Tigol/Proto-Tigol/Verbs

The verbal system is one of the most complex aspects of Tigol/Proto-Tigol/Verbs grammar.

Inflection

A verb can take many affixes which are arranged in the following template:

1. applicative or derivational prefixes
2. object prefix
3. (prefix or reduplication for some TAMs)
4. STEM
5. voice suffix
6. TAM + subject
7. emphatic suffix -is

Verbs often take an emphatic suffix or clitic -is, which is more often used with affirmative statements than negative statements.

Voice markers

• -ro- = passive marker

Some verbs may be ablauted.

TAM + subject markers

Thensarian verbs are conjugated in present, imperfect, preterite, future, perfect, and pluperfect tenses; indicative, subjunctive, optative and imperative moods; and active and passive voices. There are two major paradigms of verbs, ignoring principal parts:

• Consonant stems:
• Vowel stems: -ā-, -e-, -i-

The 3pl suffixes -bis/-b and -tis/-t are in free variation, though there is some preference for one set in certain tenses.

The emphatic marker is often but not always added to declarative verbs when there is no preverbal particle (e.g. ei 'not', rin relativizer):

• cacsanis = I eat
• ei cacsan = I do not eat

Collective nouns take the singular form of the verb.

Present

Independent forms:

Person	tussānis "I pray" (a-stem)	torjenis "I bloom, flourish" (e-stem)	aellinis "I love" (i-stem)	cacsanis "I eat" (ablaut stem)
1SG	tussānis	torjenis	aellinis	cacsanis
2SG	tussāris	torjeris	aelliris	cacsaris
3SG.M	tussāmis	torjemis	aellimis	cacsamis
3SG.F	tussāsis	torjesis	aellisis	cacsasis
3SG.N	tussās	torjes	aellis	cacsis
1EX	tussāmēs	torjemēs	aellimēs	cacsamēs
1IN	tussāntis	torjentis	aellintis	cacsantis
2PL	tussāces	torjeces	aellisces	cacsaces
3PL	tussābis tussātis	torjebis torjetis	aellibis aellitis	cacsabis cacsatis

Dependent forms (shown with ei 'not'):

Person	tussānis "I pray" (a-stem)	torjenis "I bloom, flourish" (e-stem)	aellinis "I love" (i-stem)	cacsynis "I eat" (ablaut stem)
1SG	ei tussān	ei torjen	ei aellin	ei cacsan
2SG	ei tussār	ei torjer	ei aellir	ei cacsar
3SG.M	ei tussām	ei torjem	ei aellim	ei cacsam
3SG.F	ei tussāsi	ei torjesi	ei aellisi	ei cacsasi
3SG.N	ei tussā	ei torje	ei aelli	ei cacsa
1EX	ei tussāmē	ei torjemē	ei aellimē	ei cacsamē
1IN	ei tussānt	ei torjent	ei aellint	ei cacsant
2PL	ei tussāce	ei torjece	ei aellice	ei cacsace
3PL	ei tussāb ei tussāt	ei torjeb ei torjet	ei aellib ei aellit	ei cacsab ei cacsat

Imperfect

Uses reduplication:

• Stems beginning in a vowel uses the first vowel (shortened) + the first following consonant as the reduplicant - the exact reduplicant often depends on the word, though.
• Stems beginning in ħ- or ȝ- just use the first V as the redupliant: ȝastranis 'I laugh', aȝastranis 'I used to laugh'.

Independent forms:

Person	tussānis "I pray" (a-stem)	torjenis "I bloom, flourish" (e-stem)	aellinis "I love" (i-stem)	cacsanis "I eat" (ablaut stem)
1SG	tetussānis	tetorjenis	aeaellinis	cecacsanis
2SG	tetussāris	tetorjeris	aeaelliris	cecacsaris
3SG.M	tetussāmis	tetorjemis	aeaellimis	cecacsamis
3SG.F	tetussāsis	tetorjesis	aeaellisis	cecacsasis
3SG.N	tetussās	tetorjes	aeaellis	cecacsis
1EX	tetussāmēs	tetorjemēs	aeaellimēs	cecacsamēs
1IN	tetussāntis	tetorjentis	aeaellintis	cecacsantis
2PL	tetussāces	tetorjeces	aeaellices	cecacsaces
3PL	tetussātis	tetorjetis	aeaellitis	cecacsatis

Dependent forms:

Person	tussānis "I pray" (a-stem)	torjenis "I bloom, flourish" (e-stem)	aellinis "I love" (i-stem)	cacsanis "I eat" (ablaut stem)
1SG	ei tetussān	ei tetorjene	ei aeaelline	ei cecacsane
2SG	ei tetussār	ei tetorjer	ei aeaellir	ei cecacsar
3SG.M	ei tetussām	ei tetorjem	ei aeaellim	ei cecacsam
3SG.F	ei tetussāsi	ei tetorjesi	ei aeaellisi	ei cecacsasis
3SG.N	ei tetussā	ei tetorje	ei aeaelli	ei cecacsa
1EX	ei tetussāmē	ei tetorjemē	ei aeaellimē	ei cecacsamē
1IN	ei tetussānt	ei tetorjent	ei aeaellint	ei cecacsant
2PL	ei tetussāce	ei tetorjece	ei aeaellice	ei cecacsace
3PL	ei tetussāt	ei tetorjet	ei aeaellit	ei cecacsat

Preterite

Verbs whose stem terminates in a consonant - especially the ablauting verbs - may change the stem form in the preterite.

Independent forms:

Person	tussānis "I pray" (a-stem)	torjenis "I bloom, flourish" (e-stem)	aellinis "I love" (i-stem)	cacsynis "I eat" (ablaut stem)
1SG	tussaes	torjeis	aellīs	cētīs
2SG	tussāsoes	torjesoes	aellisoes	cēsoes
3SG.M	tussāφamis	torjeφamis	aelliφamis	cēsiamis
3SG.F	tussāφis	torjeφis	aelliφis	cēsiaes
3SG.N	tussācsis	torjecsis	aellicsis	cēsias
1EX	tussāmris	torjemris	aellimris	cēmris
1IN	tussāntris	torjentris	aellintris	cēntris
2PL	tussācris	torjecris	aellicris	cēcris
3PL	tussābris	torjebris	aellibris	cēbris

Dependent forms:

Person	tussānis "I pray" (a-stem)	torjenis "I bloom, flourish" (e-stem)	aellinis "I love" (i-stem)	cacsynis "I eat" (ablaut stem)
1SG	ei tussae	ei torjei	ei aellī	ei cētī
2SG	ei tussāsoe	ei torjesoe	ei aellisoe	ei cēsoe
3SG.M	ei tussāφam	ei torjeφam	ei aelliφam	ei cēsiam
3SG.F	ei tussāφi	ei torjeφi	ei aelliφi	ei cēsiae
3SG.N	ei tussācs	ei torjecs	ei aellics	ei cēsias
1EX	ei tussāmer	ei torjemer	ei aellimer	ei cēmer
1IN	ei tussānter	ei torjenter	ei aellinter	ei cēnter
2PL	ei tussācer	ei torjecer	ei aellicer	ei cēcer
3PL	ei tussāber	ei torjeber	ei aelliber	ei cēber

Pluperfect

(Reduplicate the preterite forms.)

Future

Verbs whose stem terminates in a consonant may change the stem form in the future.

Here it's more common to use -tēbis/-tēb for 3pl than -tētis/-tēt.

Phonological rules for consonant stems:

• m + t > nt
• b, φ, g + t > ct
• cs + t > :st
• θ, δ + t > ss
• d + t > tt
• ȝ + t > ħt

Independent forms:

Person	tussānis "I pray" (a-stem)	torjenis "I bloom, flourish" (e-stem)	cacsynis "I eat" (ablaut stem)
1SG	tussātēnis	torjetēnis	cāstēnis
2SG	tussātēris	torjetēris	cāstēris
3SG.M	tussātēmis	torjetēmis	cāstēmis
3SG.F	tussātēsis	torjetēsis	cāstēsis
3SG.N	tussātēs	torjetēs	cāstēs
1EX	tussātēmēs	torjetēmēs	cāstēmēs
1IN	tussātēntis	torjetēntis	cāstēntis
2PL	tussātēces	torjetēces	cāstēces
3PL	tussātēbis	torjetēbis	cāstēbis

Dependent forms:

Person	tussānis "I pray" (a-stem)	torjenis "I bloom, flourish" (e-stem)	cacsynis "I eat" (ablaut stem)
1SG	ei tussātēn	ei torjetēn	ei cāstēn
2SG	ei tussātēr	ei torjetēr	ei cāstēr
3SG.M	ei tussātēm	ei torjetēm	ei cāstēm
3SG.F	ei tussātēsi	ei torjetēsi	ei cāstēsi
3SG.N	ei tussātē	ei torjetē	ei cāstē
1EX	ei tussātēmē	ei torjetēmē	ei cāstēmē
1IN	ei tussātēnt	ei torjetēnt	ei cāstēnt
2PL	ei tussātēce	ei torjetēce	ei cāstēce
3PL	ei tussātēb	ei torjetēb	ei cāstēb

