | tús < tússas ia·tús < nīs tússa |
soiṁ < somis ia·soṁ < nīs somy |
as·tóċ < astósācos ia·assaċ < nīs ástosāco |
dor·coḃ ia·dérb |
| 1EX | túsmae < tússamēs ia·túsaiṁ < nīs tússamē |
sommae < somymēs ia·soṁaiṁ < nīs somymē |
as·tóċaiṁ < astósācomē ia·assaċaiṁ < nīs ástosācomē |
dor·coḃaiṁ ia·dérbaiṁ |
| 1IN | túsait < tússantis ia·túsat < nīs tússant |
soṁait < somyntis ia·soṁat < nīs somynt |
as·tóċat < astósācont ia·assaċat < nīs ástosācont |
dor·coḃat ia·dérbat |
| 2PL | túsaisc < tússasces ia·túsaisc < nīs tússasce |
soṁaisc < somysces ia·soṁasc < nīs somysce |
as·tóċaisc < astósācosce ia·assaċaisc < nīs ástosācosce |
dor·coḃaisc ia·dérbaisc |
| 3PL | túsaiḋ < tússatis ia·túsaḋ < nīs tússat |
soṁaiḋ < somytis ia·soṁaḋ < nīs somyt |
as·tóċaḋ < astósācot ia·assaċaḋ < nīs ástosācot |
dor·coḃaḋ ia·dérbaḋ |
Imperfect
The imperfect is its own principal part, from reduplication in Thensarian.
| Person | túsain "pray, request" (non-prefixed, non-ablauting) |
soṁain '"find" (non-prefixed, ablauting) |
as·tóċan "prove" (prefixed, non-ablauting) |
dor·coḃ "tolerate" (prefixed, ablauting) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1SG | téussain < tétussanis ia·téuss < nīs tétussan |
séṁain < sésomynis ia·séṁ < nīs sésomyn |
as·tecc ia·astóċ |
dor·coġḃ ia·dercob |
| 2SG | téussair < tétussaris ia·téussar < nīs tétussar |
séṁair < somyris ia·séṁar < nīs sésomyr |
as·teccar ia·astóċar |
dor·coġḃar ia·dercobar |
| 3SG.M | téussaiṁ < tétussamis ia·téuss < nīs tétussam |
séṁaiṁ < sésomymis ia·séṁ < nīs sésomym |
as·tecc ia·astóċ |
dor·coġḃ ia·dercob |
| 3SG.F | téussaé < tétussasis ia·téussaé < nīs tétussasi |
séṁaé < sésomysis ia·séṁaé < nīs sésomysi |
as·teccaé ia·astóċaé |
dor·coġḃaé ia·dercobaé |
| 3SG.N | téuss < tétussas ia·téuss < nīs tétussa |
séṁ < sésomis ia·séṁ < nīs sésomy |
as·tecc ia·astóċ |
dor·coġḃ ia·dercob |
| 1EX | téussaiṁ < tétussamēs ia·téussaiṁ < nīs tétussamē |
sémmae < sésomymēs ia·séṁaiṁ < nīs sésomymē |
as·teccaiṁ ia·astóċaiṁ |
dor·coġḃaiṁ ia·dercobaiṁ |
| 1IN | téussait < tétussantis ia·téussat < nīs tétussant |
séṁait < sésomyntis ia·séṁat < nīs sésomynt |
as·teccat ia·astóċat |
dor·coġḃat ia·dercobat |
| 2PL | téussaisc < tétussasces ia·téussaisc < nīs tétussasce |
séṁaisc < sésomysces ia·soṁasc < nīs sésomysce |
as·teccaisc ia·astóċaisc |
dor·coġḃaisc ia·dercobaisc |
| 3PL | téussaiḋ < tétussatis ia·téussaḋ < nīs tétussat |
séṁaiḋ < sésomytis ia·séṁaḋ < nīs sésomyt |
as·teccaḋ ia·astóċaḋ |
dor·coġḃaḋ ia·dercobaḋ |
Preterite
