Páuluòbeng

Baoluoveng (yi bPáuluòbeng) is a minority language closely related to Jenian, but is distinct enough to be regarded as a separate language. It is inspired by Mandarin, Ufirlandisg, and Yorkshire English.

respell to make it look less mandarin

Figure out how to assign tones

Todo

Glottal reinforcement mania

Final schwa > tone split

dr tr sr > jh ch sh; jhil, jhim, jhin, jhing > jhul, jhum, jhun, jhung

lr̀ /lɛ̂ː(ɹ)/ = sap, syrup

ehcung, yi h-ehcung; pl. ehcungr /əhˈkʊ̄ŋ, əhˈkȭː(ɹ)/ = mountain

dèe, yi dèe; pl. dèen /têː, têːn/ = valley

yi syøød /ɕɥǿːʔ/ = rose

mand /manʔ/ = to take

ted /təʔ/ = beautiful

dùn /tû:n/ = far

duāilig /ˈtwɑ́ːljəʔ/ = to demand, to pester

yi mār /mǽ:/ = tree

jyarm /t͡ɕǽ:m/ 'heavy'

yi kaθr /ˈkʰaħə/ 'flower'

ái /ɑ̌ː/ 'gold'

neħdir /nəhtjə/ = chain

Phonology

Mandarin/Ufirlandisg/Allemanisch consonants; Yorkshire vowels

Tones

Báoluòveng is a strongly pitch-accent language.

Three tones for long vowels:

• ā or a: mid level, relaxed
• á: rising
• à: falling

Consonants

p b f v t d c z s з /z/ q j x ξ /ʑ/ ch zh sh r /ɹ/ k g h γ /ɣ/ θ /ħ/ ħ /h/ m n ng l w y - stops are devoiced, as in Mandarin

• /tʂw tʂʰw ʂw ɹw/ do not labialize to /pf pfʰ f ʋ/
• Historical initial /f/ retained
• Broad /l/ is only dark in coda position
• h = /x/ θ = /ħ/, ħ = /h/

Vowels

Baoluoveng doesn't like closing diphthongs very much, unlike Standard Cienian.

Short vowels:

• a ie i o u ü /a (j)ɛ (w)ɪ (w)ɔ (w)ʊ (ɥ)ʏ/

Long vowels:

• ai ei uai ui ie üe /ɑː~aɪ eː waɪ~wɑː weː jeː ɥøː/
  • [aɪ] is the Canadian-raised allophone of /ɑː/
• ao iao ou iu /aʊ~əʊ jaʊ~əʊ oː joː/
  • [əʊ] is the Canadian-raised allophone of /aʊ/
• ì ù ǜ /(j)iː uː (ɥ)yː/

R-linking vowels:

• uor, uòr, uò, ur, ùr /(w)ɔː(ɹ)/
• (i)ar, (i)àr, (i)à /(j)æː(ɹ)/
• r, eir /ɛː(ɹ)/
• ir, ìr /jɛː(ɹ)/
• ür, ǜr /jɔː(ɹ)~ɥœː(ɹ)/
• uir /wɛː(ɹ)/
• air aor our /æː(ɹ), ɑː(ɹ), ɔː(ɹ)/
• angr engr ingr (u)ongr ungr üngr /ɑ̃ː(ɹ) ɜ̃ː(ɹ) jɜ̃ː(ɹ) ɔ̃ː(ɹ) ɔ̃ː(ɹ) ɥɜ̃ː(ɹ)/
  • e.g. liangr /ljɑ̃̀ː(ɹ)/ 'dream'

Unstressed vowels:

• final -r = /(j)ə(ɹ)/
• final -i = /ɪ/
• final -ou = /o/

Many grammatical endings are merged in Páuluòbeng.

Linking R

• Example of linking R: yi χadr àrd [jɪ ˈxadə ɹ‿æ̂ːʔ] 'the big flower' (cf. Cienian: ye χaderr àrd [jə ˈxadər ʔɔɯt])
• No linking R: yi búθ àrd [jɪ ˈpǔːħ æ̂ːʔ] 'the big cave' (cf. Cienian: ye bùθa àrd [jə ˈpuːhə ʔɔɯt])

Mutations

Báoluòveng has no eclipsis mutation, unlike Cienian. Lenition is similar to Cienian.

Grammar

Nouns

The Páuluòbeng noun system is much simpler than in Cienian: there is no case, and the masculine and the feminine merged to the common gender.

Definite article

singular		plural		collective
common	neuter	common	neuter	common	neuter
yiL	yi	na	naN	baL	ba

Nouns are usually pluralized with -r.

Verbs

The -ìn preterite, derived from the Tigol -ín participle, is used with split-ergativity depending on whether the verb is transitive.