Tigol/Proto-Tigol/Verbs

The verbal system is one of the most complex aspects of Tigol/Proto-Tigol/Verbs grammar.

Affixes

A verb can take many affixes which are arranged in the following template:

1. applicative or derivational prefixes
2. object prefix
3. (prefix or reduplication for some TAMs)
4. STEM
5. voice suffix
6. TAM + subject
7. emphatic suffix -is

Verbs often take an emphatic suffix or clitic -is, which is more often used with affirmative statements than negative statements.

Object markers

Object affixes

	Singular	Plural
1	in-
1 + 2	-
2
3	bi-

Voice markers

• -ro- = passive marker

Some verbs may be ablauted.

TAM + subject markers

Thensarian verbs are conjugated in present, imperfect, preterite, future, perfect, and pluperfect tenses; indicative, subjunctive, optative and imperative moods; and active and passive voices. There are two major paradigms of verbs, ignoring principal parts:

• Consonant stems:
• Vowel stems: -ā-, -e-, -i-

The 3pl suffixes -bis/-b and -tis/-t are in free variation, though there is some preference for one set in certain tenses.

The emphatic marker is often but not always added to declarative verbs when there is no preverbal particle (e.g. ei 'not', rin relativizer):

• cacsanis = I eat
• ei cacsan = I do not eat

Collective nouns take the singular form of the verb.

Present

Independent forms:

Person	tussānis "I pray" (a-stem)	torenis "I bloom, flourish" (e-stem)	aellinis "I love" (i-stem)	cacsanis "I eat" (ablaut stem)
1SG	tussānis	torenis	aellinis	cacsanis
2SG	tussāris	toreris	aelliris	cacsaris
3SG.M	tussāmis	toremis	aellimis	cacsamis
3SG.F	tussāsis	toresis	aellisis	cacsasis
3SG.N	tussās	tores	aellis	cacsis
1EX	tussāmēs	toremēs	aellimēs	cacsamēs
1IN	tussāntis	torentis	aellintis	cacsantis
2PL	tussāces	toreces	aellisces	cacsaces
3PL	tussābis tussātis	torebis toretis	aellibis aellitis	cacsabis cacsatis

Dependent forms (shown with ei 'not'):

Person	tussānis "I pray" (a-stem)	torenis "I bloom, flourish" (e-stem)	aellinis "I love" (i-stem)	cacsynis "I eat" (ablaut stem)
1SG	ei tussān	ei toren	ei aellin	ei cacsan
2SG	ei tussār	ei torer	ei aellir	ei cacsar
3SG.M	ei tussām	ei torem	ei aellim	ei cacsam
3SG.F	ei tussāsi	ei toresi	ei aellisi	ei cacsasi
3SG.N	ei tussā	ei tore	ei aelli	ei cacsa
1EX	ei tussāmē	ei toremē	ei aellimē	ei cacsamē
1IN	ei tussānt	ei torent	ei aellint	ei cacsant
2PL	ei tussāce	ei torece	ei aellice	ei cacsace
3PL	ei tussāb ei tussāt	ei toreb ei toret	ei aellib ei aellit	ei cacsab ei cacsat

Imperfect

Uses reduplication:

• Stems beginning in a vowel uses the first vowel (shortened) + the first following consonant as the reduplicant - the exact reduplicant often depends on the word, though.
• Stems beginning in ħ- or ȝ- just use the first V as the redupliant: ȝastranis 'I laugh', aȝastranis 'I used to laugh'.

Independent forms:

Person	tussānis "I pray" (a-stem)	torenis "I bloom, flourish" (e-stem)	aellinis "I love" (i-stem)	cacsanis "I eat" (ablaut stem)
1SG	tetussānis	tetorenis	aeaellinis	cecacsanis
2SG	tetussāris	tetoreris	aeaelliris	cecacsaris
3SG.M	tetussāmis	tetoremis	aeaellimis	cecacsamis
3SG.F	tetussāsis	tetoresis	aeaellisis	cecacsasis
3SG.N	tetussās	tetores	aeaellis	cecacsis
1EX	tetussāmēs	tetoremēs	aeaellimēs	cecacsamēs
1IN	tetussāntis	tetorentis	aeaellintis	cecacsantis
2PL	tetussāces	tetoreces	aeaellices	cecacsaces
3PL	tetussātis	tetoretis	aeaellitis	cecacsatis

Dependent forms:

