Adamic Code

Adamic Code
Adamic
אדמס (ādamja)
Adam naming the animals
Pronunciation	[àːˈdämi̯a]
Created by	Veno
Date	c. 25,000-12,000 BP
Setting	Levant/Africa (?)
Native speakers	- (2025)
Language family	Pangaean Code Diluvian Code Adamic Code
Early form	Paleolithic Creole
Writing system	Hebrew
Map of areas where the Adamic Code is believed to have once been spoken   Levantine model   African model

Adamic, (אדמס קףל, ādamja qafl, [àːˈdämi̯a ˈɦäfl]) also referred to as Canonic, is a philosophical ab interiori language of the Mesolithic that consists on naming roots and applying grammatical patterns through introflection.

Etymology

The word ādamja is an adjective/noun superficially decomposed as the lemma ādama "ancestry" and the associative affix -ja-, therefore denoting "belonging to ancestry". Furthermore, without pattern transfixation, the pure root is -’-d-m- "ancestry", whose meaning was influenced by the Hebrew word אדם "Adam", name of the first man in the Old Testament. The Paleolithic Code was named as such due the similarity with the narrative of Genesis, where Adam was tasked to name the animals of Eden:

¹⁹ And out of the ground the Lord God formed every beast of the field, and every fowl of the air; and brought them unto Adam to see what he would call them: and whatsoever Adam called every living creature, that was the name thereof.
²⁰ And Adam gave names to all cattle, and to the fowl of the air, and to every beast of the field; but for Adam there was not found an help meet for him.

Introduction

The Adamic Code was created to simulate a pre-afroasiatic language product of the creolization between the Pangaean Code and the Diluvian Code. [...]

Features

The results based on https://wals.info/feature

WALS Features Collapse

	WALS	Adamic
Consonant Inventories	1A	Moderately small (15-18) Average (19-25)
Vowel Quality Inventories	2A	Small vowel inventory (2-4) / Average vowel inventory (5-6)
Consonant-Vowel Ratio	3A	Average (2.75-4.5) / Moderately high (4.5-6.5)
Voicing in Plosives and Fricatives	4A	Voicing contrast in both plosives and fricatives
Voicing and Gaps in Plosive Systems	5A	None missing in /p t k b d g/
Uvular Consonants	6A	No uvulars
Glottalized Consonants	7A	No glottalized consonants
Lateral Consonants	8A	/l/, no obstruent laterals
The Velar Nasal	9A	No velar nasal
Vowel Nasalization	10A	Contrast absent
Front Rounded Vowels	11A	None
Syllable Structure	12A	Complex syllable structure (≥CCVCC≥)
Tone	13A	No tones
Fixed Stress Locations	14A	No fixed stress (mostly weight-sensitive stress)
Weight-Sensitive Stress	15A	Unbounded: Stress can be anywhere in the word
Weight Factors in Weight-Sensitive Stress Systems	16A	Lexical: lexical stress, diacritic weight / Long vowel + Coda: long vowels or closed syllables
Rhythm Types	17A	Absent: no rhythmic stress
Absence of Common Consonants	18A	All present
Presence of Uncommon Consonants	19A	None
Fusion of Selected Inflectional Formatives	20A	Ablaut/concatenative
Exponence of Selected Inflectional Formatives	21A	Monoexponential case / Case + number, Case + referentiality
Exponence of Tense-Aspect-Mood Inflection	21B	TAM-agreement
Inflectional Synthesis of the Verb	22A	2-3 categories per word
Locus of Marking in the Clause	23A	Other types
Locus of Marking in Possessive Noun Phrases	24A	Other
Locus of Marking: Whole-language Typology	25A	Inconsistent or other
Zero Marking of A and P Arguments	25B	Non-zero marking
Prefixing vs. Suffixing in Inflectional Morphology	26A	Approximately equal amounts of suffixing and prefixing
Reduplication	27A	Productive full and partial reduplication
Case Syncretism	28A	Inflectional case marking is syncretic Inflectional case marking is never syncretic
Syncretism in Verbal Person/Number Marking	29A	Subject person/number marking is syncretic Subject person/number marking is never syncretic
Number of Genders	30A	Two Three
Sex-based and Non-sex-based Gender Systems	31A	Sex-based
Systems of Gender Assignment	32A	Semantic Assignment
Coding of Nominal Plurality	33A	Plural suffix Plural stem change e.g. lût "whale", lúvāt "whales"
Occurrence of Nominal Plurality	34A	Plural in all nouns, always obligatory e.g. liviatan "whale", liviatanān "whales"
Plurality in Independent Personal Pronouns	35A	Person stem with a nominal plural affix e.g. nu "I", nuān "we"
The Associative Plural	36A	Associative plural marker also used for additive plurals e.g. zaûl irau "the Sun and the Moon"
Definite Articles	37A	Definite word distinct from demonstrative / Definite affix on noun e.g. liviatan iru ~ liviatani "the whale"
Indefinite Articles	38A	Indefinite word distinct from numeral for 'one' e.g. liviatan aru, liviatan ikihu "one whale"
Inclusive/Exclusive Distinction in Independent Pronouns	39A	No inclusive/exclusive opposition
Inclusive/Exclusive Distinction in Verbal Inflection	40A	No inclusive/exclusive opposition
Distance Contrasts in Demonstratives	41A	Five (or more)-way contrast e.g. iku "this (next)", īku "this (near)", āku "this/that (in between)", ūku "that (away)", uku "that (far away)"
Pronominal and Adnominal Demonstratives	42A	Different inflectional features e.g. liviatan iku "this whale", aiku "this"
Third Person Pronouns and Demonstratives	43A	Third person pronouns and demonstratives are unrelated to demonstratives e.g. asu "he", aiku "this"
Gender Distinctions in Independent Personal Pronouns	44A	Gender distinctions in 3rd person plus 1st and/or 2nd person e.g. asu "he", asȳ "she"
Politeness Distinctions in Pronouns	45A	Second person pronouns encode no politeness distinction e.g. atu "you"

Notes

• The WALS metrics consider solely ejective, implosive, and glottalized sonorants as "glottalized consonants"; agreement to include number and person, and tense/aspect/mood (TAM) to be one category within a "category-per-word value" [...]

Phonology

Adamic can have as many as 24 consonants and 12 vowels, with allophonic tones liable to manifestate depending on the position of the stress. Its syllable structure of C²V²C²/C³(V) supports up to 3 sounds in a consonant cluster intervocalically and 2 elsewhere as onset or coda (e.g. qfál "saying", aktvú "I cut", and ka’n "year"); also, it does not accept triphthongs. The most remarkable phonetic and phonological features include the presence of:

• emphatic consonants.

• a simple vowel system composed of i, u, and a, with phonemic length.

• predetermined set of vowels available depending on the speaker's gender.

• systematic sound transitions dictated by a coloration table.

Consonants

Adamic has 24 or 18 phonemic consonants, depending on whether emphatics are disregarded. The special status of the glottalized series is due their phonological equivalence with the plain stops (k, g, p, b, t, d) within the language, despite being genuine inheritances from the ejective/implosive sounds of the Diluvian and Pangaean Codes. Anyhow, even if optionally excluded, they may still appear as allophones of their counterparts, specially next to /ʔ/.

		Labial		Alveolar		Velar		Glottal
Nasal	Voiceless			n̥
	Voiced	m
Plosive	Voiceless	p	(pˀ)	t	(tˀ)	k	(kˀ)	ʔ
	Voiced	b	(bˀ)	d	(dˀ)	g	(gˀ)
Affricate	Voiceless			t͡s
Fricative	Voiceless	f		s				h
	Voiced	v		z				ɦ
Vibrant	Voiced			r
Lateral	Voiceless			l̥

Notes

• Adamic identifies "phonological coordinates" within its consonantal inventory, classifying terms into relevant categories of VOICE, MANNER, and ARTICULATION. Even sequences among its subdivisions follow a predetermined order, being voiceless>voiced in VOICE, occlusive>sonorant>turbulent in MANNER, and guttural>labial>dental in ARTICULATION. As not all members of those sets correspond to the phonetic qualities attributed to them (with the exception of VOICE's members), the last two sequences are respectively referred to as the KHS-type and the IUA-type, with their proper compositions being named as expected: K-type, H-type, S-type, I-type, U-type, and A-type in order.
  • /k, g, (kˀ), (gˀ), h, ɦ, s, z/, part of the KIHS-type, is a major subgroup composed by plosive velars, (quasi-implosive emphatics), fricative glottals, and fricative sibilants.
    • /k, g/, part of the KI-type, represent the velar series of older paleolithic codes.
      • /k/ may be realized as [c] or even [ç] if onset/coda to front vowels.
      • /g/ may be realized as [ɟ] or even [ʝ] if onset/coda to front vowels.
    • /(kˀ), (gˀ)/ are also considered part of the KI-type, suffering the same phonological effects as their counterparts.
      • /kˀ/ may be realized as [kʼ] or [kʰ], or even as [cʼ] or [cʰ] if onset/coda to front vowels.
      • /gˀ/ may be realized as [ɠ] or [gʱ], or even as [ʄ] or [ɟʱ] if onset/coda to front vowels.
    • /h, ɦ/, part of the HI-type, act as reductions of the laryngeal series of older paleolithic codes.
      • /h/ ranges from [h], [ħ], and [χ] to [x]; its Canonic allophone is [kʷ].
      • /ɦ/ ranges from [ɦ], [ʕ], and [ʁ] to [ɣ]; its Canonic allophone is [gʷ].
    • /s, z/, part of the SI-type, descend from the sibilant series of older paleolithic codes.
      • /s/ may be realized as [j̥], or even as [ʃ] or [ɕ] if onset/coda to front vowels; its Canonic allophone is [kʲ].
      • /z/ may be realized as [j], or even as [ʒ] or [ʑ] if onset/coda to front vowels; its Canonic allophone is [gʲ].
  • /p, b, (pˀ), (bˀ), n̥, m, f, v/, part of the KUHS-type, is a major subgroup composed by plosive labials, (quasi-implosive emphatics), nasal dentals/labials, and fricative labio-dentals.
    • /p, b/, part of the KU-type, represent the labial series of older paleolithic codes.
      • /p/ may be realized as [kʷ].
      • /b/ may be realized as [gʷ].
    • /(pˀ), (bˀ)/ are also considered part of the KU-type, suffering the same phonological effects as their counterparts.
      • /pˀ/ may be realized as [pʼ] or [pʰ], or even as [kʼʷ] or [kʰʷ].
      • /bˀ/ may be realized as [ɓ] or [bʱ], or even as [ɠʷ] [gʱʷ].
    • /n, m/, part of the HU-type, act as reductions of the nasal series of older paleolithic codes.
      • /n̥/ ranges from [n̥], [n], [ŋ̥], [ŋ], and [ɲ̥] to [ɲ]; its Canonic allophone is [pʷ].
      • /m/ ranges from [m̥], [m], and [ɱ̥] to [ɱ]; its Canonic allophone is [bʷ].
    • /f, v/, part of the SU-type, are innovations, not descending from older paleolithic codes.
      • /f/ may be realized as [w̥], [ɸ], or even [θ]; its Canonic allophone is [pʲ].
      • /v/ may be realized as [w], [β], or even [ð]; its Canonic allophone is [bʲ].
  • /t, d, (tˀ), (dˀ), l̥, r, t͡s, ʔ/, part of the KAHS-type, is a major subgroup composed by plosive velars, (quasi-implosive emphatics), fricative glottals, and fricative sibilants.
    • /t, d/, part of the KA-type, represent the dental series of older paleolithic codes.
      • /t/ may be realized as [t͡ʃ] or even [t͡ɕ] if onset/coda to front vowels.
      • /d/ may be realized as [d͡ʒ] or even [d͡ʑ] if onset/coda to front vowels.
    • /(tˀ), (dˀ)/ are also considered part of the KA-type, suffering the same phonological effects as their counterparts.
      • /tˀ/ may be realized as [tʼ] or [tʰ], or even as [t͡ʃʼ], [t͡ʃʰ], [t͡ɕʼ], or [t͡ɕʰ] if onset/coda to front vowels.
      • /dˀ/ may be realized as [ɗ] or [dʱ], or even as [d͡ʒʱ] or [d͡ʑʱ] if onset/coda to front vowels.
    • /l̥, r/, part of the HA-type, act as reductions of the liquid series of older paleolithic codes.
      • /l̥/ ranges from [l̥], [l], [ɬ], [ɮ], and [ʎ̥] to [ʎ]; its Canonic allophone is [tʷ].
      • /r/ ranges from [r̥], [r], [ɾ̥], [ɾ], and [ɹ̥] to [ɹ] ; its Canonic allophone is [dʷ].
    • /t͡s, ʔ/, part of the SA-type, descend partially from older paleolithic codes in the form of /t͡s/, yet innovative with /ʔ/.
      • /t͡s/ may be realized as [t͡ɬ], or even as [ʃ], [ɕ], [t͡ʃ] or [t͡ɕ] if onset/coda to front vowels; its Canonic allophone is [tʲ].
      • /ʔ/ may be realized as [d͡ɮ], or even as [∅]; its Canonic allophone is [dʲ].