| Person | túsain "pray, request" (non-prefixed, non-ablauting) |
soṁain '"find" (non-prefixed, ablauting) |
as·tóċan "prove" (prefixed, non-ablauting) |
dor·coḃ "tolerate" (prefixed, ablauting) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1SG | túsaidh < tússadīs ia·túsaidh < nīs tússadī |
siṁidh < simidīs ia·siṁidh < nīs simidī |
as·tóċaidh < astósācādī ia·assaċaidh < nīs ástosācādī |
dor·ciḃid ia·déirbid |
| 2SG | túsaí < tússavoes ia·túsaí < nīs tússavoe |
siṁí < simivoes ia·siṁí < nīs simivoe |
as·tóċaí < astósācovoe ia·assaċaí < nīs ástosācovoe |
dor·ciḃí ia·déirbí |
| 3SG.M | túsaim < tússasmis ia·túsaim < nīs tússasmi |
siṁim < simismis ia·siṁim < nīs simismi |
as·tóċaim < astósācosmi ia·assaċaim < nīs ástosācosmi |
dor·ciḃim ia·déirbim |
| 3SG.F | túsais < tússastis ia·túsais < nīs tússasti |
siṁis < simistis ia·siṁis < nīs simisti |
as·tóċais < astósācosti ia·assaċais < nīs ástosācosti |
dor·ciḃis ia·déirbis |
| 3SG.N | túsá < tússasos ia·túsá < nīs tússaso |
siṁeo < simisos ia·siṁeo < nīs simiso |
as·tóċá < astósācoso ia·assaċá < nīs ástosācoso |
dor·ciḃeo ia·déirbeo |
| 1EX | túsmair < tússameris ia·túsmar < nīs tússamer |
simmir < simimeris ia·simmer < nīs simimeris |
as·tóċmar < astósācomer ia·assaċmar < nīs ástosācomer |
dor·ciḃmer ia·déirbmer |
| 1IN | túsdair < tússanteris ia·túsdar < nīs tússanter |
siṁdir < siminteris ia·siṁder < nīs siminteris |
as·tóċdar < astósāconter ia·assaċdar < nīs ástosāconter |
dor·ciḃder ia·déirbder |
| 2PL | tússcair < tússasceris ia·tússcar < nīs tússascer |
siṁscir < simisceris ia·siṁscer < nīs simisceris |
as·tóċscar < astósācosceris ia·assaċscar < nīs ástosācoscer |
dor·ciḃscer ia·déirbscer |
| 3PL | túsbair < tússabris ia·túsbar < nīs tússaber |
siṁbir < simiberis ia·siṁber < nīs simiberis |
as·tóċḃar < astósācober ia·assaċḃar < nīs ástosācoter |
dor·ciber ia·déirber |
Future
| Person | túsain "pray, request" (non-prefixed, non-ablauting) |
soṁain '"find" (non-prefixed, ablauting) |
as·tóċan "prove" (prefixed, non-ablauting) |
dor·coḃ "tolerate" (prefixed, ablauting) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1SG | túsṫain < tússatēnis ia·túsaiḋ < nīs tússatēn |
sóitin < sontēnis ia·sóit < nīs sontēn |
as·tóċtan ia·assaċt |
dor·coċtan ia·derċtan |
| 2SG | túsṫair < tússatēris ia·túsṫar < nīs tússatēr |
sóitir < sontēris ia·sóiter < nīs sontēr |
as·tóċtar ia·assaċtar |
dor·coċtar ia·derċtar |
| 3SG.M | túsṫaiṁ < tússatēmis ia·túsaiḋ < nīs tússatēm |
sóitiṁ < sontēmis ia·sóit < nīs somym |
as·tóċt ia·assaċt |
dor·coċt ia·derċt |