Jussive

Independent forms:

Person	tussānis "I pray" (a-stem)	torjenis "I bloom, flourish" (e-stem)	cacsanis "I eat" (ablaut stem)
1SG	tussānaes	torjenaes	cacsanaes
2SG	tussāraes	torjeraes	cacsaraes
3SG.M	tussāmioris	torjemioris	cacsamioris
3SG.F	tussāsioris	torjesioris	cacsasioris
3SG.N	tussoris	torioris	cacsioris
1EX	tussāmaes	torjemaes	cacsamaes
1IN	tussāntaes	torjentaes	cacsantaes
2PL	tussācaes	torjecaes	cacsacaes
3PL	tussātioris	torjetioris	cacsatioris

Dependent forms (shown with the irrealis negative δā):

Person	tussānis "I pray" (a-stem)	torjenis "I bloom, flourish" (e-stem)	cacsanis "I eat" (ablaut stem)
1SG	δā tussānae	δā torjenae	δā cacsanae
2SG	δā tussārae	δā torjerae	δā cacsarae
3SG.M	δā tussāmior	δā torjemior	δā cacsamior
3SG.F	δā tussāsior	δā torjesior	δā cacsasior
3SG.N	δā tussor	δā torior	δā cacsior
1EX	δā tussāmae	δā torjemae	δā cacsamae
1IN	δā tussāntae	δā torjentae	δā cacsantae
2PL	δā tussācae	δā torjecae	δā cacsacae
3PL	δā tussātior	δā torjetior	δā cacsatior

Optative

Independent forms:

Person	tussānis "I pray" (a-stem)	torjenis "I bloom, flourish" (e-stem)	cacsynis "I eat" (ablaut stem)
1SG	tussādonis	torjēdonis	cacsidonis
2SG	tussādoris	torjēdoris	cacsidoris
3SG.M	tussādomis	torjēdomis	cacsidomis
3SG.F	tussādosis	torjēdosis	cacsidosis
3SG.N	tussādos	torjēdos	cacsidos
1EX	tussādomēs	torjēdomēs	cacsidomēs
1IN	tussādontis	torjēdontis	cacsidontis
2PL	tussādoces	torjēdoces	cacsidoces
3PL	tussādotis	torjēdotis	cacsidotis

Dependent forms:

Person	tussānis "I pray" (a-stem)	torjenis "I bloom, flourish" (e-stem)	cacsynis "I eat" (ablaut stem)
1SG	δā tussādon	δā torjēdon	δā cacsidon
2SG	δā tussādor	δā torjēdor	δā cacsidor
3SG.M	δā tussādom	δā torjēdom	δā cacsidom
3SG.F	δā tussādosi	δā torjēdosi	δā cacsidosi
3SG.N	δā tussādo	δā torjēdo	δā cacsido
1EX	δā tussādomē	δā torjēdomē	δā cacsidomē
1IN	δā tussādont	δā torjēdont	δā cacsidont
2PL	δā tussādoce	δā torjēdoce	δā cacsidoce
3PL	δā tussādot	δā torjēdot	δā cacsidot

Imperative

Independent forms:

Person	tussānis "I pray" (a-stem)	torjenis "I bloom, flourish" (e-stem)	aellinis "I love" (i-stem)	cacsynis "I eat" (ablaut stem)
2SG	tussās!	torjēs!	aellīs!	cacsas!
1IN	tussāntēs!	torjentēs!	aellintēs!	cacsantēs!
2PL	tussācēs!	torjecēs!	aelliscēs!	cacsacēs!

Dependent forms:

Person	tussānis "I pray" (a-stem)	torjenis "I bloom, flourish" (e-stem)	aellinis "I love" (i-stem)	cacsynis "I eat" (ablaut stem)
2SG	δā tussā!	δā torjē!	δā aellī!	δā cacsa!
1IN	δā tussāntē!	δā torjentē!	δā aellintē!	δā cacsantē!
2PL	δā tussācē!	δā torjecē!	δā aellicē!	δā cacsacē!

Non-finite forms

Thensarian has multiple infinitives and participles for each verb.

Infinitives

• Infinitive: -us (consonantal verbs) / -s (theme vowel verbs)
  • cacus = to eat
  • tussās = to pray
• Verbal noun: -ācos
• Adverbial infintive: -nos

Participles

• Present participle: -gim
• Past passive participle: -inom
• Future participle: -tēgim

Paradigms

Preterite-present verbs

• tosadī = I see
• mlidī = I hear
• sondī = I seek

Compare:

• tonsiān = I look
• mlindiān = I listen
• sommiān = I find

(I don't quite like these stems)