Yutch
Yutch (/jʌtʃ/) is a Gallo-Romance language closely related to Twench.
| Yutch | |
|---|---|
| Yutch | |
| Pronunciation | [jʌtʃ] |
| Created by | Shariifka |
Introduction
Etymology
Yutch is ultimately derived from Iuti, the Latin name for the Jutes.
Phonology
Orthography
Alphabet
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Consonants
Vowels
Prosody
Stress
Intonation
Phonotactics
Morphophonology
Morphology
Nouns
Nouns are not declined for case.
There in no grammatical gender besides natural gender (similar to English).
Plural is usually formed in -(e)s.
The possessive is formed in -'s (-' after -s).
Adjectives
Adjectives precede the noun they modify.
Adjectives do not decline for case, gender, or number.
Comparative
Superlative
Adverbs
Manner adverbs are formed from the corresponding adjectives with the suffix -ment.
Some adjectives form irregular adverbs. For example:
- bone "good" > bean "well"
- malvatch "bad" > male "badly"
Articles
Precede the noun they modify.
- Definite article: le /lə, (stressed) liː/
- Indefinite article (only in the singular):
- Before consonants: a /ə/
- Before vowels: an /ən/
Pronouns
| Person/ Number | Subject | Object | Possessive | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Adjective | Pronoun | |||
| 1S | you /juː/ | me /miː/ | my /maɪ/ | mine /maɪn/ |
| 2S (arch.) | tou /taʊ/ | te /tiː/ | ty /taɪ/ | tine /taɪn/ |
| 3SM | ill /ɪl/ | le /liː/ | sy /saɪ/ | sine /saɪn/ |
| 3SF | ell /ɛl/ | lay /leɪ/ | lay /leɪ/ | lays /leɪz/ |
| 3SN | louth /laʊθ/ | louth /laʊθ/ | louths /laʊθs/ | louths /laʊθs/ |
| 1P | noose /nuːs/ | noose /nuːs/ | noster /nʌstər/ | nosters /nʌstərz/ |
| 2S+P | woose /wuːs/ | woose /wuːs/ | woster /wʌstər/ | wosters /wʌstərz/ |
| 3P | lie /laɪ/ | else /ɛls/ | lour /laʊər/ | lours /laʊərz/ |
Numerals
| Cardinal | Ordinal | Fractional | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Orth. | IPA | Orth. | IPA | Orth. | IPA | |
| 0 | null | /nʊl/ | nullem | /ˈnʊləm/ | — | |
| 1 | une | /juːn/ | prime | /praɪm/ | — | |
| 2 | doose | /duːs/ | second | /ˈsɛkənd/ | demy | /ˈdɛmi/ |
| 3 | treece | /triːs/ | terch | /tɜrtʃ/ | terch | /tɜrtʃ/ |
| 4 | quatter | /ˈkwɒtər/ | quart | /kwɔrt/ | quart | /kwɔrt/ |
| 5 | chink | /tʃɪŋk/ | kint | /kɪnt/ | kint | /kɪnt/ |
| 6 | six | /sɪks/ | sixt | /sɪkst/ | sixt | /sɪkst/ |
| 7 | set | /sɛt/ | settem | /ˈsɛtəm/ | settem | /ˈsɛtəm/ |
| 8 | aught | /ɔːt/ | aughtem | aughtem | ||
| 9 | nove | /noʊv/ | novem | novem | ||
| 10 | deach | /diːtʃ/ | deachem | deachem | ||
| 11 | onge | /ɒndʒ/ | ongem | ongem | ||
| 12 | dodge | /dɔdʒ/ | dodgem | dodgem | ||
| 13 | tredge | /trɛdʒ/ | tredgem | tredgem | ||
| 14 | quatterge | /ˈkwɒtərdʒ/ | quattergem | quattergem | ||
| 15 | kinge | /kɪndʒ/ | kingem | kingem | ||
| 16 | sedge | /sɛdʒ/ | sedgem | sedgem | ||
| 17 | setditch | /ˈsɛt.dɪtʃ/ | setditchem | setditchem | ||
| 20 | waint | /weɪnt/ | waintem | waintem | ||
| 21 | waint-une | /ˌweɪnt.ˈ(j)uːn/ | waint-prime | waint-unem | ||
| 30 | traint | /treɪnt/ | traintem | traintem | ||
| 40 | quarant | /ˈkwɔrənt/ | quarantem | quarantem | ||
| 50 | chinkant | /ˈtʃɪŋkənt/ | chinkantem | chinkantem | ||
| 60 | sixant | /ˈsɪksənt/ | sixantem | sixantem | ||
| 70 | settant | /ˈsetənt/ | settantem | settantem | ||
| 80 | aughtant | /ˈɔːtənt/ | aughtantem | aughtantem | ||
| 90 | novant | /ˈnoʊvənt/ | novantem | novantem | ||
| 100 | chent | /tʃɛnt/ | chentem | chentem | ||
| 1000 | mill | /mɪl/ | millem | millem | ||
| 10⁶ | million | /ˈmɪl.jɨn/ | millionem | millionem | ||
Verbs
Principal parts
For the majority of verbs, the full conjugation can be determined from two principal parts: the (non-third person singular) simple present and the past participle.
