Togarmite/Old

Old Togarmite or Classical Togarmite (Θėgammīθ; Modern: Þėgamiþ ȝyþik) is the ancestor of Modern Togarmite. It is the liturgical language of (L-Balkan religion).

Phonology

Consonants

• m n /m n/
• p t c k ' /p t ts k ʔ/
• b d g /b d g/
• φ θ χ /pʰ tʰ kʰ/
• s š ħ h /s ʃ χ h/
• z ž ȝ /z ʒ ʁ/
• w l r j /lw r j/

Vowels

Old Togarmite had the following vowels:

a ā e ė ē i ī ȯ ō u ū ay aw /a aː ɛ ɛː eː ɪ iː ɔː oː ʊ uː aj aw/

Stress

Stress is phonemic and not entirely predictable. Old Togarmite stress is a result of a lot of analogical levelling from Proto-Semitic (particularly in verbs), and caused vowel lengthening as in Hebrew.

Final stress is common but less so than in Hebrew: Togarmite words often resemble Hebrew pausal forms (e.g. OTog yismā́ȝū /jɪsˈmaːʁuː/ 'they will hear', cf. Tiberian Hebrew pausal variant /jiʃˈmɔːʕuː/ for ישמעו /jiʃmăˈʕuː/ 'they hear'.)

Inflection

Pronouns

• 1sg: ʔanė́χ
• 2sg: ʔáθθa (m), ʔéθθe (f)
• 3sg: hū (m), hī (f)
• 1pl: náħnė
• 2pl: ʔáθθum (m), ʔéθθin (f)
• 3pl: hōm (m), hēn (f)

Nouns

Nouns have singular and plural numbers and three states as in Hebrew and Aramaic. The formation of the construct follows a rather complex set of rules as in Tiberian Hebrew.

Masculine nouns

ȝėlām = world

• indefinite: ȝėlām, ȝėlāmīn
• definite: ȝėlāman, ȝėlāmīl
• construct: ȝėlam, ȝėlamė

Possessive forms:

singular: báyθī, báyθaχ, báyθeχ, báyθū, báyθā, báyθenė, báyθeχum, báyθeχin, báyθōm, báyθēn

plural: bėθā́y, bėθáyχa, bėθáyχe, bėθė́w, bėθáyyā, bėθáynė, bėθáyχum, bėθáyχin, bėθáyyum, bėθáyyin

Feminine -(a)θ nouns

ȝasūraθ = noblewoman

• indefinite: ȝasūraθ, ȝasūrėθ
• definite: ȝasūraθan, ȝasūrėθīl
• construct: ȝasūraθ, ȝasūrėθ

Adjectives

Declension of tėb 'good':

• yawm tėb = a good day
• yawman tėban = the good day
• yawmėθ tėbīn = good days
• yawmėθil tėbīl = the good days
• φarīθ tėbθ = a good fruit
• φarīθan tėbθan = the good fruit
• φariyėθ tėbėθ = good fruits
• φariyėθil tėbėθil = the good fruits

(Attributive adjectives cannot take the construct state)

Verbs

Old Togarmite verbs are divided into 7 binyanim:

1. φaȝāl/nuφȝāl - G/N-stem
2. φaȝȝēl/φuȝȝāl - D-stem
3. haφȝēl/hassuφȝāl - Š-stem
4. haφθaȝāl - tG/Gt-stem
5. niφθuȝāl - Nt-stem
6. θaφaȝȝēl/θaφuȝȝāl - tD-stem
7. hastaφȝēl/hastuφȝāl - Št-stem

Binyan 1A: φaȝāl

Semantics: basic action

Binyan 1A conjugation: χaθā́b 'to write'