Person	tussānis "I pray" (a-stem)	torenis "I bloom, flourish" (e-stem)	aellinis "I love" (i-stem)	cacsanis "I eat" (ablaut stem)
1SG	ei tetussān	ei tetorene	ei aeaelline	ei cecacsane
2SG	ei tetussār	ei tetorer	ei aeaellir	ei cecacsar
3SG.M	ei tetussām	ei tetorem	ei aeaellim	ei cecacsam
3SG.F	ei tetussāsi	ei tetoresi	ei aeaellisi	ei cecacsasis
3SG.N	ei tetussā	ei tetore	ei aeaelli	ei cecacsa
1EX	ei tetussāmē	ei tetoremē	ei aeaellimē	ei cecacsamē
1IN	ei tetussānt	ei tetorent	ei aeaellint	ei cecacsant
2PL	ei tetussāce	ei tetorece	ei aeaellice	ei cecacsace
3PL	ei tetussāt	ei tetoret	ei aeaellit	ei cecacsat

Preterite

Verbs whose stem terminates in a consonant - especially the ablauting verbs - may change the stem form in the preterite.

Independent forms:

Person	tussānis "I pray" (a-stem)	torenis "I bloom, flourish" (e-stem)	aellinis "I love" (i-stem)	cacsynis "I eat" (ablaut stem)
1SG	tussādīs	toredīs	aellidīs	cētīs
2SG	tussāvoes	torevoes	aellivoes	cēvoes
3SG.M	tussāsmis	toresmis	aellismis	cēsmis
3SG.F	tussāstis	torestis	aellistis	cēstis
3SG.N	tussāsos	toresos	aellisos	cēsos
1EX	tussāmris	toremris	aellimris	cēmris
1IN	tussāntris	torentris	aellintris	cēntris
2PL	tussācris	torecris	aellicris	cēcris
3PL	tussābris	torebris	aellibris	cēbris

Dependent forms:

Person	tussānis "I pray" (a-stem)	torenis "I bloom, flourish" (e-stem)	aellinis "I love" (i-stem)	cacsynis "I eat" (ablaut stem)
1SG	ei tussādī	ei toredī	ei aellidī	ei cētī
2SG	ei tussāvoe	ei torevoe	ei aellivoe	ei cēvoe
3SG.M	ei tussāsmi	ei toresmi	ei aellismi	ei cēsmi
3SG.F	ei tussāsti	ei toresti	ei aellisti	ei cēsti
3SG.N	ei tussāso	ei toreso	ei aelliso	ei cēso
1EX	ei tussāmer	ei toremer	ei aellimer	ei cēmer
1IN	ei tussānter	ei torenter	ei aellinter	ei cēnter
2PL	ei tussācer	ei torecer	ei aellicer	ei cēcer
3PL	ei tussāber	ei toreber	ei aelliber	ei cēber

Pluperfect

(Reduplicate the preterite forms.)

Future

Verbs whose stem terminates in a consonant may change the stem form in the future.

Here it's more common to use -tēbis/-tēb for 3pl than -tētis/-tēt.

Phonological rules for consonant stems:

• m + t > nt
• b, φ, g + t > ct
• cs + t > :st
• θ, δ + t > ss
• d + t > tt
• ȝ + t > ħt

Independent forms:

Person	tussānis "I pray" (a-stem)	torenis "I bloom, flourish" (e-stem)	cacsynis "I eat" (ablaut stem)
1SG	tussātēnis	toretēnis	cāstēnis
2SG	tussātēris	toretēris	cāstēris
3SG.M	tussātēmis	toretēmis	cāstēmis
3SG.F	tussātēsis	toretēsis	cāstēsis
3SG.N	tussātēs	toretēs	cāstēs
1EX	tussātēmēs	toretēmēs	cāstēmēs
1IN	tussātēntis	toretēntis	cāstēntis
2PL	tussātēces	toretēces	cāstēces
3PL	tussātēbis	toretēbis	cāstēbis

Dependent forms:

Person	tussānis "I pray" (a-stem)	torenis "I bloom, flourish" (e-stem)	cacsynis "I eat" (ablaut stem)
1SG	ei tussātēn	ei toretēn	ei cāstēn
2SG	ei tussātēr	ei toretēr	ei cāstēr
3SG.M	ei tussātēm	ei toretēm	ei cāstēm
3SG.F	ei tussātēsi	ei toretēsi	ei cāstēsi
3SG.N	ei tussātē	ei toretē	ei cāstē
1EX	ei tussātēmē	ei toretēmē	ei cāstēmē
1IN	ei tussātēnt	ei toretēnt	ei cāstēnt
2PL	ei tussātēce	ei toretēce	ei cāstēce
3PL	ei tussātēb	ei toretēb	ei cāstēb