Vowels

Adamic has a basic 3 vowel system with length distinction yielding 18 units of monophthongs, diphthongs, and long dipthongs. Alternatively, in the poetic register, diphthongs may become monophthongs by introducing the new qualities of /e/, /o/, and /ɨ/~/ʉ/, thus resulting in 6 qualities and 36 vocalic units as a whole. In sequence, the masculine register of Adamic is here treated as possessing the following monophthongs:

	Front	Near-front	Central	Near-back	Back
Close	i, iː (ɨ, ɨː) u, uː (e, eː) (o, oː) a, aː
Near‑close
Close‑mid
Mid
Open‑mid
Near‑open
Open

Common Monophthongs Front Center Back Short i a u Long iː aː uː

Short Diphthongs Front Center Back Short u̯i i̯a u̯a i̯u Long iu̯ ai̯ au̯ ui̯

Long Diphthongs Front Center Back Short u̯iː i̯aː u̯aː i̯uː Long iːu̯ aːi̯ aːu̯ uːi̯

Monophtongized Diphthongs Front Center Back Short e ɨ ~ ʉ o Long eː ɨː ~ ʉː oː

Short Diphthongs Front Center Back Short u̯e i̯ʉ ~ u̯ɨ i̯o Long eu̯ ʉi̯ ~ ɨu̯ oi̯

Long Diphthongs Front Center Back Short u̯eː i̯ʉː ~ u̯ɨː i̯oː Long eːu̯ ʉːi̯ ~ ɨːu̯ oːi̯

Notes

• Much like consonants, vowels in Adamic are positioned in the currents front>back>central (POSITION) and short>long (LENGTH); with the process exceptionally being known by the trigrammaton IAU or even the pentagrammaton IEAOU, which may serve as alphabetic recitations when not symbols of cosmic order. Contrary to the consonantal series, though, long vowels tend to carry a non-phonemic rising pitch when stressed, and a falling pitch when unstressed, in order to further distinguish them from plain vowels; they also may generate new articulations of themselves depending on their arrangement and whether one's particular form of the Adamic Code puts prominence on the /i/ (feminine) or the /u/ (masculine) vowels, determined by sex/gender:
  • /i, iː/ are the close front unrounded [i, iː].
    • /e, eː/ are the close-mid front unrounded [e, eː]. They are the respective products of the monophthongization of /i̯a/ and /ai̯/.
  • /u, uː/ are the close back rounded [u, uː]
    • /o, oː/ are the close-mid back rounded [o, oː]. They are the respective products of the monophthongization of /u̯a/ and /au̯/.
  • /a, aː/ are the open central unrounded [ä, äː], but may be pronounced as the open front unrounded [a, aː] or the open back rounded [ɒ, ɒː] if next to front and back vowels respectively.
    • /ɨ, ɨː/~/ʉ, ʉː/ are the close central unrounded~rounded [ɨ, ɨː]~[ʉ, ʉː], but may be pronounced as [y, yː]~[ɯ, ɯː]. They are the respective products of the monophthongization of /i̯u/ and /ui̯/ in the masculine U-register and /u̯i/ and /iu̯/ in the feminine I-register.

Coloration Table

In Adamic, sounds possess the property to transition between consonants and vowels. This process is known as "coloration", consisting on the equivalence of consonantal VOICE, MANNER, and ARTICULATION with vocalic LENGTH and POSITION.

-/+	I Type	U Type	A Type
H Type	h ɦ	n̥ m	l̥ r
S Type	s z	f v	t͡s ʔ
K Type	k g	p b	t d

Notes

• Any element of the triconsonantal root may transition when inflected into a word. The exact result depends on the specific morphological attributes associated with said words. In the following table, for example, the medial sound of each root is optionally vocalized after the insertion of a postdiluvian pattern vowel:

Root	Lemma	Gloss
־ל־כ־נ־ -l-k-n-	לכנ luín	wolf
־מ־ף־ר־ -m-f-r-	מףר maúr	death
־ג־ל־ל־ -g-l-l-	גלל gâl	cosmos

Writing System

Not only for thematic reasons, Adamic is written with the Hebrew Script due the predicability of vowels in the language, wherein it is in fact more suited for an abjad; nevertheless, it is possible to codify Adamic alphabetically for learning purposes. In the latter case, the code is written with 25 letters of the Latin Script with three diacritics appearing on vowels (circumflex accent, acute accent and macron) and one in consonants (an apostrophe, also treated as an independent letter when representing a glottal stop).

Ortography

Adamic Abjad
ה h / i	ק ɦ / iː	נ n̥ / u	מ m / uː	ל l̥ / a	ר r / aː
ס s / i	ז z / iː	ף f / u	ו v / uː	צ t͡s / a	א ʔ / aː
כ k / i	ג g / iː	פ p / u	ב b / uː	ת t / a	ד d / aː
כּ kˀ / i	גּ gˀ / iː	פּ pˀ / u	בּ bˀ / uː	תּ tˀ / a	דּ dˀ / aː

Notes

• The symbols <ס> and <ף> may represent the semivowels /i̯/ and /u̯/ respectively when morphemes. An example is the word אדמס /aʔadami̯a/ itself, wherein the particle ־ס־ is not manifested as /s/.

Romanization

Adamic Alphabet

Aа /a/	Bb /b/	Cc /t͡s/	Dd /d/	Ee /e/
Ff /f/	Gg /g/	Hh /h/	Ii /i~i̯/	Jj /i̯/
Kk /k/	Ll /l̥/	Mn /m/	Nn /n̥/	Oo /o/
Pp /p/	Qq /ɦ/	Rr /r/	Ss /s/	Tt /t/
Uu /u~u̯/	Vv /v/	Ww /u̯/	Yy /ɨ~ʉ/	Zz /z/

Notes

• The letter <’>, representing the glottal stop (ʔ), may be left out, as it often disappears in the spoken language. Alternatively, it could be expressed by the letter <Xx> when alone as onset/coda.
  • e.g. drā /draː/ "six".
    • c.e.g. drā’ or drāx /draːʔ/ "six".

• Emphatic consonants use the apostrophe <’>, as <K’k’>, <G’g’>, <P’p’>, <B’b’>, <T’t’>, and <D’d’>.
  • e.g. -k’-r-p- "destruction".
    • c.e.g. -k-r-p- "detachment".

• The letter <Qq> is assimilated to <Hh> after a voiced stop.
  • e.g. ghīz /gɦiːz/ "four".
    • c.e.g. *gqīz /gɦiːz/ "four".

• The letters <Jj> and <Ww> are exclusively used in derivation particles.
  • e.g. -ja /i̯a/ "belonging to".
    • c.e.g. *-ia /i̯a/ "belonging to".

• Short and long vowels, if relevantly stressed, gain an accute (<V́>) and circumflex accent (<V̂>) respectively.
  • e.g. -k-f-n- ⇒ /u// ⇒ kúfn /ˈkufn/ or kûn /ˈkuːn/ "dog".
    • c.e.g. -k-f-n- ⇒ /-/ ⇒ kun /kun/ "canine".

• If relevantly unstressed, long vowels are marked by macrons (<V̄>).
  • e.g. -d-v-n- ⇒ /-/ ⇒ dūv /duːv/ "biological".
    • c.e.g. -m-f-r- ⇒ /-/ ⇒ mur /mur/ "dead".

• In diphthongs, the second element bears the diacritical mark.
  • e.g. saíkat /ˈsai̯kat/ "philosopher".
    • c.e.g. *sáikat /ˈsai̯kat/ "philosopher".

KIHS Characters Sign Name IPA Letter כ kik /kik/ /k/ Kk ג gīg /giːg/ /g/ Gg ה hih /hih/ /h/ Hh ק qīq /ɦiːɦ/ /ɦ/ Qq ס sis /sis/ /s/ Ss ז zīz /ziːz/ /z/ Zz

KUHS Characters Sign Name IPA Letter פ pup /pup/ /p/ Pp ב būb /buːb/ /b/ Bb נ nun /n̥un̥/ /n̥/ Nn מ mūm /muːm/ /m/ Mm ף fuf /fuf/ /f/ Ff ו vūv /vuːv/ /v/ Vv

KAHS Characters Sign Name IPA Letter ת tat /tat/ /t/ Tt ד dād /daːd/ /d/ Dd ל lal /l̥al̥/ /l̥/ Ll ר rār /raːr/ /r/ Rr צ cac /t͡sat͡s/ /t͡s/ Cc א ’ā’ /ʔaːʔ/ /ʔ/ ’

Grammar [...]