→ Person ↓ Tense	1s	2ms	2fs	3ms	3fs	1p	2mp	2fp	3mp	3fp
past	χaθábθī	χaθábθa	χaθábθe	χaθā́b	χaθā́baθ	χaθábnė	χaθábθum	χaθábθin	χaθā́bū	χaθā́bė
subjunctive	waχaθábθī	waχaθábθa	waχaθábθe	waχaθā́b	waχaθā́baθ	waχaθábnė	waχaθábθum	waχaθábθin	waχaθā́bū	waχaθā́bė
present	ʔaχėθṓb	θaχėθṓb	θaχėθṓbī	yaχėθṓb	yaχėθṓbī	naχėθṓb	θaχėθṓbū	θaχėθṓbna	yaχėθṓbū	yaχėθṓbna
future	ʔaχθṓb	θaχθṓb	θaχθṓbī	yaχθṓb	yaχθṓbī	naχθṓb	θaχθṓbū	θaχθúbna	yaχθṓbū	yaχθúbna
optative	ʔaχθubánna	θaχθubánna	θaχθubínna	yaχθubánna	yaχθubínna	naχθubánna	θaχθubúnna	θaχθubnánna	yaχθubúnna	yaχθubnánna
jussive	ʔáχθub	θáχθub	θáχθubī	yáχθub	yáχθubī	náχθub	θáχθubū	θáχθubna	yáχθubū	yáχθubna
imperative	-	χuθṓb!	χuθṓbī!	-	-	-	χuθṓbū!	χuθṓbna!	-	-
active participle	χėθḗb
passive participle	maχθū́b
verbal noun	χiθė́b

Example: hamā́l 'to suffer', žaχā́r 'to remember'

Binyan 1P: nuφȝāl

Semantics: passive of Binyan 1; change of state

Binyan 1P conjugation: nugdā́l 'to grow'

→ Person ↓ Tense	1s	2ms	2fs	3ms	3fs	1p	2mp	2fp	3mp	3fp
past	nugdálθī	nugdálθa	nugdálθe	nugdā́l	nugdā́laθ	nugdálnė	nugdálθum	nugdálθin	nugdā́lū	nugdā́lė
subjunctive	wanugdálθī	wanugdálθa	wanugdálθe	wanugdā́l	wanugdā́laθ	wanugdálnė	wanugdálθum	wanugdálθin	wanugdā́lū	wanugdā́lė
present	ʔuggėdā́l	θuggėdā́l	θuggėdā́lī	yuggėdā́l	yuggėdā́lī	nuggėdā́l	θuggėdā́lū	θuggėdálna	yuggėdā́lū	yuggėdálna
future	ʔuggadā́l	θuggadā́l	θuggadā́lī	yuggadā́l	yuggadā́lī	nuggadā́l	θuggadā́lū	θuggadálna	yuggadā́lū	yuggadálna
optative	ʔuggadalánna	θuggadalánna	θuggadalínna	yuggadalánna	yuggadalínna	nuggadalánna	θuggadalúnna	θuggadalnánna	yuggadalúnna	yuggadalnánna
jussive	ʔúggadal	θúggadal	θúggadalī	yúggadal	yúggadalī	núggadal	θúggadalū	θúggadalna	yúggadalū	yúggadalna
imperative	-	huggadā́l!	huggadā́lī!	-	-	-	huggadā́lū!	huggadálna!	-	-
participle	muggadā́l
verbal noun	nugdė́l

Binyan 2A: φaȝȝēl

Semantics: intensive, causative, applicative, denominal verbs including 4-consonant verbs and loan verbs.

Examples:

• šabbḗr 'to shatter' (intensive of š-b-r 'to break')
• žaχχḗr 'to record' (causative of ž-χ-r 'to remember')
• ħassḗb 'to consider' (applicative of ħ-s-b 'to think')
• šayyḗr 'to sing the praises of' (applicative of š(-y-)r 'to sing')
• žāhḗb 'to gild' (denominative of žahāb 'gold')
• nabbḗʔ 'to prophesy, to call out' (from Hebrew נביא nâbiʔ)
• θargḗm 'to translate' (from Aramaic תרגום targum)
• lammḗs 'to give charitably; to give alms' (from lammū́sīn 'alms', from Greek eleēmosynē)
• raθθḗm 'to count' (the root r-θ-m was borrowed from Greek arithmos 'number')

Binyan 2A conjugation: žaχχḗr 'to record; to cause to remember'