Jussive

Independent forms:

Person	tussānis "I pray" (a-stem)	torenis "I bloom, flourish" (e-stem)	cacsanis "I eat" (ablaut stem)
1SG	tussānaes	torenaes	cacsanaes
2SG	tussāraes	toreraes	cacsaraes
3SG.M	tussāmioris	toremioris	cacsamioris
3SG.F	tussāsioris	toresioris	cacsasioris
3SG.N	tussoris	torioris	cacsioris
1EX	tussāmaes	toremaes	cacsamaes
1IN	tussāntaes	torentaes	cacsantaes
2PL	tussācaes	torecaes	cacsacaes
3PL	tussātioris	toretioris	cacsatioris

Dependent forms (shown with the irrealis negative δā):

Person	tussānis "I pray" (a-stem)	torenis "I bloom, flourish" (e-stem)	cacsanis "I eat" (ablaut stem)
1SG	δā tussānae	δā torenae	δā cacsanae
2SG	δā tussārae	δā torerae	δā cacsarae
3SG.M	δā tussāmior	δā toremior	δā cacsamior
3SG.F	δā tussāsior	δā toresior	δā cacsasior
3SG.N	δā tussor	δā torior	δā cacsior
1EX	δā tussāmae	δā toremae	δā cacsamae
1IN	δā tussāntae	δā torentae	δā cacsantae
2PL	δā tussācae	δā torecae	δā cacsacae
3PL	δā tussātior	δā toretior	δā cacsatior

Optative

Independent forms:

Person	tussānis "I pray" (a-stem)	torenis "I bloom, flourish" (e-stem)	cacsynis "I eat" (ablaut stem)
1SG	tussādonis	torēdonis	cacsidonis
2SG	tussādoris	torēdoris	cacsidoris
3SG.M	tussādomis	torēdomis	cacsidomis
3SG.F	tussādosis	torēdosis	cacsidosis
3SG.N	tussādos	torēdos	cacsidos
1EX	tussādomēs	torēdomēs	cacsidomēs
1IN	tussādontis	torēdontis	cacsidontis
2PL	tussādoces	torēdoces	cacsidoces
3PL	tussādotis	torēdotis	cacsidotis

Dependent forms:

Person	tussānis "I pray" (a-stem)	torenis "I bloom, flourish" (e-stem)	cacsynis "I eat" (ablaut stem)
1SG	δā tussādon	δā torēdon	δā cacsidon
2SG	δā tussādor	δā torēdor	δā cacsidor
3SG.M	δā tussādom	δā torēdom	δā cacsidom
3SG.F	δā tussādosi	δā torēdosi	δā cacsidosi
3SG.N	δā tussādo	δā torēdo	δā cacsido
1EX	δā tussādomē	δā torēdomē	δā cacsidomē
1IN	δā tussādont	δā torēdont	δā cacsidont
2PL	δā tussādoce	δā torēdoce	δā cacsidoce
3PL	δā tussādot	δā torēdot	δā cacsidot

Imperative

Independent forms:

Person	tussānis "I pray" (a-stem)	torenis "I bloom, flourish" (e-stem)	aellinis "I love" (i-stem)	cacsynis "I eat" (ablaut stem)
2SG	tussās!	torēs!	aellīs!	cacsas!
1IN	tussāntēs!	torentēs!	aellintēs!	cacsantēs!
2PL	tussācēs!	torecēs!	aelliscēs!	cacsacēs!

Dependent forms:

Person	tussānis "I pray" (a-stem)	torenis "I bloom, flourish" (e-stem)	aellinis "I love" (i-stem)	cacsynis "I eat" (ablaut stem)
2SG	δā tussā!	δā torē!	δā aellī!	δā cacsa!
1IN	δā tussāntē!	δā torentē!	δā aellintē!	δā cacsantē!
2PL	δā tussācē!	δā torecē!	δā aellicē!	δā cacsacē!

Non-finite forms

Thensarian has multiple infinitives and participles for each verb.

Infinitives

• Infinitive: -us (consonantal verbs) / -s (theme vowel verbs)
  • cacus = to eat
  • tussās = to pray
• Verbal noun: -ācos
• Adverbial infintive: -nos

Participles

• Present participle: -gim
• Past passive participle: -inom
• Future participle: -tēgim

Paradigms

Preterite-present verbs

• tosadī = I see
• naodī = I hear
• sandī = I seek

(I don't quite like these stems)