Togarmite/Old

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Old Togarmite or Classical Togarmite (Θėgammīθ; Modern: Þėgamiþ ȝyþik) is the ancestor of Modern Togarmite. It is the liturgical language of (L-Balkan religion).

Phonology

Vowels

Old Togarmite had the following vowels:

a ā e ē ė i ī ō ȯ u ū ay aw /a aː ɛ ɛː eː ɪ iː ɔː oː ʊ uː aj aw/

Stress

Final stress is common but less so than in Hebrew: Togarmite words generally resemble Hebrew pausal forms (e.g. OTog yismāȝū /jisˈmaːʁuː/ 'they will hear', cf. Tiberian Hebrew pausal variant /jiʃˈmɔːʕuː/ for ישמעו /jiʃmăˈʕuː/ 'they hear'.)

Inflection

Pronouns

  • 1sg: ʔanėχ
  • 2sg: ʔaθθa (m), ʔeθθi (f)
  • 3sg: hū (m), hī (f)
  • 1pl: naħnė
  • 2pl: ʔaθθum (m), ʔeθθin (f)
  • 3pl: hum (m), hin (f)

Nouns

Nouns have singular and plural numbers and three states as in Hebrew and Aramaic. The formation of the construct follows a rather complex set of rules as in Tiberian Hebrew.

Masculine nouns

ȝėlām = world

  • indefinite: ȝėlām, ȝėlāmīn
  • definite: ȝėlāman, ȝėlāmīl
  • construct: ȝėlam, ȝėlamė

Feminine -(a)θ nouns

ȝasūraθ = noblewoman

  • indefinite: ȝasūraθ, ȝasūrėθ
  • definite: ȝasūraθan, ȝasūrėθīl
  • construct: ȝasūraθ, ȝasūrėθ

Adjectives

Declension of tėb 'good':

  • yawm tėb = a good day
  • yawman tėban = the good day
  • yawmėθ tėbīn = good days
  • yawmėθil tėbīl = the good days
  • φarīθ tėbθ = a good fruit
  • φarīθan tėbθan = the good fruit
  • φariyėθ tėbėθ = good fruits
  • φariyėθil tėbėθil = the good fruits

(Attributive adjectives cannot take the construct state)

Verbs

Old Togarmite verbs are divided into 7 binyanim:

  1. φaȝāl/nuφȝāl - G/N-stem
  2. φaȝȝēl/φuȝȝāl - D-stem
  3. haφȝēl/hassuφȝāl - Š-stem
  4. haφθaȝāl - tG/Gt-stem
  5. niφθuȝāl - Nt-stem
  6. θaφaȝȝēl/θaφuȝȝāl - tD-stem
  7. hastaφȝēl/hastuφȝāl - Št-stem

Binyan 1A: φaȝāl

Semantics: basic action

Binyan 1A conjugation: χaθāb 'to write'
→ Person
↓ Tense
1s 2ms 2fs 3ms 3fs 1p 2mp 2fp 3mp 3fp
past χaθabθī χaθabθa χaθabθi χaθāb χaθābaθ χaθabnė χaθabθum χaθabθin χaθābū χaθābė
subjunctive waχaθabθī waχaθabθa waχaθabθi waχaθāb waχaθābaθ waχaθabnė waχaθabθum waχaθabθin waχaθābū waχaθābė
present ʔaχėθōb θaχėθōb θaχėθōbī yaχėθōb yaχėθōbī naχėθōb θaχėθōbū θaχėθōbna yaχėθōbū yaχėθōbna
future ʔaχθōb θaχθōb θaχθōbī yaχθōb yaχθōbī naχθōb θaχθōbū θaχθōbna yaχθōbū yaχθōbna
optative ʔaχθubanna θaχθubanna θaχθubīnna yaχθubanna yaχθubīnna naχθubanna θaχθubūnna θaχθubnanna yaχθubūnna yaχθubnanna
imperative - χuθōb! χuθbī! - - - χuθbū! χuθōbna! - -
active participle χėθēb
passive participle maχθūb
verbal noun χiθėb

Example: hamāl 'to suffer', žaχār 'to remember'