→ Person ↓ Tense	1s	2ms	2fs	3ms	3fs	1p	2mp	2fp	3mp	3fp
past	žaχχírθī	žaχχírθa	žaχχírθe	žaχχḗr	žaχχḗraθ	žaχχírnė	žaχχírθum	žaχχírθin	žaχχḗrū	žaχχḗrė
subjunctive	wažaχχírθī	wažaχχírθa	wažaχχírθe	wažaχχḗr	wažaχχḗraθ	wažaχχírnė	wažaχχírθum	wažaχχírθin	wažaχχḗrū	wažaχχḗrė
present	ʔažaχėχḗr	θažaχėχḗr	θažaχėχḗrī	yažaχėχḗr	yažaχėχḗrī	nažaχėχḗr	θažaχėχḗrū	θažaχėχírna	yažaχėχḗrū	yažaχėχírna
future	ʔažaχχḗr	θažaχχḗr	θažaχχḗrī	yažaχχḗr	yažaχχḗrī	nažaχχḗr	θažaχχḗrū	θažaχχírna	yažaχχḗrū	yažaχχírna
optative	ʔažaχχiránna	θažaχχiránna	θažaχχirínna	yažaχχiránna	yažaχχirínna	nažaχχiránna	θažaχχirúnna	θažaχχirnánna	yažaχχirúnna	yažaχχirnánna
jussive	ʔažáχχir	θažáχχir	θažáχχirī	yažáχχir	yažáχχirī	nažáχχir	θažáχχirū	θažáχχirna	yažáχχirū	yažáχχirna
imperative	-	žaχχḗr!	žaχχḗrī!	-	-	-	žaχχḗrū!	žaχχírna!	-	-
participle	mužaχχḗr
verbal noun	žaχχū́r, žiχχárθ

Binyan 2P: φuȝȝāl

Binyan 2P conjugation: žuχχā́r 'to be recorded'

→ Person ↓ Tense	1s	2ms	2fs	3ms	3fs	1p	2mp	2fp	3mp	3fp
past	žuχχárθī	žuχχárθa	žuχχárθe	žuχχā́r	žuχχā́raθ	žuχχárnė	žuχχárθum	žuχχárθin	žuχχā́rū	žuχχā́rė
subjunctive	wažuχχárθī	wažuχχárθa	wažuχχárθi	wažuχχā́r	wažuχχā́raθ	wažuχχárnė	wažuχχárθum	wažuχχárθin	wažuχχā́rū	wažuχχā́rė
present	ʔažuχėχā́r	θažuχėχā́r	θažuχėχā́rī	yažuχėχā́r	yažuχėχā́rī	nažuχėχā́r	θažuχėχā́rū	θažuχėχárna	yažuχėχā́rū	yažuχėχárna
future	ʔažuχχā́r	θažuχχā́r	θažuχχā́rī	yažuχχā́r	yažuχχā́rī	nažuχχā́r	θažuχχā́rū	θažuχχárna	yažuχχā́rū	yažuχχárna
optative	ʔažuχχaránna	θažuχχaránna	θažuχχarínna	yažuχχaránna	yažuχχarínna	nažuχχaránna	θažuχχarúnna	θažuχχarnánna	yažuχχarúnna	yažuχχarnánna
jussive	ʔažúχχar	θažúχχar	θažúχχarī	yažúχχar	yažúχχarī	nažúχχar	θažúχχarū	θažúχχarna	yažuχχarū	yažúχχarna
imperative	Verbs of this binyan have no imperatives.
participle	mužuχχā́r
verbal noun	Verbs of this binyan have no verbal nouns.

Binyan 3A: haφȝēl

Semantics: causative

Binyan 3A conjugation: hakdḗs 'to dedicate, to set apart'