These forms are given in dictionaries. Otherwise, the infinitive is used as the citation form.
Verb classes
Verbs may be regular or irregular.
In regular verbs, the past stem and past participle are derived regularly from the infinitive stem with the suffix -et (-t after final -e).
Irregular verbs form their past stem irregularly.
Personal endings
The following personal endings are used in the present tense:
- -(e)s in the third person singular (archaic: -(e)th)
- -(e)st in the archaic second person singular
Besides the above endings, only the highly irregular verb at est "to be" has differing personal forms.
Tenses
As in English, continuous tenses are formed with the verb at est followed by the present participle, and the perfect is formed with the verb at have "to have" followed by the past participle.
Voice
The passive is formed with the verb at est "to be" followed by the past participle.
Non-finite forms
Infinitive: at + present stem
Present participle: present stem + -(e)nt
Past participle: past stem
Negation and Interrogation
Negation of verbs is ordinarily accomplished using the word neen "not" (which can be abbreviated as 'n).
Negation and interrogation use the conjugated helping verb at fay "to do" followed by the bare infinitive. This construction can also be used in positive sentences for emphasis. Examples:
- You cant. "I sing." > You fay neen cant. "I do not sing." / You fay'n cant. "I don't sing."
- Ill dorms. "He sleeps." > Fays ill dorm? "Does he sleep?"
- Ell manges. "She eats." > Keeth fays ell mange? "What does she eat?"
- Lie wise. "They saw." > Lie fiss weethe. "They did see."
Modal verbs do not use the helping verb. Examples:
- You pote neen dorm. "I cannot sleep"
Archaically, non-modal verbs can likewise form their negation and interrogation without the helping verb. Examples:
- You cant neen. "I sing not."
- Dorms ill? "Sleeps he?"
- Keeth manges ell? "What eats she?"
Examples of verbs
Regular - at cant "to sing"
| Infinitive | at cant | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Present participle | cantent | ||
| Past participle | cantet | ||
| Present | Past | Imperative | |
| you | cant | cantet | |
| tou | cantest | cantetst | cant |
| ill/ell/louth | cants | cantet | |
| noose | cant | cantet | |
| woose | cant | cantet | cant |
| lie | cant | cantet | |
Irregular - at cathe "to fall"
| Infinitive | at cathe | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Present participle | cathent | ||
| Past participle | case | ||
| Present | Past | Imperative | |
| you | cathe | case | |
| tou | cathest | casest | cathe |
| ill/ell/louth | cathes | case | |
| noose | cathe | case | |
| woose | cathe | case | cathe |
| lie | cathe | case | |
Irregular - at die "to say"
| Infinitive | at die | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Present participle | dient | ||
| Past participle | dight | ||
| Present | Past | Imperative | |
| you | die | diss | |
| tou | diest | dissest | die |
| ill/ell/louth | dies | diss | |
| noose | die | diss | |
| woose | die | diss | die |
| lie | die | diss | |
Irregular - at est "to be"
| Infinitive | at est | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Present participle | estent | ||
| Past participle | estet | ||
| Present | Past | Imperative | |
| you | son | fow | |
| tou | ist | fowst | est |
| ill/ell/louth | is | fow | |
| noose | son | fore | |
| woose | son | fore | est |
| lie | son | fore | |
Irregular: at have "to have"
| Infinitive | at have | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Present participle | havent | ||
| Past participle | hat | ||
| Present | Past | Imperative | |
| you | have | hat | |
| tu | hast | hatst | have |
| ill/ell/louth | has | hat | |
| noose | have | hat | |
| woose | have | hat | have |
| lie | have | hat | have |
Irregular - at fay "to do"
| Infinitive | at fay | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| Present participle | fayent | ||
| Past participle | faight | ||
| Present | Past | Imperative | |
| you | fay | fiss | |
| tou | fayest | fissest | fay |
| ill/ell/louth | fays | fiss | |
| noose | fay | fiss | |
| woose | fay | fiss | fay |
| lie | fay | fiss | |
Syntax
Constituent order
Noun phrase
Verb phrase
Sentence phrase
Dependent clauses
Example texts
Universal Declaration of Human Rights (Article 1)
Toot human estants nash liver et equal in dignitate et draights. Lie son endootet of raison et conscience, et lie deve at age of une alter in a spirit de frathertate.
/tuːt ˈçuːmən ˈɛstənts næʃ ˈlɪvəɹ ət iːkwəl ɪn ˈdɪɡnɪtət ət dɹeɪts ‖ laɪ sʌn ənˈduːtət əv ˈɹeɪzən ət ˈkɔnʃəns | ət laɪ diːv æt eɪdʒ əv juːn ɔːltəɹ ɪn ə ˈspɪɹɪt də frɑːðəɹtət/