Binyan 1P: nufȝāl

Semantics: passive of Binyan 1; change of state

Binyan 1P conjugation: nugdāl 'to grow'
→ Person
↓ Tense
1s 2ms 2fs 3ms 3fs 1p 2mp 2fp 3mp 3fp
past nugdalθī nugdalθa nugdalθi nugdāl nugdālaθ nugdalnė nugdalθum nugdalθin nugdālū nugdālė
subjunctive wanugdalθī wanugdalθa wanugdalθi wanugdāl wanugdālaθ wanugdalnė wanugdalθum wanugdalθin wanugdālū wanugdālė
present ʔaggėdāl θaggėdāl θaggėdalī yaggėdāl yaggėdālī naggėdāl θaggėdālū θaggėdalna yaggėdālū yaggėdalna
future ʔaggudāl θaggudāl θaggudālī yaggudāl yaggudālī naggudāl θaggudālū θaggudalna yaggudālū yaggudalna
optative ʔaggudalanna θaggudalanna θaggudalīnna yaggudalanna yaggudalīnna naggudalanna θaggudalūnna θaggudalnanna yaggudalūnna yaggudalnanna
imperative - higgudāl! higgudālī! - - - higgudālū! higgudalna! - -
participle muggudāl
verbal noun nugdėl, higgadūl

Binyan 2A: φaȝȝēl

Semantics: intensive, causative, applicative, denominal verbs including 4-consonant verbs and loan verbs.

Examples:

  • šabbēr 'to shatter' (intensive of š-b-r 'to break')
  • žaχχēr 'to record' (causative of ž-χ-r 'to remember')
  • hassēb 'to consider' (applicative of h-s-b 'to think')
  • šayyēr 'to sing the praises of' (applicative of š(-y-)r 'to sing')
  • žāhēb 'to gild' (denominative of žahāb 'gold')
  • nabbēʔ 'to prophesy, to call out' (from Hebrew נביא nâbiʔ)
  • θargēm 'to translate' (from Aramaic תרגום targum)
  • lammēs 'to give charitably; to give alms' (from lammūsīn 'alms', from Greek eleēmosynē)
  • raθθēm 'to count' (the root r-θ-m was borrowed from Greek arithmos 'number')
Binyan 2A conjugation: žaχχēr 'to record; to cause to remember'
→ Person
↓ Tense
1s 2ms 2fs 3ms 3fs 1p 2mp 2fp 3mp 3fp
past žaχχirθī žaχχirθa žaχχirθi žaχχēr žaχχēraθ žaχχirnė žaχχirθum žaχχirθin žaχχērū žaχχērė
subjunctive wažaχχirθī wažaχχirθa wažaχχirθi wažaχχēr wažaχχēraθ wažaχχirnė wažaχχirθum wažaχχirθin wažaχχērū wažaχχērė
present ʔažaχėχēr θažaχėχēr θažaχėχērī yažaχėχēr yažaχėχērī nažaχėχēr θažaχėχērū θažaχėχirna yažaχėχērū yažaχėχirna
future ʔažaχχēr θažaχχēr θažaχχērī yažaχχēr yažaχχērī nažaχχēr θažaχχērū θažaχχirna yažaχχērū yažaχχirna
optative ʔužaχχiranna θužaχχiranna θužaχχirīnna yužaχχiranna yužaχχirīnna nužaχχiranna θužaχχirūnna θužaχχirnanna yužaχχirūnna yužaχχirnanna
imperative - žaχχēr! žaχχērī! - - - žaχχērū! žaχχirna! - -
participle mužaχχēr
verbal noun žaχχūr, žaχχarθ