→ Person ↓ Tense	1s	2ms	2fs	3ms	3fs	1p	2mp	2fp	3mp	3fp
past	hakdísθī	hakdísθa	hakdísθe	hakdḗs	hakdḗsaθ	hakdísnė	hakdísθum	hakdísθin	hakdḗsū	hakdḗsė
subjunctive	wakdísθī	wakdísθa	wakdísθe	wakdḗs	wakdḗsaθ	wakdísnė	wakdísθum	wakdísθin	wakdḗsū	wakdḗsė
present	ʔakėdḗs	θakėdḗs	θakėdḗsī	yakėdḗs	yakėdḗsī	nakėdḗs	θakėdḗsū	θakėdísna	yakėdḗsū	yakėdísna
future	ʔakdḗs	θakdḗs	θakdḗsī	yakdḗs	yakdḗsī	nakdḗs	θakdḗsū	θakdísna	yakdḗsū	yakdísna
optative	ʔakdisánna	θakdisánna	θakdisínna	yakdisánna	yakdisínna	nakdisánna	θakdisúnna	θakdisnánna	yakdisúnna	yakdisnánna
jussive	ʔákdis	θákdis	θákdisī	yákdis	yákdisī	nákdis	θákdisū	θákdisna	yákdisū	yákdisna
imperative	-	hakdḗs!	hakdḗsī!	-	-	-	hakdḗsū!	hakdísna!	-	-
participle	makdḗs
verbal noun	hakdū́s

Binyan 3P: huφȝāl, hissuφȝāl

A variant of this binyan is hissuφȝāl, from older *in-suφȝāl.

Binyan 3A conjugation: hukdā́s 'to dedicate, to set apart'

→ Person ↓ Tense	1s	2ms	2fs	3ms	3fs	1p	2mp	2fp	3mp	3fp
past	hukdásθī	hukdásθa	hukdásθe	hukdā́s	hukdā́saθ	hukdásnė	hukdásθum	hukdásθin	hukdā́sū	hukdā́sė
subjunctive	wukdásθī	wukdásθa	wukdásθe	wukdā́s	wukdā́saθ	wukdásnė	wukdásθum	wukdásθin	wukdā́sū	wukdā́sė
present	ʔukėdā́s	θukėdā́s	θukėdā́sī	yukėdā́s	yukėdā́sī	nukėdā́s	θukėdā́sū	θukėdásna	yukėdā́sū	yukėdásna
future	ʔukdā́s	θukdā́s	θukdā́sī	yukdā́s	yukdā́sī	nukdā́s	θukdā́sū	θukdásna	yukdā́sū	yukdásna
optative	ʔukdasánna	θukdasánna	θukdasínna	yukdasánna	yukdasínna	nukdasánna	θukdasúnna	θukdasnánna	yukdasúnna	yukdasnánna
jussive	ʔúkdas	θúkdas	θúkdasī	yúkdas	yúkdasī	núkdas	θúkdasū	θúkdasna	yúkdasū	yúkdasna
imperative	Verbs of this binyan have no imperatives.
participle	mukdā́s
verbal noun	Verbs of this binyan have no imperatives.

Binyan 4: heθφaȝāl

Semantics: reflexive, reciprocal, event or change of state

Metathesis happens when C1 ∈ {s, š, c, z, ž, ħ, ȝ}: θs θš θc θz θž θħ θȝ > st št ct zd žd ħt ȝd.

Binyan 4A conjugation: heθlaħā́m 'to be at war'

→ Person ↓ Tense	1s	2ms	2fs	3ms	3fs	1p	2mp	2fp	3mp	3fp
past	heθlaħámθī	heθlaħámθa	heθlaħámθe	heθlaħā́m	heθlaħā́maθ	heθlaħámnė	heθlaħámθum	heθlaħámθin	heθlaħā́mū	heθlaħā́mė
subjunctive	weθlaħámθī	weθlaħámθa	weθlaħámθe	weθlaħā́m	weθlaħā́maθ	weθlaħámnė	weθlaħámθum	weθlaħámθin	weθlaħā́mū	weθlaħā́mė
present	ʔeθlėħā́m	θeθlėħā́m	θeθlėħā́mī	yeθlėħā́m	yeθlėħā́mī	neθlėħā́m	θeθlėħā́mū	θeθlėħámna	yeθlėħā́mū	yeθlėħámna
future	ʔeθlaħā́m	θeθlaħā́m	θeθlaħā́mī	yeθlaħā́m	yeθlaħā́mī	neθlaħā́m	θeθlaħā́mū	θeθlaħámna	yeθlaħā́mū	yeθlaħámna
optative	ʔeθlaħamánna	θeθlaħamánna	θeθlaħamínna	yeθlaħamánna	yeθlaħamínna	neθlaħamánna	θeθlaħamúnna	θeθlaħamnánna	yeθlaħamánna	yeθlaħamnánna
jussive	ʔéθlaħam	θéθlaħam	θéθlaħamī	yéθlaħam	yéθlaħamī	néθlaħam	θéθlaħamū	θéθlaħamna	yéθlaħamū	yéθlaħamna
imperative	-	heθlaħā́m!	heθlaħā́mī!	-	-	-	heθlaħā́mū!	heθlaħámna!	-	-
active participle	meθlaħā́m
verbal noun	heθlaħū́m