Adamic is highly inflective, derivational, and reduplicative, alternating between fusional and agglutivative morphologies with an overly analytic clause agreement. Its grammar, highly reminiscent of older Paleolithic Codes, can be summarized by 3 classes of morphemes:

• The field stem, consisting on the arrangement consonants (/) and vowels (-) in a predefined order inside the root-pattern fields. Its primary morphological markers are a triliterate segment known as triconsonantal root, and the patterns, which are either modifications of the root structure or the addition of transfixes into the triliterate form, also responsible for the nouns (edenic, prediluvian, and postdiluvian), appositions (adjectives, incorporations, adverbs, expressions, prefixes, and postpositions), and verbs (finite verbs and infinite verbs) of the language.

• The continuous affix, a simple connective with very limited phonotactics. Its primary morphological marker is concatenation, wherein it can be both a prefix and a suffix, beyond responsible for the comparison and alternative derivational procedure of the language.

• The performative clitic, interpreted as a marginal unit whose position is defined by a "vacuum space" (_). Its primary morphological marker is the triptote formula, which is responsible for the pronouns, articles, and particles of the language.

Conjunct
Triptote Formula	Concatenation	Root-pattern	Concatenation	Triptote Formula
Clitic	Affix	Stem	Affix	Clitic

Root-Pattern

One of the most remarkable features of Adamic is its naming prowess by ackowledging a concept into triliteral form (e.g. the root -d-v-n- denoting "biology/evolution" via the similarity with Darwin). This is due the Triconsonantal Root, whose use may be summarized by including complex ideas within a sequence of consonants. In complement, the Patterns are responsible for specifying a subject within such broader meanings (e.g. the pattern (i)/aí/a/ yielding daívan "biologist").

The process of triliteration can be easily demonstrated by the names of famous figures (fictional or not), due their association of feats. The transfiguration may be boundless and informal, or follow a select list of rules for further organization:

• Rule 0: Consonants are counted as first-class members, then vowels as second-class (except sounds akin to /a/), and finally semivowels as third-class members. All members being susceptible to be substituted by equivalent sounds.

e.g.₁ m and n can be achieved through nasal consonants. Therefore /ŋ/ ⇒ n.

e.g.₂ p, b, p’, b’, t, d, t’, d’, k, g, k’, and g’ can be achieved through plosives, even if secondary characteristics are present. Therefore /pʰ/ ⇒ p’, but /ɸ/ ⇒ f.

e.g.₃ r and l can be achieved through liquid consonants, even if secondary characteristics are present. Therefore /ɾ/ ⇒ r, and /ʎ/ ⇒ l.

e.g.₄ h and q in special can be achieved through laryngeals, with a treatment of q as voiced. Therefore /ħ/ ⇒ h, and /ʁ/ ⇒ q.

e.g.₅ As there is no /j/ and /w/ in the Adamic Code (except as grammatical semivowels), those sounds become z and v if relevantly voiced. On the other hand, if vowels such as /i/, /e/, /u/, /o/, and /a/ are considered, such sounds are represented by s, z, f, v, and ’ respectively.

• Rule 1 (1 syllable): The first and last members take the initial and final positions, the first member in between them is the medial one, and if there is none, it will be a glottal stop.

e.g.₁ Planck yields -p-l-k- "quantum mechanics".

e.g.₂ Grimm yields -g-r-m- and not -g-s-m for "folklore", as /r/ is counted before /ɪ/ in both priority and sequence.

e.g.₃ Gauss yields -g-v-s- and not -g-’-s- for "mathematics", as /a/ has less priority than the semivowel /w/.

• Rule 2 (2 syllables): The first three members are counted to assume their respective positions, except those members that act as closed codas in a consonant cluster.

e.g.₁ Plátōn yields -p-l-t- and not -p-l-n- or -p-t-n- for "metaphysics".

e.g.₂ Caesar yields -k-s-r- for "political/militar might".

e.g.₃ Darwin yields -d-v-n- and not -d-r-v- or -d-r-n- for "biology", because /ɹ/ acts as a closed coda in the consonant cluster /ɹw/.

• 'Rule 3 (3 or more syllables): each first member of the first three syllables takes its respective position.

e.g.₁ Sōkratēs yields -s-k-t- for "philosophy".

e.g.₂ Aristotélēs yields -’-r-t- for "logic", as every bare initial vowel in a syllable is considered to bear a glottal stop in Adamic.

e.g.₃ Lavoisier yields -l-v-z- for "chemistry".

Regarding a less specialized vocabulary, the rules differ. The Diluvian Code, for one, is the main source of the Adamic lexicon, yielding a diverse list of lemmas for the basic vocabulary of the language; lemmas which are straightforward adaptations of its words.

hocar "fire" [Diluvian] ⇒ -h-v-l- "fire" [Adamic].

qucar "sound/speech" [Diluvian] ⇒ -q-f-l- "sound/speech" [Adamic].

yammuhar "sea" [Diluvian] ⇒ -m-f-h- "sea" [Adamic].

In the sample above, the process involving the triliteration of Diluvian words is particular. Besides basic sound changes, such as the laryngeal following the currents /h/ > /h/ and /ħ/ > /ɦ/ (not /h/ in this case), or the particle /-t͡səɾ/ regularly transforming into /-l-/, it is noticeable that vowels are not treated discriminately, but are counted in order as much as consonants; instead, secondary particles such as the ya- and -(c)ar in yammuhar are counted last and even neglected.

Another special class of triconsonantal roots is the one containing those influenced by the Pangaean Code. This class may either be secluded to abstract ideas or actions, or rarely include the borrowing of proper lexicon (e.g. -q-h-f- "animalism" in Adamic being from uħihu "animal" in Pangaean, rather than au "animal" in Diluvian). Diluvian influence is only relevant through phonological filters, which operate under other constraints, such as the medial member of a combination often being reserved to a glottal stop, and an epenthetic -r- or -l- being added in the third position (when not taken by the root) to mark a primordial or non-primordial construction respectively.

n "instance" [Pangaean] ⇒ -n-’-r- "instance" [Adamic].

na "nearness/society" [Diluvian] ⇒ -n-’-l- "nearness/society" [Adamic].

n̠ "ancientness" [Pangaean] ⇒ kna "old age" [Diluvian] ⇒ -k-’-n- "aging" [Adamic].

Other functionalities of triconsonantal roots include fusion, wherein the possessed element has the first member conserved and the second and third erased, while the possessive element has merely the medial member erased.

-q-h-f- "animalism" + -p-’-r- "bearing" = -q-p-r- "ensnaring".

Regarding the broader formulas with patterns, some remarks can be made. Vowels (-) do not border each other; three consonants (///) will effectively render the medial one a vowel; vowels without a nucleous and/or coda tend to disappear even though relevant; and by all means nouns consist of -/-/-/-, -///-, -/-/-/, /-/-/-, /-//, and //-/; appositions of /-/, -/-, -//, //-, /--, and --/; and verbs of -/-//, //-/-, /-/-/, -///-, /-//-, -//-/, -///, and ///-.

Nouns

Nouns are lexicalized by class, element, density, composition, classifier, and/or formality:

• thirty-six classes: Class 1, Class 2, Class 3, Class 4, Class 5, Class 6, Class 7, Class 8, Class 9, Class 10, Class 11, Class 12, Class 13, Class 14, Class 15, Class 16, Class 17, Class 18, Class 18, Class 19, Class 20, Class 21, Class 22, Class 23, Class 24, Class 25, Class 26, Class 27, Class 28, Class 29, Class 30, Class 31, Class 32, Class 33, Class 34, Class 35, Class 36.

• six elements: solid, current, ethereal, elemental, igneous, and fluid.

• two densities: sparse and dense.

• three compositions: diffuse, insular, and concentrated.

• six classifiers: inanimated inhuman, animated human, diverse, generic, animated human, and animated inhuman.

• two formalities: informal and formal.

They can be divided into Prediluvian Nouns, with 1296 permutations (CLASS x ELEMENT x DENSITY x COMPOSITION), Postdiluvian Nouns with 12 permutations, (CLASSIFIER x FORMALITY), and Edenic Nouns with 2 permutations (∅). In all circumstances, their number may double under an ubiquitious feature referred to as state:

• two states: absolute and construct.

The grammatical state consists on the morphological formation triggered in exceptional syntactic constructions with the Triptote Formula (responsible for articles, pronouns, et cetera), wherein a transfix rearranges the root-pattern in order to fit it. The transfix is always a DEFINITION morpheme (e.g. the first vowel in the article iru "the"), and for this reason, highly abstract nouns such as those pertaining to the formula -/-/-/- and -///- (as well as non-finite verbs of formula -/// and ///-) not only repudiate articles, but lack a proper construct form beyond -///-. To exemplify the existence of articleless words, compare the genitive use against the gerund in adūna muri "biology of dying" and the noun in adūna ari maur "biology of death".

	STATE
Absolute	-/-/-/-	-///-	/-//	//-/	-/-/-/	/-/-/-
Construct	-///-	-///-	/-/V/	/V/-/	-/V//, -//V/	/V//-, //V/-

Generally, a noun is given in the absolute state, but reformed to the construct state if case-marking is wished to be occulted. The word kûn "dog", for example, in the sentence kûniru "the dog" (ABSOLUTE) contains the article iru "the" attached, which emphasizes the nominative case; however, in kufin "the dog" (CONSTRUCT), there is no such marking, except partially by the inclusion of -i- (the first vowel of the article). This occurs because kûn (kúfn, kúun, et cetera) is actually interpreted as the formula /-// (k-fn), programmed to become /-/V/ (k-fVn). The process may be less straightforward in other instances:

āvála "humanity" (-'-v-l-) ⇒ aūla "humanity" (-///-).

(i)saíkat aru "a philosopher" (-s-k-t-) ⇒ iskat "a philosopher" (-//V/).

babalú aru "an idea of confusion" (-b-b-l-) ⇒ babla "an idea of confusion" (/V//-).

Edenic Nouns

The most fundamental layers of meaning are encompassed by the Edenic Patterns. Through them, roots are easily morphed into abstract terms, such as the lemma ādáma "ancestry" out of the root -’-d-m- "ancestry". There is also a shorter form available with no semantic distinction, which ignores the two intermediary vowels and often vocalizes the medial consonant (except when there is a glottal stop elsewhere, which may disappear instead).

	EDENIC NOUNS
Plain	a/a/a/a
Reduced	a///a

Postdiluvian Nouns

Postdiluvian Nouns usually reinforce basic derivations from the roots, being concerned with concepts such as measurable abstractions and bare concretnesses. For example, from a root such as -q-h-f- "animalism", its essence can be extracted as qâhf "life", with classifier distinctions then expanding further contrast, as -k-’-n- "passage of time" yielding kâ’n "year", kû’n "old person", and kî’n "clock".