Binyan 2P: φuȝȝāl

Binyan 2P conjugation: žuχχār 'to be recorded'
→ Person
↓ Tense
1s 2ms 2fs 3ms 3fs 1p 2mp 2fp 3mp 3fp
past žuχχarθī žuχχarθa žuχχarθi žuχχār žuχχāraθ žuχχarnė žuχχarθum žuχχarθin žuχχārū žuχχārė
subjunctive wažuχχarθī wažuχχarθa wažuχχarθi wažuχχār wažuχχāraθ wažuχχarnė wažuχχarθum wažuχχarθin wažuχχārū wažuχχārė
present ʔažχėχār θažχėχār θažχėχārī yažχėχār yažχėχārī nažχėχār θažχėχārū θažχėχarna yažχėχārū yažχėχarna
future ʔažuχχār θažuχχār θažuχχārī yažuχχār yažuχχārī nažuχχār θažuχχārū θažuχχarna yažuχχārū yažuχχarna
optative ʔužuχχaranna θužuχχaranna θužuχχarīnna yužuχχaranna yužuχχarīnna nužuχχaranna θužuχχarūnna θužuχχarnanna yužuχχarūnna yužuχχarnanna
imperative Verbs of this binyan have no imperatives.
participle mužuχχār
verbal noun Verbs of this binyan have no verbal nouns.

Binyan 3A: haφȝēl

Semantics: causative

Binyan 3A conjugation: hakdēs 'to dedicate, to set apart'
→ Person
↓ Tense
1s 2ms 2fs 3ms 3fs 1p 2mp 2fp 3mp 3fp
past hakdisθī hakdisθa hakdisθi hakdēs hakdēsaθ hakdisnė hakdisθum hakdisθin hakdēsū hakdēsė
subjunctive wakdisθī wakdisθa wakdisθi wakdēs wakdēsaθ wakdisnė wakdisθum wakdisθin wakdēsū wakdēsė
present ʔakėdēs θakėdēs θakėdēsī yakėdēs yakėdēsī nakėdēs θakėdēsū θakėdisna yakėdēsū yakėdisna
future ʔakdēs θakdēs θakdēsī yakdēs yakdēsī nakdēs θakdēsū θakdisna yakdēsū yakdisna
optative ʔakdisanna θakdisanna θakdisīnna yakdisanna yakdisīnna nakdisanna θakdisūnna θakdisnanna yakdisūnna yakdisnanna
imperative - hakdēs! hakdēsī! - - - hakdēsū! hakdisna! - -
participle makdēs
verbal noun hakdūs

Binyan 3P: huφȝāl, hissuφȝāl

A variant of this binyan is hissuφȝāl, from older *in-suφȝāl.

Binyan 3P conjugation: hukdās 'to be dedicated, to be set apart'
→ Person
↓ Tense
1s 2ms 2fs 3ms 3fs 1p 2mp 2fp 3mp 3fp
past hukdasθī hukdasθa hukdasθi hukdās hukdāsaθ hukdasnė hukdasθum hukdasθin hukdāsū hukdāsė
subjunctive wukdasθī wukdasθa wukdasθi wukdās wukdāsaθ wukdasnė wukdasθum wukdasθin wukdāsū wukdāsė
present ʔukėdās θukėdās θukėdāsī yukėdās yukėdāsī nukėdās θukėdāsū θukėdasna yukėdāsū yukėdasna
future ʔukdās θukdās θukdāsī yukdās yukdāsī nukdās θukdāsū θukdasna yukdāsū yukdasna
optative ʔukdasanna θukdasanna θukdasīnna yukdasanna yukdasīnna nukdasanna θukdasūnna θukdasnanna yukdasūnna yukdasnanna
imperative Verbs of this binyan have no imperatives.
participle mukdās
verbal noun Verbs of this binyan have no imperatives.

Binyan 4: haφθaȝāl

Semantics: reflexive, reciprocal, event or change of state

haždaχar = 'to come to mind'

Binyan 5: niφθuȝāl

Binyan 6A: θaφaȝȝēl

Semantics: "back-and-forth" actions

Example: θažaχχēr 'to resent, to desire revenge on'

Binyan 6P: θaφuȝȝāl

Binyan 7A: hastaφȝēl

Semantics: "to make oneself X", tends to form verbs involving conscious decision.