Binyan 5: niφθuȝāl

Semantics: reflexive or change of state

Binyan 4A conjugation: niθluħā́m 'to go to war'

→ Person ↓ Tense	1s	2ms	2fs	3ms	3fs	1p	2mp	2fp	3mp	3fp
past	niθluħámθī	niθluħámθa	niθluħámθe	niθluħā́m	niθluħā́maθ	niθluħámnė	niθluħámθum	niθluħámθin	niθluħā́mū	niθluħā́mė
subjunctive	waniθluħámθī	waniθluħámθa	waniθluħámθe	waniθluħā́m	waniθluħā́maθ	waniθluħámnė	waniθluħámθum	waniθluħámθin	waniθluħā́mū	waniθluħā́mė
present	ʔeθθulėħā́m	θeθθulėħā́m	θeθθulėħā́mī	yeθθulėħā́m	yeθθulėħā́mī	neθθulėħā́m	θeθθulėħā́mū́	θeθθulėħámna	yeθθulėħā́mū	yeθθulėħámna
future	ʔeθθulħā́m	θeθθulħā́m	θeθθulħā́mī	yeθθulħā́m	yeθθulħā́mī	neθθulħā́m	θeθθulħā́mū́	θeθθulħámna	yeθθulħā́mū	yeθθulħámna
optative	ʔeθθulħamánna	θeθθulħamánna	θeθθulħamínna	yeθθulħamánna	yeθθulħamínna	neθθulħamánna	θeθθulħamúnna	θeθθulħamnánna	yeθθulħamánna	yeθθulħamnánna
jussive	ʔéθθulħam	θéθθulħam	θéθθulħamī	yéθθulħam	yéθθulħamī	néθθulħam	θéθθulħamū	θéθθulħamna	yéθθulħamū	yéθθulħamna
imperative	-	heθθulħā́m!	heθθulħā́mī!	-	-	-	heθθulħā́mū!	heθθulħámna!	-	-
active participle	meθθulħā́m
verbal noun	niθlaħė́m

Binyan 6A: θaφaȝȝēl

Semantics: "back-and-forth" actions

Example: θažaχχēr 'to resent, to desire revenge on'

Conjugation is similar to Binyan 2.

Binyan 7A: hastaφȝēl

Semantics: "to make oneself X"; "to take it upon oneself to X"; tends to form verbs involving conscious decision.

Examples:

• hastacȝḗd 'to dare, to venture'
• hastažχḗr 'to make note of'
• hastaχθḗb 'to copy, to transcribe'

Binyan 7A conjugation: hastatȝḗm 'to attempt'

→ Person ↓ Tense	1s	2ms	2fs	3ms	3fs	1p	2mp	2fp	3mp	3fp
past	hastatȝímθī	hastatȝímθa	hastatȝímθe	hastatȝḗm	hastatȝḗmaθ	hastatȝímnė	hastatȝímtum	hastatȝímtin	hastatȝḗmū	hastatȝḗmė
subjunctive	wastatȝímθī	wastatȝímθa	wastatȝímθi	wastatȝḗm	wastatȝḗmaθ	wastatȝímnė	wastatȝímtum	wastatȝímtin	wastatȝḗmū	wastatȝḗmė
present	ʔastatėȝḗm	θastatėȝḗm	θastatėȝḗmī	yastatėȝḗm	yastatėȝḗmī	nastatėȝḗm	θastatėȝḗmū	θastatėȝímna	yastatėȝḗmū	yastatėȝímna
future	ʔastatȝḗm	θastatȝḗm	θastatȝḗmī	yastatȝḗm	yastatȝḗmī	nastatȝḗm	θastatȝḗmū	θastatȝímna	yastatȝḗmū	yastatȝímna
optative	ʔastatȝimánna	θastatȝimánna	θastatȝimínna	yastatȝimánna	yastatȝimínna	nastatȝimánna	θastatȝimúnna	θastatȝímnanna	yastatȝimúnna	yastatȝímnanna
jussive	ʔastátȝim	θastátȝim	θastátȝimī	yastátȝim	yastátȝimī	nastátȝim	θastátȝimū	θastátȝímna	yastátȝimū	yastátȝimna
imperative	-	hastatȝḗm!	hastatȝḗmī!	-	-	-	hastatȝḗmū!	hastatȝímna!	-	-
participle	mustatȝḗm
verbal noun	hastatȝū́m