| 3SG.F | túsṫaé < tússatēsis ia·túsṫaé < nīs tússatēsi |
sóité < sontēsis ia·sóité < nīs somysi |
as·tóċtaé ia·assaċtaé |
dor·coċtaé ia·derċtaé |
| 3SG.N | túsaiḋ < tússatēs ia·túsaiḋ < nīs tússatē |
sóit < sontēs ia·sóit < nīs sontē |
as·tóċt ia·assaċt |
dor·coċt ia·derċt |
| 1EX | túsṫaiṁ < tússatēmēs túsṫaiṁ < nīs tússatēmē |
sóitiṁ < sontēmēs ia·sóiteṁ < nīs sontēm |
as·tóċtaiṁ ia·assaċtaiṁ |
dor·coċtaiṁ ia·derċtaiṁ |
| 1IN | túsṫait < tússatēntis ia·túsṫat < nīs tússatēnt |
sóitit < sontēntis ia·sóitet < nīs sontēnt |
as·tóċtat ia·assaċtat |
dor·coċtat ia·derċtat |
| 2PL | túsṫaisc < tússatēsces ia·túsṫaisc < nīs tússatēsce |
sóitisc < sontēsces ia·sóitisc < nīs sontēsce |
as·tóċtaisc ia·assaċtaisc |
dor·coċtaisc ia·derċtaisc |
| 3PL | túsṫaiḋ < tússatētis ia·túsṫaḋ < nīs tússatēt |
sóitiḋ < sontētis ia·sóiteḋ < nīs sontēt |
as·tóċtaḋ ia·assaċtaḋ |
dor·coċtaḋ ia·derċtaḋ |
Present subjunctive
| Person | túsain "pray, request" (non-prefixed, non-ablauting) |
soṁain '"find" (non-prefixed, ablauting) |
as·tóċan "prove" (prefixed, non-ablauting) |
dor·coḃ "tolerate" (prefixed, ablauting) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1SG | túsnae < tússānaes dá·ṫúsnae < δā tússānae |
soṁnae < somnaes dá·shoṁnae < δā somnae |
as·tóċnae dá·assaċnae |
dor·coċnae dá·derċnae |
| 2SG | túsrae < tussāraes dá·ṫúsṫar < δā tússārae |
soṁrae < somraes dá·shoṁrae < δā somrae |
as·tóċrae dá·assaċrae |
dor·coċrae dá·derċrae |
| 3SG.M | túsmair < tússamioris dá·ṫúsmar < δā tússamior |
soimmir < sommioris dá·shoimmer < δā sommior |
as·tóċmar dá·assaċmar |
dor·coċmar dá·derċmar |
| 3SG.F | túsaéir < tússasioris dá·ṫúsaér < δā tússasior |
soimir < somsioris dá·shoimer < δā somsior |
as·tóċaér dá·assaċaér |
dor·coċaér dá·derċaér |
| 3SG.N | túsair < tússaoris dá·ṫúsar < δā tússaor |
soiṁir < somioris dá·shoiṁer < δā somior |
as·tóċar dá·assaċar |
dor·coċar dá·derċar |
| 1EX | túsṁae < tússāmaes dá·ṫúsṁae < δā tússāmae |
sommae < sommaes dá·sommae < δā sommae |
as·tóċmae dá·assaċmae |
dor·coċmae dá·derċmae |
| 1IN | túsdae < tússāntaes dá·ṫúsdae < δā tússāntae |
soṁadae < somyntaes dá·soṁadae < δā somyntae |
as·tóċdae ia·assaċdae |
dor·coċdae dá·derċdae |
| 2PL | túscae < tussāscaes dá·ṫúscae < δā tussāscae |
soṁascae < somyscaes dá·soṁascae < δā somyscae |
as·tóċscae ia·assaċscae |
dor·coċscae dá·derċscae |
| 3PL | túsṫair < tussātioris dá·ṫúsṫair < δā tussātior |
soiṁṫir < somtioris dá·soiṁṫer < δā somtior |
as·tóċṫair dá·assaċṫair |
dor·coċtar dá·derċtar |
Past subjunctive
Gets mixed up with future in descendants.