	POSTDILUVIAN NOUNS
	Formal	Informal
a	/á//	//á/
au	/ú//	//ú/
ao	/û//	//û/
aa	/â//	//â/
ae	/î//	//î/
ai	/í//	//í/

Prediluvian Nouns

Prediluvian Nouns are more complex, associated with vast nominal classes. A root such as -m-f-r- "death" can yield ímufar "poison", maífar "deceased", mafaúra "lifespan (until death)", et cetera.

	PREDILUVIAN NOUNS (I)
	h	ɦ	ħ	ʕ	χ	ʁ
h	í/-/-/-	-/-/í/-	iá/-/-/-	-/-/iá/-	iú/-/-/-	-/-/iú/-
ɦ	-/í/-/-	-/-/-/í	-/iá/-/-	-/-/-/iá	-/iú/-/-	-/-/-/iú
ħ	aí/-/-/-	-/-/aí/-	á/-/-/-	-/-/á/-	aú/-/-/-	-/-/aú/-
ʕ	-/aí/-/-	-/-/-/aí	-/á/-/-	-/-/-/á	-/aú/-/-	-/-/-/aú
χ	uí/-/-/-	-/-/uí/-	uá/-/-/-	-/-/uá/-	ú/-/-/-	-/-/ú/-
ʁ	-/uí/-/-	-/-/-/uí	-/uá/-/-	-/-/-/uá	-/ú/-/-	-/-/-/ú

	PREDILUVIAN NOUNS (II)
	X̰	X	X̤	X̰̃	X̃	X̤̃
ə	a<///>u	a<///>a	a<///>i	a<///>ū	a<///>ā	a<///>ī
u	u<///>u	u<///>a	u<///>i	u<///>ū	u<///>ā	u<///>ī
o	ū<///>u	ū<///>a	ū<///>i	ū<///>ū	ū<///>ā	ū<///>ī
a	ā<///>u	ā<///>a	ā<///>i	ā<///>ū	ā<///>ā	ā<///>ī
e	ī<///>u	ī<///>a	ī<///>i	ī<///>ū	ī<///>ā	ī<///>ī
i	i<///>u	i<///>a	i<///>i	i<///>ū	i<///>ā	i<///>ī

Verbs

Verbs are conjugated by voice, person, mood, number, and aspect, or by form:

• six voices_F: causative, obligative, medio-passive, experimental, active, and passive.

• two voices_N: active, and passive.

• three persons: first, second and third.

• three moods: subjunctive, indicative, and jussive.

• two numbers: singular and plural.

• two aspects_F: perfective and imperfective.

• six aspects_N: complete gerund, incomplete gerund, generic lemma, basic lemma, complete infinitive, and incomplete infinitive.

They can be divided into Finite Verbs, with 216 permutations (VOICE_F x PERSON x MOOD x NUMBER x ASPECT_F), and Non-finite Verbs, with 12 permutations (VOICE_N x ASPECT_N). In all circumstances, the number of the former may double to give way for participles:

	PARTICIPATION
Verb	-/-//	//-/-	/-/-/	-///-	/-//-	-//-/
Participle	-/-//	//-/-	/-/-/	-///-	/-//-	-//-/

Emphasis marks stress (-), which distinguishes not only verbs and participles, but even minimun pairs with some nouns (e.g. the words asita /aˈsita/ "Philosophy" and ásita /ˈasita/ "been thinking").

Finite Verbs

Finite verbs are the most productive class of verbs, outperforming through their semantic range, capable for example of conjugating -m-f-r- "dying" into mafrú "I (willingly) die", amfúr "I (unwillingly) die", mfarú "I force to kill", 'amúfr "I am forced to kill", amurú "I kill", and mafúr "I am killed".

	FINITE VERBS
	Medio-passive
	Sub.Imp.	Sub.Per.	Ind.Imp.	Ind.Per.	Jus.Imp.	Jus.Per.
1st.Sin.	/i//ú	/ī//ú	/a//ú	/ā//ú	/u//ú	/ū//ú
2nd.Sin.	/i//í	/ī//í	/a//í	/ā//í	/u//í	/ū//í
3rd.Sin.	/i//á	/ī//á	/a//á	/ā//á	/u//á	/ū//á
1st.Plu.	/i//û	/ī//û	/a//û	/ā//û	/u//û	/ū//û
2nd.Plu.	/i//î	/ī//î	/a//î	/ā//î	/u//î	/ū//î
3rd.Plu.	/i//â	/ī//â	/a//â	/ā//â	/u//â	/ū//â
	Experimental
1st.Sin.	i//ú/	ī//ú/	a//ú/	ā//ú/	u//ú/	ū//ú/
2nd.Sin.	i//í/	ī//í/	a//í/	ā//í/	u//í/	ū//í/
3rd.Sin.	i//á/	ī//á/	a//á	ā//á	u//á	ū//á
1st.Plu.	i//û/	ī//û/	a//û/	ā//û/	u//û/	ū//û/
2nd.Plu.	i//î/	ī//î/	a//î/	ā//î/	u//î/	ū//î/
3rd.Plu.	i//â/	ī//â/	a//â/	ā//â/	u//â/	ū//â/
	Causative
1st.Sin.	//i/ú	//ī//ú	//a//ú	//ā//ú	//u//ú	//ū//ú
2nd.Sin.	//i/í	//ī/í	//a/í	//ā/í	//u/í	//ū/í
3rd.Sin.	//i/á	//ī/á	//a/á	/ā/á	//u/á	//ū/á
1st.Plu.	//i/û	//ī/û	//a/û	/ā/û	//u/û	//ū/û
2nd.Plu.	//i/î	//ī/î	//a/î	/ā/î	//u/î	//ū/î
3rd.Plu.	//i/â	//ī/â	//a/â	/ā/â	//u/â	//ū/â
	Obligative
1st.Sin.	i/ú//	ī/ú//	a/ú//	ā/ú//	u/ú//	ū/ú//
2nd.Sin.	i/í//	ī/í//	a/í//	ā/í//	u/í//	ū/í//
3rd.Sin.	i/á//	ī/á//	a/á//	ā/á//	u/á//	ū/á//
1st.Plu.	i/û//	ī/û//	a/û//	ā/û//	u/û//	ū/û//
2nd.Plu.	i/î//	ī/î//	a/î//	ā/î//	u/î//	ū/î//
3rd.Plu.	i/â//	ī/â//	a/â//	ā/â//	u/â//	ū/â//
	Active
1st.Sin.	i///ú	ī///ú	a///ú	ā///ú	u///ú	ū///ú
2nd.Sin.	i///í	ī///í	a///í	ā///í	u///í	ū///í
3rd.Sin.	i///á	ī///á	a///á	ā///á	u///á	ū///á
1st.Plu.	i///û	ī///û	a///û	ā///û	u///û	ū///û
2nd.Plu.	i///î	ī///î	a///î	ā///î	u///î	ū///î
3rd.Plu.	i///â	ī///â	a///â	ā///â	u///â	ū///â
	Passive
1st.Sin.	/i/ú/	/ī/ú/	/a/ú/	/ā/ú/	/u/ú/	/ū/ú/
2nd.Sin.	/i/í/	/ī/í/	/a/í/	/ā/í/	/u/í/	/ū/í/
3rd.Sin.	/i/á/	/ī/á/	/a/á/	/ā/á/	/u/á/	/ū/á/
1st.Plu.	/i/û/	/ī/û/	/a/û/	/ā/û/	/u/û/	/ū/û/
2nd.Plu.	/i/î/	/ī/î/	/a/î/	/ā/î/	/u/î/	/ū/î/
3rd.Plu.	/i/â/	/ī/â/	/a/â/	/ā/â/	/u/â/	/ū/â/

Non-finite Verbs

Non-finite verbs are the least productive class of verbs, underperforming through their semantic range, capable for example of conjugating -m-f-r- "dying" into murí "dying" (gerund), murá "to die" (lemma), murú "to die" (infinitive).

	NON-FINITE VERBS
	Active	Passive
ʔ	á///	///á
ʔu	ú///	///ú
ʔo	û///	///û
ʔa	â///	///â
ʔe	î///	///î
ʔi	í///	///í

Appositions

Appositions are demarked by effect and amplitude:

• three effects: describer, ascriber, and inscriber.

• two amplitudes: local and universal. The first group works within the word boundary; the second within the phrase.

Adjectives (/-/), incorporations (-//), and prefixes (/--) precede nouns/verbs, whereas adverbs (-/-), expressions (//-), and postpositions (--/) are right-bound. Also, incorporations may equal to adverbs before consonants, as prefixes may equal to adjectives before vowels. Those two word classes distinguish themselves in Adamic by the fact that incorporations modify nouns while prefixes modify verbs. Vide ādūqáfl "proto-language" and ’āmúqul "to foretell since the beginning".

	APPOSITIONS
	Adjective	Adverb	Incorporation	Expression	Prefix	Postposition
/// ⇒	/-/	-/-	-//	//-	/--	--/

Adjectives

Adjectives describe the noun/verb.

-’-d-m- "ancestry" ⇒ ’ām "ancestral".

Adverbs

Adverbs describe the nominal/verbal phrase.

-’-d-m- "ancestry" ⇒ ādū "originally".

Incorporations

Incorporations ascribe the noun.

-’-d-m- "ancestry" ⇒ ādm- "proto-" [incorporation].

Expressions

Expressions ascribe the nominal phrase.

-’-d-m- "ancestry" ⇒ dū "back then".

Prefixes

Prefixes inscribe the verb.

-’-d-m- "ancestry" ⇒ ’āū- "fore- (since the beginning)".

Postpositions

Postpositions inscribe the verbal phrase.

-’-d-m- "ancestry" ⇒ ām "before (long ago)".

Concatenation [...]

The root is liable to be modified by extensions or affixes, which cover the border of a stem as either prefixes or suffixes. [...] Those may be reduplicative or not.

Replication

By directly extending the stem through repetition, affixes determine its measurements and quantities.

Degree

The affix -(C)V(C)- marks the measurements of stems by extending the nearest consonantal onset/coda, with the vocalic unit between the root-pattern and the reduplicated consonant (or the sound -c- in case a vowel should be reduplicated) being variable. This type of reduplication is often used in comparisons (e.g. gugīgánu-ta "I am bigger than you") and evaluations (e.g. gīgūg kûnaru "a giant dog").

	DEGREE
	Relative	Absolute
ə	Ca-	-aC
u	Cu-	-uC
o	Cū-	-ūC
a	Cā-	-āC
e	Cī-	-īC
i	Ci-	-iC

In nouns (importance/size):

-q-h-f- "animalism" ⇒ qáhf "life" ⇒ quhqáhf "(precious) life".

-k-f-n- "dog" ⇒ kûn "dog" ⇒ kûnin "puppy".