Examples:

  • hastacȝēd 'to dare, to venture'
  • hastažχēr 'to make note of'
  • hastaχθēb 'to copy, to transcribe'


Binyan 7A conjugation: hastatȝēm 'to attempt'
→ Person
↓ Tense
1s 2ms 2fs 3ms 3fs 1p 2mp 2fp 3mp 3fp
past hastatȝimθī hastatȝimθa hastatȝimθi hastatȝēm hastatȝēmaθ hastatȝimnė hastatȝimtum hastatȝimtin hastatȝēmū hastatȝēmė
subjunctive wastatȝimθī wastatȝimθa wastatȝimθi wastatȝēm wastatȝēmaθ wastatȝimnė wastatȝimtum wastatȝimtin wastatȝēmū wastatȝēmė
present ʔastatėȝēm θastatėȝēm θastatėȝēmī yastatėȝēm yastatėȝēmī nastatėȝēm θastatėȝēmū θastatėȝimna yastatėȝēmū yastatėȝimna
future ʔastatȝēm θastatȝēm θastatȝēmī yastatȝēm yastatȝēmī nastatȝēm θastatȝēmū θastatȝimna yastatȝēmū yastatȝimna
optative ʔastatȝimanna θastatȝimanna θastatȝimīnna yastatȝimanna yastatȝimīnna nastatȝimanna θastatȝimūnna θastatȝimnanna yastatȝimūnna yastatȝimnanna
imperative - hastatȝēm! hastatȝēmī! - - - hastatȝēmū! hastatȝimna! - -
participle mustatȝēm
verbal noun hastatȝūm

Binyan 7P: hastuφȝāl

Binyan 7A conjugation: hastutȝām 'to be attempted'
→ Person
↓ Tense
1s 2ms 2fs 3ms 3fs 1p 2mp 2fp 3mp 3fp
past hastutȝamtī hastutȝamta hastutȝamti hastutȝām hastutȝāmaθ hastutȝamnė hastutȝamtum hastutȝamtin hastutȝāmū hastutȝāmė
subjunctive wastutȝamtī wastutȝamta wastutȝamti wastutȝām wastutȝāmaθ wastutȝamnė wastutȝamtum wastutȝamtin wastutȝāmū wastutȝāmė
present ʔastutėȝām θastutėȝām θastutėȝāmī yastutėȝām yastutėȝāmī nastutėȝām θastutėȝāmū θastutėȝamna yastutėȝāmū yastutėȝamna
future ʔastutȝām θastutȝām θastutȝāmī yastutȝām yastutȝāmī nastutȝām θastutȝāmū θastutȝamna yastutȝāmū yastutȝamna
optative ʔastutȝamanna θastutȝamanna θastutȝamīnna yastutȝamanna yastutȝamīnna nastutȝamanna θastutȝamūnna θastutȝamnanna yastutȝamūnna yastutȝamnanna
imperative Verbs of this binyan have no imperatives.
participle mustutȝām
verbal noun Verbs of this binyan have no verbal nouns.

Numerals

update

  1. m. ʔaħad, f. ʔaħāθ
  2. m. ʔiśnaim, f. ʔiśθaim, construct ʔiśnē, ʔiśθē
  3. m. śalēśθ-, f. śalēś-
  4. m. ʔarbaȝθ-, f. ʔarbaȝ-
  5. m. çamiššaθ-, f. çamišš-
  6. m. siććaθ, f. sićć-
  7. m. sabȝaθ, f. sabȝ-
  8. m. śamēnīθ-, f. śamēniy-
  9. m. þisȝaθ-, f. þisȝ-
  10. m. ȝaśraθ-, f. ȝaśr-

Syntax

Vocabulary

Derivation

Sample texts

Schleicher

Χabšan wa-φarasīnan

Χabš, žī law lė yihwē šamr, φarasīn raʔė:

yagrur ʔaħadum minhumū markʰabatʰam þakūlam, wa-yaħmil ʔaħadum ħimlam gadālam, wa-yaħmil mahīram aħadum ʔināšam. Wa-yakūl han-kʰabłu: Marra lī han-libbu, bi-raʔātʰī ʔināšam rākʰibam pʰarašīm. Wa-yakūlū han-pʰarašū: Šamaʕ han-kʰabła! Marra lanā han-libbu, bi-raʔātʰinā ðā: ʔināšum han-baʕlu yaʕłiyu lahu malbašatʰam ħamīmatʰam min tłamri han-kʰabłī. Wa-lā li-han-kʰabłi tłamrum. Bi-šamāʕi han-kʰabłi ðā, yabraħ ʔila han-ładiyi.