Binyan 7P: hastuφȝāl

Binyan 7A conjugation: hastutȝā́m 'to be attempted'

→ Person ↓ Tense	1s	2ms	2fs	3ms	3fs	1p	2mp	2fp	3mp	3fp
past	hastutȝámθī	hastutȝámθa	hastutȝámθe	hastutȝā́m	hastutȝā́maθ	hastutȝámnė	hastutȝámθum	hastutȝámθin	hastutȝā́mū	hastutȝā́mė
subjunctive	wastutȝámθī	wastutȝámθa	wastutȝámθi	wastutȝā́m	wastutȝā́maθ	wastutȝámnė	wastutȝámθum	wastutȝámθin	wastutȝā́mū	wastutȝā́mė
present	ʔastutėȝā́m	θastutėȝā́m	θastutėȝā́mī	yastutėȝā́m	yastutėȝā́mī	nastutėȝā́m	θastutėȝā́mū	θastutėȝámna	yastutėȝā́mū	yastutėȝámna
future	ʔastutȝā́m	θastutȝā́m	θastutȝā́mī	yastutȝā́m	yastutȝā́mī	nastutȝā́m	θastutȝā́mū	θastutȝámna	yastutȝā́mū	yastutȝámna
optative	ʔastutȝamánna	θastutȝamánna	θastutȝamínna	yastutȝamánna	yastutȝamínna	nastutȝamánna	θastutȝamúnna	θastutȝamnánna	yastutȝamúnna	yastutȝamnánna
optative	ʔastútȝam	θastútȝam	θastútȝamī	yastútȝam	yastútȝamī	nastútȝam	θastútȝam	θastútȝamna	yastutȝamū	yastútȝamna
imperative	Verbs of this binyan have no imperatives.
participle	mustutȝā́m
verbal noun	Verbs of this binyan have no verbal nouns.

Numerals

Numerals ending in 3 through 9 or 10 display the Semitic gender polarity: masculine nouns are maredd with -θ while feminine nouns are unmarked.

1. m. ʔaħad, f. ʔaħāθ
2. m. šenain, f. šeθain, construct šenė, šeθė
3. m. šalėšaθ, f. šalėš
4. m. ʔarbaȝθ, f. ʔarbaȝ
5. m. ħamišθ, f. ħamiš
6. m. sitšaθ, f. sitše
7. m. sabȝaθ, f. sabȝe
8. m. śamēnīθ, f. śamēnē
9. m. þisȝaθ, f. þisȝe
10. m. ȝaśraθ, f. ȝaśre

Sample texts

Schleicher

Χabšan wa-φarasīnan

Χabše, žī law lė hawė šamre, φarasīn raʔė:

yagrur ʔaħadum minhumū markʰabatʰam þakūlam, wa-yaħmil ʔaħadum ħimlam gadālam, wa-yaħmil mahīram aħadum ʔināšam. Wa-yakūl han-kʰabłu: Marra lī han-libbu, bi-raʔātʰī ʔināšam rākʰibam pʰarašīm. Wa-yakūlū han-pʰarašū: Šamaʕ han-kʰabła! Marra lanā han-libbu, bi-raʔātʰinā ðā: ʔināšum han-baʕlu yaʕłiyu lahu malbašatʰam ħamīmatʰam min tłamri han-kʰabłī. Wa-lā li-han-kʰabłi tłamrum. Bi-šamāʕi han-kʰabłi ðā, yabraħ ʔila han-ładiyi.