In verbs (frequency/completion):

-g-f-l- "consumption" ⇒ āgâfl "they did eat" ⇒ gicāgâfl "they did eat less".

-m-f-r- "death" ⇒ āmâr "they died" ⇒ āmârir "they barely died".

In adjectives (comparison/evaluation):

-k-’-t- "resistence" ⇒ k’āt "strong" ⇒ kūk’āt "strongest".

-g-g-g- "great size" ⇒ gīg "big" ⇒ gīgug "big (among big ones)".

In adverbs (comparison/evaluation):

-k-’-t- "resistence" ⇒ i’a "strongly" ⇒ ’ūci’a "as strong as it can get".

-g-g-g- "great size" ⇒ īgī "greatly" ⇒ īgīcug "greatly (among great manners)".

In incoporations (comparison/evaluation):

-k-’-t- "resistence" ⇒ i’t- "strong" ⇒ ’uci’t- "stronger than many".

-g-g-g- "great size" ⇒ īg- "great" ⇒ īgug- "great (among great ones)".

In expressions (comparison/evaluation):

-k-’-t- "resistence" ⇒ k’a "being strong enough"" ⇒ kuk’a "being more than strong enough".

-g-g-g- "great size" ⇒ gī "when great" ⇒ gīcig "when less than great".

In prefixes (comparison/evaluation):

-k-’-t- "resistence" ⇒ kā- "strong" ⇒ kūkā- "as strong as it can be done".

-g-g-g- "great size" ⇒ gī- "great" ⇒ gīcug- "great (among great doings)".

In postpositions (comparison/evaluation):

-k-’-t- "resistence" ⇒ iāt "if" ⇒ tuciāt "if more than enough".

-g-g-g- "great size" ⇒ īg "(incredibly) as/while" ⇒ gicīg "(incredibly) almost as/while".

Extension

Stems may be replicated (X ⇒ XX) entirely, producing a semantic continuum responsible for conveying the idea of repetitive and cyclical phenomena. Two stems often stand for the repetitive sense (e.g. ), whereas three (e.g. ) for the cyclical one.

	EXTENSION
	Simplication	Reduplication	Triplication
Stem ⇒	X	XX	XXX

In nouns (veracity or diffuse plural):

-q-h-f- "animalism" ⇒ qáhf "life" ⇒ qáhf-qáhf "genuine life".

-k-f-n- "dog" ⇒ kûn "dog" ⇒ kûn-kûn-kûn "dogs here and there".

In verbs (repetition or habit):

-g-f-l- "consumption" ⇒ āgâfl "they did eat" ⇒ āgâfl-āgâfl "they repeatedly did eat".

-m-f-r- "death" ⇒ āmâr "they died" ⇒ āmâr-āmâr-āmâr "they used to die".

In adjectives (excellence or continuation):

-k-’-t- "resistence" ⇒ k’āt "strong" ⇒ k’āt-k’āt "indeed strong".

-g-g-g- "great size" ⇒ gīg "big" ⇒ gīg-gīg-gīg "constantly big".

In adverbs (excellence or continuation):

-k-’-t- "resistence" ⇒ i’a "strongly" ⇒ i’a-i’a "indeed strongly".

-g-g-g- "great size" ⇒ īgī "greatly" ⇒ īgī-īgī-īgī "constantly great".

In incoporations (excellence or continuation):

-k-’-t- "resistence" ⇒ i’t- "strong" ⇒ i’ti’t- "indeed strong".

-g-g-g- "great size" ⇒ īg- "great" ⇒ īgīgīg- "constantly great".

In expressions (excellence or continuation):

-k-’-t- "resistence" ⇒ k’a "being strong enough"" ⇒ k’a-k’a "indeed being very strong".

-g-g-g- "great size" ⇒ gī "when great" ⇒ gī-gī-gī "constantly when great"

In prefixes (excellence or continuation):

-k-’-t- "resistence" ⇒ kā- "strong" ⇒ kākā- "indeed strong".

-g-g-g- "great size" ⇒ gī- "great" ⇒ gīgīgī- "constantly great".

In postpositions (excellence or continuation):

-k-’-t- "resistence" ⇒ iāt "if" ⇒ iāt-iāt "indeed if".

-g-g-g- "great size" ⇒ īg "(incredibly) as/while" ⇒ īg-īg-īg "constantly (incredibly) as/while".

Affixation

X

Derivation

When Diluvian particles are applied, the resultant word denotes a new actor (X) through the relation with the stem's original (Y). Furthermore, left-bound affixes are active whereas right-ones passive, which helps stems to diverge in semantic content (e.g. haûl "fire" > mahaûl "firewood" / haûmma "ashes").

DERIVATIONAL AFFIXES

	Adamic	English
Postdiluvian Particles	-ka-	X/Y acknowledges Y/X
	-ga-	X/Y interacts with Y/X
	-ta-	X/Y stops Y/X
	-da-	X/Y moves Y/X
	-pa-	X/Y takes Y/X
	-ba-	X/Y uses Y/X
	-nā-	X/Y is many Y/X
	-na-	X/Y happens to Y/X
	-ma-	X/Y makes Y/X
	-ra-	X/Y is Y/X
	-sa-	X/Y generates (many) Y/X
	-za-	X/Y generates (one) Y/X
	-ha-	X/Y makes concrete part of Y/X
	-qa-	X/Y makes abstract part of Y/X
	-ya-	X/Y belongs (constitution) to Y/X
	-wa-	X/Y belongs (ownership) to Y/X
	-’a-	X/Y does Y/X
	-ca-	X/Y derives Y/X

Correlation

CORRELATIVE AFFIXES

	Adamic	English
Prediluvian Particles	-k-	that
	-g-	x
	-t-	x
	-d-	x
	-p-	x
	-b-	x
	-n-	some
	-m-	x
	-r-	x
	-l-	other
	-s-	x
	-z-	x
	-h-	x
	-q-	x
	-y-	x
	-w-	x
	-’-	x

Triptote Formula

The Triptote Formula is often secluded to articles and pronouns, which are inflect by case, number, definition and/or gender :

• six cases: nominative, accusative, dative, copulative, ergative, and genitive.

• three numbers: singular, dual, and plural.

• three referentialities: definite, indefinite, and nomic.

• two genders: feminine and masculine.

Case, number, and gender are ubiquitous while definition is dropped in pronouns. The result is 108 permutations known to reduce grammatical functions thanks to a trio of particles (i, u, and a) specialized in capturing meaning. Vide:

-i̯ (dative) [Pangaean] ⇒ _i (dative) [Adamic]

∅ (nominative) [Pangaean] ⇒ _u (nominative) [Adamic]

-ʔ (accusative) [Pangaean] ⇒ _a (accusative) [Adamic]

To serve their purpose, right-led case particles (_V_cas) combine with definition particles (V_def) in the formula _V_defV_cas to generate articles, while pronouns are formed by stacking the former with pronoun roots (C_pro) as in _C_proV_cas. Furthermore, as articles are treated as clitics but pronouns aren't, the empty space _ is filled by a nominal unit when an article, otherwise the particle a fills this role when a pronoun. Vide:

_iru (definite article) ⇒ avâla iru "the person" (nominative)

_nu (1^st-person) ⇒ anu "I" (nominative)

When opposite functions are wished, on the other hand, one has solely to invert the empty space:

iru_ (definite article) ⇒ iru avâla "it's the person" (copulative)

nu_ (1^st-person) ⇒ nua "it's me" (copulative)

Regarding the demarcations of gender and number, the singular, dual, and plural in the masculine are prototypically represented by -u, -au, and -ū, whereas in the feminine by -i, -ai, and -ī, with the plural demarcation actually behaving as V̄ (depending on other terms to define a vowel). The masculine, in special, can often be left unmarked in the singular (∅).

Gender, contrary to last terms, functions as a dual scheme in Adamic. For every word, it is conceived a pair wherein there are "material" (i) and "immaterial" (u) members, in such way that a predictable gender system is formed within the language. "Earthly" concepts such as "earth", "water", and "sea" are always feminine, in contrast with "heavenly" terms akin to "sky", "fire", and "clouds", masculine. Other correspondences clearly extend to objects such as domestic items and abstract phenomena, respectively.

Continuous Affixation

Adamic is an extremely inflected language.

[...] The language may gain considerable fusional morphology in the Canonic register.

?

	MASCULINE ARTICLE DECLENSION
	Singular			Dual			Plural
	Definite	Indefinite	Nomic	Definite	Indefinite	Nomic	Definite	Indefinite	Nomic
Nominative	_iru	_uru	_aru	_irau	_urau	_arau	_irū(N)	_urū(N)	_arū(N)
Accusative	_ira	_ura	_ara	_irāu	_urāu	_arāu	_irā(N)	_urā(N)	_arā(N)
Dative	_iri	_uri	_ari	_iraui	_uraui	_araui	_irī(N)	_urī(N)	_arī(N)
Copulative	iru_	uru_	aru_	irau_	urau_	arau_	irū(N)_	urū(N)_	arū(N)_
Ergative	ira_	ura_	ara_	irāu_	urāu_	arāu_	irā(N)_	urā(N)_	arā(N)_
Genitive	iri_	uri_	ari_	iraui_	uraui_	araui_	irī(N)_	urī(N)_	arī(N)_
	FEMININE ARTICLE DECLENSION
Nominative	_irui(C)	_urui(C)	_arui(C)	_iraiu	_uraiu	_araiu	_irūi(N)	_urūi(N)	_arūi(N)
Accusative	_irai(C)	_urai(C)	_arai(C)	_irāi	_urāi	_arāi	_irā(N)	_urā(N)	_arā(N)
Dative	_iri(C)	_uri(C)	_ari(C)	_irai	_urai	_arai	_irī(N)	_urī(N)	_arī(N)
Copulative	irui(C)_	urui(C)_	arui(C)_	iraiu_	uraiu_	araiu_	irū(N)_	urū(N)_	arū(N)_
Ergative	irai(C)_	urai(C)_	arai(C)_	irāi_	urāi_	arāi_	irāi(N)_	urāi(N)_	arāi(N)_
Genitive	iri(C)_	uri(C)_	ari(C)_	irai_	urai_	arai_	irīa(N)_	urīa(N)_	arīa(N)_

	MASCULINE PERSONAL PRONOUN DECLENSION (EURASIAN)
	Singular			Dual			Plural
	2nd-person	1st-person	3rd-person	2nd-person	1st-person	3rd-person	2nd-person	1st-person	3rd-person
Nominative	atu	anu	asu	atau	anau	asau	atū(N)	anū(N)	asū(N)
Accusative	ata	ana	asa	atāu	anāu	asāu	atā(N)	anā(N)	asā(N)
Dative	ati	ani	asi	ataui	anaui	asaui	atī(N)	anī(N)	asī(N)
Copulative	tua	nua	sua	tau(a)	nau(a)	sau(a)	tūa(N)	nūa(N)	sūa(N)
Ergative	tā(u)	nā(u)	sā(u)	tāu(a)	nāu(a)	sāu(a)	tā(uaN)	nā(uaN)	sā(uaN)
Genitive	tia	nia	sia	taui(a)	naui(a)	saui(a)	tīa(N)	nīa(N)	sīa(N)
	FEMININE PERSONAL PRONOUN DECLENSION (EURASIAN)
Nominative	atui(C)	anui(C)	asui(C)	ataiu	anaiu	asaiu	atūi(N)	anūi(N)	asūi(N)
Accusative	atai(C)	anai(C)	asai(C)	atāi	anāi	asāi	atāi(N)	anāi(N)	asāi(N)
Dative	ati(C)	ani(C)	asi(C)	atai	anai	asai	atī(N)	anī(N)	asī(N)
Copulative	tiua(C)	niua(C)	siua(C)	taiu(a)	naiu(a)	saiu(a)	tūia(N)	nūia(N)	sūia(N)
Ergative	tāi(C)	nāi(C)	sāi(C)	tāi(a)	nāi(a)	sāi(a)	tāia(N)	nāia(N)	sāia(N)
Genitive	tia(C)	nia(C)	sia(C)	tai(a)	nai(a)	sai(a)	tīa(N)	nīa(N)	sīa(N)

	MASCULINE PERSONAL PRONOUN DECLENSION (LAURENTIAN)
	Singular			Dual			Plural
	2nd-person	1st-person	3rd-person	2nd-person	1st-person	3rd-person	2nd-person	1st-person	3rd-person
Nominative	apu	aku	au	apau	akau	āu	apū(N)	akū(N)	aū(N)
Accusative	apa	aka	ā	apāu	akāu	āu	apā(N)	akā(N)	ā(N)
Dative	api	aki	ai	apaui	akaui	āui	apī(N)	akī(N)	aī(N)
Copulative	pua	kua	ua	pau(a)	kau(a)	au(a)	pūa(N)	kūa(N)	ūa(N)
Ergative	pā(u)	kā(u)	ā(u)	pāu(a)	kāu(a)	āu(a)	pā(uaN)	kā(uaN)	ā(uaN)
Genitive	pia	kia	ia	paui(a)	kaui(a)	aui(a)	pīa(N)	kīa(N)	īa(N)
	FEMININE PERSONAL PRONOUN DECLENSION (LAURENTIAN)
Nominative	apui(C)	akui(C)	aui(C)	apaiu	akaiu	āiu	apūi(N)	akūi(N)	aūi(N)
Accusative	apai(C)	akai(C)	āi(C)	apāi	akāi	āi	apāi(N)	akāi(N)	āi(N)
Dative	api(C)	aki(C)	ai(C)	apai	akai	āi	apī(N)	akī(N)	aī(N)
Copulative	piua(C)	kiua(C)	iua(C)	paiu(a)	kaiu(a)	aiu(a)	pūia(N)	kūia(N)	ūia(N)
Ergative	pāi(C)	kāi(C)	āi(C)	pāi(a)	kāi(a)	āi(a)	pāia(N)	kāia(N)	āia(N)
Genitive	pia(C)	kia(C)	ia(C)	pai(a)	kai(a)	ai(a)	pīa(N)	kīa(N)	īa(N)

• The term (C) refers to feminine constructions other than -i, such as combinations with Diluvian particles: -’a, -i’a, -a’i, -ica’, and -’aci.

• The term (N) refers to plural constructions with Diluvian particles. Vide -ūan and -ūn in the masculine, whereas -īan, -īn, -ī'an, -a’īn, -a’īan, -īca’an, -’acīan, -īca’n, and -’acīn in the feminine.

• Eurasian and Laurentian paradigms would roughly address the two sets of pronoun patterns (m-T and n-m) historically associated with Northern Eurasia and Western America; however, they merely catalogue the most common used consonants for pronouns in the Diluvian Code, and therefore in Adamic. Compare Diluvian naocar "the near person", taocar "the person of reference", yaocar "that person (3^rd-person)", kaocar "this person", phaocar "the present person", and aocar "person".

[...]

ENCLITIC PRONOUN DECLENSION

POSSESSIVE PRONOUN DECLENSION

INTERROGATIVE PRONOUN DECLENSION

RELATIVE PRONOUN DECLENSION

Canonic Inflection

In the Canonic register of Adamic, affixes are modified according to the Coloration Table and the Triptote Table in order to assign fusional significance to its phonemes. [...] There are 150 possibilities out of 36 permutations.

	CANONIC DECLENSION
	Singular			Plural
	Definite	Indefinite	Nomic	Definite	Indefinite	Nomic
Nominative	-h, -∅, -ay	-n, -∅, -aw	-l, -∅, -a	-q, -∅, -āy, -ēia	-m, -∅, -āw, -ōua	-r, -∅, -ā
Accusative	-s, -∅, -i	-f, -∅, -u	-c, -∅, -a	-z, -za, -∅, -ī	-v, -va, -∅, -ū	-', -'a, -∅, -ā
Dative	-k, -s, -h, -∅, -ya, -e	-p, -n, -f, -∅, -wa, -o	-t, -l, -∅, -a	-g, -za, -q, -ga, -∅, -yā	-b, -m, -va, -ba, -∅, -wā	-d, -'a, -r, -da, -∅, -ā
Copulative	a-X-h, a-X-∅, ay-	a-X-n, a-X-∅, aw-	a-X-l, a-X-∅, a-	a-X-q, a-X-∅, āy-, ēi-	a-X-m, a-X-∅, āw-, ōu-	a-X-r, a-X-∅, ā-
Ergative	a-X-s, a-X-∅, i-	a-X-f, a-X-∅, u-	a-X-c, a-X-∅, a-	a-X-z, a-X-za, a-X-∅, ī-	a-X-v, -va, a-X-∅, ū-	a-X-', a-X-'a, a-X-∅, ā-
Genitive	a-X-k, a-X-s, a-X-h, a-X-∅, ya-, e-	a-X-p, a-X-n, -f, a-X-∅, wa-, o-	a-X-t, a-X-l, a-X-∅, a-	a-X-g, a-X-za, a-X-q, a-X-ga, a-X-∅, yā-	a-X-b, a-X-m, a-X-va, a-X-ba, a-X-∅, wā-	a-X-d, a-X-'a, a-X-r, a-X-da, a-X-∅, ā-

^0 Consonantal stem; ^1 I-stem; ^2 U-stem; ^3 A-stem; ^4 Repeated stem; ^A Vocalic stem; ^B Irregular stem.

The canonic conjugation, for lacking the subjunctive and junctive functions or a finite verb, and the presence of non-finite forms, is relegated as a class of enunciative constructions often associated with literary practices. That is: canonic verbs appear in narration solely, or when an event is being described without biases. Vide the translation of "'I think that he is dead,' he said":

"murá-su, askút," quat

	CANONIC CONJUGATION
	Singular			Plural
	2nd-person	1st-person	3rd-person	2nd-person	1st-person	3rd-person
Active Future	-h, -∅, -ay	-n, -∅, -aw	-l, -∅, -a	-q, -∅, -āy, -ēia	-m, -∅, -āw, -ōua	-r, -∅, -ā
Active Present	-s, -∅, -i	-f, -∅, -u	-c, -∅, -a	-z, -za, -∅, -ī	-v, -va, -∅, -ū	-', -'a, -∅, -ā
Active Past	-k, -s, -h, -∅, -ya, -e	-p, -n, -f, -∅, -wa, -o	-t, -l, -∅, -a	-g, -za, -q, -ga, -∅, -yā	-b, -m, -va, -ba, -∅, -wā	-d, -'a, -r, -da, -∅, -ā
Passive Future	h-X-a, ∅-X-a, ay-	n-X-a, a-X-∅, aw-	l-X-a, ∅-X-a, a-	q-X-a, ∅-X-a, āy-, ēi-	m-X-a, ∅-X-a, āw-, ōu-	r-X-a, ∅-X-a, ā-
Passive Present	s-X-a, ∅-X-a, i-	f-X-a, ∅-X-a, u-	c-X-a, ∅-X-a, a-	z-X-a, za-X-a, ∅-X-a, ī-	v-X-a, va-X-a, ∅-X-a, ū-	'-X-a, 'a-X-a, ∅-X-a, ā-
Passive Past	k-X-a, s-X-a, h-X-a, ∅-X-a, ya-, e-	p-X-a, n-X-a, f-X-a, ∅-X-a, wa-, o-	t-X-a, l-X-a, ∅-X-a, a-	g-X-a, za-X-a, q-X-a, ga-X-a, ∅-X-a, yā-	b-X-a, m-X-a, va-X-a, ba-X-a, ∅-X-a, wā-	d-X-a, 'a-X-a, r-X-a, da-X-a, ∅-X-a, ā-

^0 Consonantal stem; ^1 I-stem; ^2 U-stem; ^3 A-stem; ^4 Repeated stem; ^A Vocalic stem; ^B Irregular stem.

The Canonic Declension distinguishes itself from the Canonic Conjugation merely by inverting the inclusion of -a-. Compare the pair zīs "to the giant" / azīs "the giant's" with kāuf "I kill" / iāpa "I am killed".

nun/nȳō, lih/sȳē, al/sȳa (nom)

nuf/nȳu, lis/sȳi, ac/sȳa (acc)

nuf/nȳua, lis/sȳia, at/sȳa (dat)

mū (n > m-u-u)

ry (l > r-i-u)

zō (∅ > z-a-u)

Triptote Inflection

infinite participles

Syntax

Adamic syntax is strict [...]

Construct State

The so called Construct State plays an important role in adamic syntax, being responsible for distinguishing compositions among themselves in order to make sense of a select class of grammatical cases in the articles. The nominative, oblique, accusative, ergative, dative, and genitive for once, trigger the Construct State below:

(1)

סכת ר אול

סכת

skt

saíkat

philosophy.intorg

ר

r

iru

the.nom

אול

'vl

aval

person.idt.cons

סכת ר אול

skt r 'vl

saíkat iru aval

philosophy.intorg the.nom person.idt.cons

"The philosopher is a person"

(2)

סכת ר אול

סכת

skt

iskit

philosophy.intorg.ddt.cons

ר

r

aru

a.obl

ואל

'vl

al

person

סכת ר ואל

skt r 'vl

iskit aru al

philosophy.intorg.ddt.cons a.obl person

"It's a person, the philosopher"

(3)

סכת ר אול

סכת

skt

saíkat

philosophy.intorg

ר

r

ira

the.acc

ואל

'vl

aval

person.idt.cons

סכת ר ואל

skt r 'vl

saíkat ira aval

philosophy.intorg the.acc person.idt.cons

"The philosopher is influenced by a person"

(4)

סכת ר אול

סכת

skt

iskit

philosophy.intorg.ddt.cons

ר

r

ara

a.erg

ואל

'vl

al

person

סכת ר ואל

skt r 'vl

iskit ara al

philosophy.intorg.ddt.cons a.erg person

"A person influences the philosopher"

(5)

סכת ר אול

סכת

skt

saíkat

philosophy.intorg

ר

r

iri

the.dat

ואל

'vl

aval

person.idt.cons

סכת ר ואל

skt r 'vl

saíkat iri aval

philosophy.intorg the.dat person.idt.cons

"A person to the philosopher"

(6)

סכת ר אול

סכת

skt

iskit

philosophy.intorg.ddt.cons

ר

r

ari

a.gen

ואל

'vl

al

person

סכת ר ואל

skt r 'vl

iskit ari al

philosophy.intorg.ddt.cons a.gen person

"A person's philosopher"

With secondary cases, syntax remains the same, although more complex senses are conveyed. Compare datasyú irut iskit "in the library, is the philosopher" and ditsa irut saíkat "the philosopher is in the library".

Verbal Constructions

Default OSV in the active voice, except when the object is a pronoun, wherein it takes the SVO form:

(1)

דתס ר סכת בבל

דתס

dts

dîtis

writing.inhu.ddt.cons

ר

r

ira

the.erg

סכת

skt

saíkat

philosophy.intorg

בבל

bbl

ābūlá

book.vac.perf.3s

דתס ר סכת בבל

dts r skt bbl

dîtis ira saíkat ābūlá

writing.inhu.ddt.cons the.erg philosophy.intorg book.vac.perf.3s

"The philosopher read the book"

Default SPV in the passive voice, except when the predicate is a pronoun, wherein it takes the SVP form:

(1)

דתס ר סכת בבל

דתס

dts

dîts

writing.inhu

ר

r

ira

the.acc

סכת

skt

iskit

philosophy.intorg.ddt.cons

בבל

bbl

bābál

book.vpa.perf.3s

דתס ר סכת בבל

dts r skt bbl

dîts ira iskit bābál

writing.inhu the.acc philosophy.intorg.ddt.cons book.vpa.perf.3s

"The book was read by the philosopher"

Default OSV in the medio-passive voice:

(1)

דתס רת סכת בבל

דתס

dts

ditsa

writing.ddt.cons

רת

rt

irat

the.erg.loc

סכת

skt

saíkat

philosophy.intorg

בבל

bbl

ābbál

book.vmp.perf.3s

דתס רת סכת בבל

dts rt skt bbl

ditsa irat saíkat ābbál

writing.ddt.cons the.erg.loc philosophy.intorg book.vmp.perf.3s

"The philosopher read in the library"

Default OSVP in the experimental voice:

(1)

דתס רת סכת בבל

דתס

dts

ditsa

writing.ddt.cons

רת

rt

irat

the.erg.loc

סכת

skt

saíkat

philosophy.intorg

בבל

bbl

bālá

book.vex.perf.3s

דתס רת סכת בבל

dts rt skt bbl

ditsa irat saíkat bālá

writing.ddt.cons the.erg.loc philosophy.intorg book.vex.perf.3s

"The philosopher happened to have read in the library"

Default O₂O₁SV in the causative voice:

(1)

דתס אול ר סכת בבל

דתס

dts

ditsa

writing.inhu.ddt.cons

אול

v'l

avil

person.ddt.cons

ר

r

ira

the.erg

סכת

skt

saíkat

philosophy.intorg

בבל

bbl

bāblá

book.vca.perf.3s

דתס אול ר סכת בבל

dts v'l r skt bbl

ditsa avil ira saíkat bāblá

writing.inhu.ddt.cons person.ddt.cons the.erg philosophy.intorg book.vca.perf.3s

"The philosopher made the person to have read the book"

Default OSPV in the obligative voice:

(1)

דתס אול ר סכת בבל

דתס

dts

dîtis

writing.inhu.ddt.cons

אול

'vl

al

person

ר

r

ira

the.acc

סכת

skt

iskit

philosophy.intorg.ddt.cons

בבל

bbl

ābábl

book.vob.perf.3s

דתס אול ר סכת בבל

dts 'vl r skt bbl

dîtis al ira iskit ābábl

writing.inhu.ddt.cons person the.acc philosophy.intorg.ddt.cons book.vob.perf.3s

"The person was forced by the philosopher to have read the book"

It is important to notice the difference between dîtis adtís irat saíkat abūlá and datasyú irut dîtis ira saíkat abūlá, which although both signify "the philosopher reads the book in the library", only the former implies the action of reading occurs there, whereas the latter implies the book was in the library aforementioned.

Pronominal Constructions

Unlike nouns, pronouns don't require articles (ones says anu valár "I am a person" and not *anu iru valár). Also, when in construct state, they become clitics, either attached to nouns or the verbs they are objects/predicates of:

(1)

דתס ר בבלת

דתס

dts

dîts

writing.inhu

ר

r

ira

the.acc

בבלת

bblt

bābál-at

book.vpa.perf.3s-you.cons

דתס ר בבלת

dts r bblt

dîts ira bābál-at

writing.inhu the.acc book.vpa.perf.3s-you.cons

"The book was read by you"

(2)

ר סכת קסלת

ר

r

ira

the.erg

סכת

skt

saíkat

philosophy.intorg

קסלת

qslt

āqilá-ta

vision.vac.perf.3s-you.cons

ר סכת קסלת

r skt qslt

ira saíkat āqilá-ta

the.erg philosophy.intorg vision.vac.perf.3s-you.cons

"The philosopher saw you"

Furthermore, there is an exceptional construction which always involves pronouns; being the case when something is attributed to a noun.

(2)

מפרנ

מפרנ

mfrn

murá-nu

death.adj-I

מפרנ

mfrn

murá-nu

death.adj-I

"I am dead"

(2)

סכת מפרס

סכת

skt

saíkat

philosophy.intorg

מפרס

mfrs

murá-su

death.adj-they

סכת מפרס

skt mfrs

saíkat murá-su

philosophy.intorg death.adj-they

"the philosopher is dead"

Subordinate Clauses

bîbliru "the book" babál sa bîblira "the book which is being read' bîblira, sa babál "the book, which is being read"

they say that I want to work tommorrow, in order to earn money; me, who knew nothing about it

mur su saíkat iru "the philosopher who is dead" saíkat su mur iru "the philosopher, who is dead"

abbál sa saíkat "the philosopher who reads" saíkat sa abbál "the philosopher, who reads"

nāk āqfúl-as "I spoke with him" abbál sa saíkat irak āqfúl "I spoke with the philosopher who reads" sak āqfúl "whom I spoke with" subject pronoun ommitted

sa abbál "he reads" saíkat sa abbál

murásu, askút "I think he is dead"

tu nuī "you and me" murátu ī muránu "you are dead and I am dead"

saíkat bûlū "philosopher or fool" sitátu ū būlátu

Have him to do it

Babla

'u'rá "so that he makes them do it"

Canonic

[...]

Canonic onset clusters: [...]

Canonic coda clusters: [...]

The Adamic Code can be spoken in a poetic register, called Canonic, where the Coloration Table is almost abused in grammatical restructuration. In this register, for example, sound laws follow coloration rules, as well as cases and verbal conjugations, in such form that another language is created within the language after abandoning the system of patterns. Vide the translation of "I think the person is dead":

avâla murá-su, askút (Adamic) > ālbai muris, sia (Canonic)

table... diphthongs to monophthongs iu > y, ui > ȳ ia > e, ai > ē ua > o, au > ō

triphthongs to diphthongs ui-u > ȳu, iu-u > yu, u-ui > uȳ, u-iu > uy ia-u > eu, ai-u > ēu, u-ia > ue, u-ai > uē ua-i > oi, au-i > ōi, i-ua > io, i-au > iō

in case of incompatibility, the repeated vowel is lost (EX: ia-i > e, and not ei); also, when a long dipthong is reduced, a central vowel is added (EX: āi > ēa).

Sound Changes

With the generative notation developed in the 20^th Century by Noam Chomsky and Morris Halle...

-/+	I-type	U-type	A-type
H-type	C → 0 ⧸ _#	C → 0 ⧸ _#	C → 0 ⧸ _#
S-type	C → 0 ⧸ _#	C → 0 ⧸ _#	C → 0 ⧸ _#
K-type	C → 0 ⧸ _#	C → 0 ⧸ _#	C → 0 ⧸ _#

-/+	I-type	U-type	A-type
H-type	-voice is	-voice is	-voice is
S-type	-voice is	-voice is	-voice is
K-type	-voice is	-voice is	-voice is

{V// <low>} → {V// nasal // <low>} ⧸ {V// nasal // <glottalized>}C₀_

Coherent with Index Diachronica...

In Sca2

Sets: (non-supported)

Z=ẞÞÐ (different from S, as it is a sequence) G=JWR (different from V, as it is a sequence) ẞ=sz, Þ=fv, Ð=c' ẞ→/#_/#_J S→/#_/#_JWR

Categories:

V=yaeiouȳāēīōū Y=yaeiou Ȳ=ȳāēīōū J=ieīē W=uoūō R=yaȳā C=kpthnlsfcgbdqmrzv' -=kpthnlsfc +=gbdqmrzv' K=kgpbtd S=szfvc' H=hqnmlr Q=123456 1=kghqsz 2=pbnmfv 3=tdlrc' I=khs Ī=gqz U=pnf Ū=bmv A=tlc Ā=dr'

Rewrite rules:

i|1 u|2 nd|3 mb|4 lb|5 rd|6

Sound Changes:

V→/#_CVVCVVCVV V→/#_CVCVVCVV V→/#_CVVCVCVV V→/#_CVVCVVCV V→/#_CVCVCVV V→/#_CVCVVCV V→/#_CVVCVCV V→/#_CVCVCV V→/#_CVVCVV V→/#_CVCVV V→/#_CVVCV V→/#_CVCV CV→/CV_CV V→/CVCVC_# V→/CVCVCC_# ia→e/_ ai→ē/_ uo→o/_ au→ō/_ ui→ȳ/_ iu→y/_ K→S/[īē]_ K→H/[ūō]_ K→S/_J K→H/_W H→Q/R_R C→/_# [sz]→/#_/#_J [sz]→/_#/J_# [fv]→/#_/#_W [fv]→/_#/W_# [c']→/#_/#_R [c']→/_#/R_# +→-/_# -→+/V_V

asakata > *_sakata > *sa_ta > *sata > *ata > ada

asakasta > *_sakasta > *sakast_ > *sakast > *akast > *akas > *aka > aga

asakastar > *_sakastar > *sakastar > *akastar > *agastar > agasta

gīg bībl kun saikat daitas būl agalala datasiu avāla > zī ī hu sēza ē'a mū galba dazy ālba

stemic harmony in canonic:

sikūtí (-s-k-t-) > siqūl- (-s-k-l-) *third member harmonized

(-k-p-g-) > (-k-n-z-) *second and third members harmonized

vocalic change

ka > ho, ky > hu

pa > fe, py > fi

Alternation

Accrescence (...): type-1 consonants extend to ...

Excrescence (H → Q ⧸ V_R): type-2 consonants extend to i, u, nd, mb, lb, and rd respectively when intervovalic as onset to A-vowels.

Decrescence (Z → ∅ ⧸ [#]_[#]/[G]_[G]): type-3 consonants disappear when marginal, except when in contact with their respective dominant vowel.

Elision

Apocape (1): in a word with three syllables or more, the initial unstressed syllable is lost if it lacks an onset or a long vowel.

Syncope (2): in a word with three syllables or more, the middle unstressed syllable is lost if it is not closed by a coda or possesses a long vowel.

Aphaeresis (3): in a word with three syllables or more, the last unstressed syllable is lost if it lacks a coda or a long vowel.

Epenthesis

Prothesis: in a word with two or just one syllable, if there is an initial consonant cluster, a vowel (depending on the nature of the consonant) is added. EX: ...

Anaptyxis: in a word with two or just one syllable, if there is a middle consonant cluster, the vowel /a/ is added. EX: 'atlya > adalyal

Paragoge: in a word with two or just one syllable, if there is a final consonant cluster, a vowel (depending on the nature of the consonant). EX: palk > palsil

Harmony

(used in special cases of other laws)

Haplology: dadasa > dasa

Compensatory lengthening bûl (*bbûl) > *uvvūl > ūvūl gal (*gall) > *galla > gāla

Metathesis: glides only where the stress is garda, gráda, gadrá

adtís > addís

Final devoicing (-sonorant → -voice ⧸ _#)

Initial voicing

a → y ⧸ _{iu}

dad > dat

Intervocalic voicing ata > ada

/ai̯/ > /eː/ /i̯a/ > /e/ /au̯/ > /oː/ /u̯a/ > /o/ /u̯i/~/ui̯/ > /ɯ/~/yː/ /i̯u/~/iu̯/ > /y/~/ɯː/

/e/ > /i/ /o/ > /u/

Word derivation is less intricate in Canonic.

skt > saga, sazēia (-) / sia, siēia / kada, kaēia (+)

gll > galba, gallēia (-) / galba, gallēia / alba, allēia (+)

krp > karda, karrēia (-) / kāba, kāmēia / raba, ramēia (+)

qfl > qava, qavēia (-) / qulba, qullēia / falba, fallēia (+)

karda "murder" > karri "murderer" / karru "victim", raba "execution" > rami "executioner" / ravu "prisoner"

i (concrete, active terms) / u (abstract, passive terms)

qiat azīs hu "he saw the giant's dog"

avāda sazēia "the temptations of humans"

k’ālú "to be in a place"

∅ = sēzu "I philosophize", sēgau "I will philosophize"

Íz > IgÁ

Úq > UgÁ

Í' > IdÁ

Úr > UdÁ

Ím > IbÁ

Úv > UbÁ

Meter

Canonic extends the concepts of "short" and "long" in Adamic grammar to the syllable as a whole, identifying the following segments:

• (C)²V(C̥) (light)

• (C)²VV(C̥) ~ (C)²V̄(C̥) ~ (C)²VC̬(C̥) (heavy)

• (C)²V̄V(C̥) ~ (C)²VVC̬(C̥) ~ (C)²V̄C̬(C̥) (superheavy)

Any other arrangement, such as (C)(C)V̄VC̬, is forbidden. [...] Non-sonorant consonants if [...] C̬ = one sonorant or two non-sonorant consonants, C̥ = one non-sonorant consonant

light (μ₁) heavy (μ₂) superheavy (μ₃)

A line of 36 morae ranges from 12 superheavy syllables up to 36 light syllables [...]

Elision

KH- KH/HK -HK

monosyllabic stressed word attracts article bîbl /ˈbiːbl/ + iru /iru/ = bîbliru ... = bîbliru

canonic allophones kʲ kʷ kʰ gʲ gʷ gʱ pʲ pʷ pʰ bʲ bʷ bʱ tʲ tʷ tʰ bʲ bʷ bʱ

canonic clusters hk ɦg hp ɦb ht ɦd / ŋk ŋg mp mb nt nd / lk rk lg rg lp rp lb rb lt rt ld rd kh gɦ ph bɦ th dɦ / kŋ gŋ pm bm tn dn / kl kr gl gr pl pr bl br tl tr dl dr

the equivalent of lucifer "lightbearer" would be haípar (h’l + p'r X i/aí/a/)

āvala aru k’a agaúl "if a man is strong he eats"

k’ātásu āvala aru agaúl iāt "if a man eats he is strong"

āvala iru imfar murásu āvala

combinations such as *sr (SH/HS) and *sp (SK/KS) are not possible, and will trigger the insertion of vowels EX: ask > asak

-k-h-s- "one" kis ~ ksi ~ iks ... káhs -p-n-f- "two" puf ~ pfu ~ upf ... pánf -t-l-c- "three" tac ~ tca ~ atc ... tálc -g-q-z- "four" gīz ... gaíz -b-m-v- "five" būv ~ bvū ~ ūbv ... baúv -d-r-'- "six" dā' ~ d'ā ~ ād' ... dâ'

khis, nuf, tlac, ghīz, mūv, drā

kihs 1 punf 2 talc 3 qīz 4 nūv 5 drā 6 drāsi 7 nūca 8 qīfu 9 unū 10 unūs 11 udrā 12 udrās 13 udrāf 14 anū 15 anūs 16 anūf 17 adrā 18 adrās 19 īnū 20 īnūs 21 īnūf 22 īnūc 23 īdrā 24 ūnū 25 ūnūs 26 ūnūf 27 ūnūc 28 ūnūzi 29 ūdrā/ānū 30 ... ādrā 36 ... upādrā 72 ... īqādrā 144 ... ādupādrā 432

ikh/si up/fu at/ca īq/zī ūn/vū ād/ā

kihs ghīz ikh hzī punf bmūv upn mvū talc drā' atl r'ā / drāikh 7 ghīzu 8 talcatl 9 mūvu 10 ... drā'atl 18 drā'rā 36

drā’ikh 7, drā’upn 12, drā’atl 18, drā’zī 24, drā’vū 30, drā’’ā 36

Non-finite verbs are (despite the name) more treated as defective nouns. They lack article yet behave as if were regulated by them

murú appúral "I do not pretend to die" ígul mārasu "eating is good

liviatan "whale" maubidik "sperm whale" bailzaibub "fly" drakula "bat" ganaisa "elephant"

aran bailzaibub gulí amārâ-la, qaut babaiaga "flies don't like getting eaten, said the witch"

3 genders, but the masculine can be treated as the neuter

mostly synthetic

Example texts

ExpandKinship
																					aa (Grandmother)		aaaaa (Grandfather)				aaaaaaaa (Grandmother)		Grandfather
Uncles Wife		Uncle		Uncles Wife		Uncle		Uncles Wife		Uncle		Aunts husband		Aunt		Aunts husband		Aunt		Aunts husband		Aunt		Father		Mother		Uncles Wife		Uncle		Uncles Wife		Uncle		Uncles Wife		Uncle		Aunts husband		Aunt		Aunts husband		Aunt		Aunts husband		Aunt
Male Cousin		Female Cousin		Male Cousin		Female Cousin		Male Cousin		Female Cousin		Male Cousin		Female Cousin		Male Cousin		Female Cousin		Male Cousin		Female Cousin						Male Cousin		Female Cousin		Male Cousin		Female Cousin		Male Cousin		Female Cousin		Male Cousin		Female Cousin		Male Cousin		Female Cousin		Male Cousin		Female Cousin
										Twin Sisters Husband		Twin Sister		Little Sisters Husband		Little Sister		Big Sisters Huband		Big Sister		Wife		Self				Husband		Big Brother		Big Brothers Wife		Little Brother		Little Brothers Wife		Twin Brother		Twin Brothers Wife
										Niece		Nephew		Niece		Nephew		Niece		Nephew		Son		Daughter		Son		Daughter		Niece		Nephew		Niece		Nephew		Niece		Nephew

No.	ExpandEnglish
0
1	I	anu (nom.)
2	you (singular)	atu (nom.)
3	he	asu (nom.)
4	we
5	you (plural)
6	they
7	this
8	that
9	here
10	there
11	who
12	what
13	where
14	when
15	how
16	not
17	all
18	many
19	some
20	few
21	other
22	one
23	two
24	three
25	four
26	five
27	big
28	long
29	wide
30	thick
31	heavy
32	small
33	short
34	narrow
35	thin
36	woman
37	man (adult male)
38	human being
39	child
40	wife
41	husband
42	mother
43	father
44	animal
45	fish
46	bird
47	dog	kun
48	louse
49	snake
50	worm
51	tree
52	forest
53	stick
54	fruit
55	seed
56	leaf
57	root
58	bark
59	flower
60	grass
61	rope
62	skin
63	meat
64	blood
65	bone
66	fat
67	egg
68	horn
69	tail
70	feather
71	hair
72	head
73	ear
74	eye
75	nose
76	mouth
77	tooth
78	tongue
79	fingernail
80	foot
81	leg
82	knee
83	hand
84	wing
85	belly
86	guts
87	neck
88	back
89	breast
90	heart
91	liver
92	drink
93	eat
94	bite
95	suck
96	spit
97	vomit
98	blow
99	breathe
100	laugh
101	see
102	hear
103	know
104	think
105	smell
106	fear
107	sleep
108	live
109	die
110	kill
111	fight
112	hunt
113	hit
114	cut
115	split
116	stab
117	scratch
118	dig
119	swim
120	fly
121	walk
122	come
123	lie
124	sit
125	stand
126	turn
127	fall
128	give
129	hold
130	squeeze
131	rub
132	wash
133	wipe
134	pull
135	push
136	throw
137	tie
138	sew
139	count
140	say
141	sing
142	play
143	float
144	flow
145	freeze
146	swell
147	sun
148	moon
149	star
150	water
151	rain
152	river
153	lake
154	sea
155	salt
156	stone
157	sand
158	dust
159	earth
160	cloud
161	fog
162	sky
163	wind
164	snow
165	ice
166	smoke
167	fire
168	ash
169	burn
170	road
171	mountain
172	red
173	green
174	yellow
175	white
176	black
177	night
178	day
179	year	ka’n
180	warm
181	cold
182	full
183	new
184	old
185	good
186	bad
187	rotten
188	dirty
189	straight
190	round
191	sharp
192	dull
193	smooth
194	wet
195	dry
196	correct
197	near
198	far
199	right
200	left
201	at
202	in
203	with
204	and
205	if
206	because
207	name