Af Mexee/Verbs

Verb Classes

There are three main classes of verbs: the suffix, prefix, and adjectival conjugations.

Class I: Suffix Conjugation

The suffix conjugation is the most common and productive verb class. It can be divided into 5 conjugation groups:

1. Conjugation 1: Root verbs
2. Conjugation 2: -(a)m- (anticausative) verbs
3. Conjugation 3 (A, B, C): -ish- (causative) verbs
4. Conjugation 4 (A, B, C): -at- (middle) verbs
5. Conjugation 5 (A, B): -p- verbs

• Note: Affixes can be combined - e.g. cunsiismid "to be made to eat" (stem: cun-siish-am-). When any derivational affix is added to -ish- (or derivatives such as -siish-), the -sh- always becomes -s-. Affixes combine in the order -oo/aa- + -p- + -(si)ish- + -at/o- + -(a)m-.

Conjugation 1

Root verbs with no extra affixes. e.g. keeni "to bring" (stem: keen-)

(Note: –́ = penultimate high tone, or final if monomoraic)

Class I Conjugation 1

Infinitive					–́ i				keéni
Verbal Noun (f.)					-íd (-íth-)				keeníd
	Present Affirmative		Present Subjunctive		Past Affirmative		Past Negative		Imperative Affirmative		Imperative Negative
1S	-a	keena	-í	keení	-i	keeni	-ín	keenín
2S	-ta	keenta	-tí	keentí	-ti	keenti			–́	kéen	–́ in	keénin
3SM	-a	keena	-ó	keenó	-i	keeni
3SF	-ta	keenta	-tó	keentó	-ti	keenti
1P	-na	keenna	-nó	keennó	-ni	keenni
2P	-tiín	keentiín	-tiín	keentiín	-téen	keentéen			–́ a	keéna	-ína	keenína
3P	-áan	keenáan	-áan	keenáan	-éen	keenéen

Conjugation 2

Verbs derived from lexically causative verbs with the passive/anticausative affix -(a)m-. When derived from a Conjugation 3 verb, the -sh- becomes a -s-, giving the combined affix -(i)s(a)m- Note that in dropping environments, either the -i- or -a- of -(i)s(a)m- may be dropped - e.g. karisma or karsama "it cooks" (the latter is more common). -(a)m- can also combine with -at- (though more rarely) to form -am-, where the -a- is NOT dropped. There are two competing paradigms for Conjugation 2 verbs: the first treats them as a Conjugation 1 verb, with the -(a)m affix behaving as a part of the stem, while the second is a hybrid of Conjugations 1 and 4. The hybrid paradigm cannot be used when the -a- of -(a)m- is preserved in a combined affix such as -am- or -sam-.

e.g. xirmi "to close (INTR), get closed" (stem: xir-(a)m-)

Class I Conjugation 2 - Paradigm 1

Infinitive					–́ mi				xírmi
Verbal Noun (f.)					-míd (-míth-)				xirmíd
	Present Affirmative		Present Subjunctive		Past Affirmative		Past Negative		Imperative Affirmative		Imperative Negative
1S	-ma	xirma	-mí	xirmí	-mi	xirmi	-mín	xirmín
2S	-anta	xiranta	-antí	xirantí	-anti	xiranti			–́ an	xíran	–́ min	xírmin
3SM	-ma	xirma	-mó	xirmó	-mi	xirmi
3SF	-anta	xiranta	-antó	xirantó	-anti	xiranti
1P	-anna	xiranna	-annó	xirannó	-anni	xiranni
2P	-antiín	xirantiín	-antiín	xirantiín	-antéen	xirantéen			–́ ma	xírma	-mína	xirmína
3P	-máan	xirmáan	-máan	xirmáan	-méen	xirméen

Class I Conjugation 2 - Paradigm 2

Infinitive					–́ mi				xírmi
Verbal Noun (f.)					-míd (-míth-)				xirmíd
	Present Affirmative		Present Subjunctive		Past Affirmative		Past Negative		Imperative Affirmative		Imperative Negative
1S	-ma	xirma	ˊ-mí	xírmí	-mi	xirmi	-mín	xirmín
2S	-mata	xirmata	-matí	xirmatí	-mati	xirmati			–mó	xirmó	ˊ–min	xírmin
3SM	-ma	xirma	-mó	xirmó	-mi	xirmi
3SF	-mata	xirmata	-mató	xirmató	-mati	xirmati
1P	-manna	xirmanna	-mannó	xirmannó	-manni	xirmanni
2P	-matiín	xirmatiín	-matiín	xirmatiín	-matéen	xirmatéen			–́ ma	xírma	-mína	xirmína
3P	-máan	xirmáan	-máan	xirmáan	-méen	xirméen

Conjugation 3A

Verbs derived from root verbs with the causisive affix -ish-. The sh combines with t and n to form s and nn respectively. e.g. karín "to cook" (stem: kar-ish-).

Class I Conjugation 3A

Infinitive					-ín				karín
Verbal Noun (f.)					-ís				karís
	Present Affirmative		Present Subjunctive		Past Affirmative		Past Negative		Imperative Affirmative		Imperative Negative
1S	-(i)sha	kar(i)sha	-(i)shí	kar(i)shí	-(i)shi	kar(i)shi	-inín	karinín
2S	-isa	karisa	-isí	karisí	-isi	karisi			ˊ–ish	kárish	–ínin	karínin
3SM	-(i)sha	kar(i)sha	-(i)shó	kar(i)shó	-(i)shi	kar(i)shi
3SF	-isa	karisa	-isó	karisó	-isi	karisi
1P	-ina	karina	-inó	karinó	-ini	karini
2P	-isiín	karisiín	-isiín	karisiín	-iséen	kariséen			–ísha/-́sha	karísha/kársha	-inína	karinína
3P	-(i)sháan	kar(i)sháan	-(i)sháan	kar(i)sháan	-(i)shéen	kar(i)shéen

Conjugation 3B

Verbs derived with the causative affix -siish- (from -ish- + -ish-). e.g. gaarsiin "to make reach".

Class I Conjugation 3B

Infinitive					-siín				gaarsiín
Verbal Noun (f.)					-siís				gaarsiís
	Present Affirmative		Present Subjunctive		Past Affirmative		Past Negative		Imperative Affirmative		Imperative Negative
1S	-siisha	gaarsiisha	-siishí	gaarsiishí	-siishi	gaarsiishi	-siinín	gaarsiiinín
2S	-siisa	gaarsiisa	-siisí	gaarsiisí	-siisi	gaarsiisi			–síish	gaarsíish	–siínin	gaarsiínin
3SM	-siisha	gaarsiisha	-siishó	gaarsiishó	-siishi	gaarsiishi
3SF	-siisa	gaarsiisa	-siisó	gaarsiisó	-siisi	gaarsiisi
1P	-siina	gaarsiina	-siinó	gaarsiinó	-siini	gaarsiini
2P	-siisiín	gaarsiisiín	-siisiín	gaarsiisiín	-siiséen	gaarsiiséen			–siísha	gaarsiísha	-siinína	gaarsiinína
3P	-siisháan	gaarsiisháan	-siisháan	gaarsiisháan	-siishéen	gaarsiishéen

Conjugation 3C

Verbs derived from nouns/adjectives with the causative affix -aash- (from -aa- + -(i)sh-). e.g. bishaayn "to water, pour water (in/on)".

Class I Conjugation 3C

Infinitive					-aaýn				bishaaýn
Verbal Noun (f.)					-aás				bishaás
	Present Affirmative		Present Subjunctive		Past Affirmative		Past Negative		Imperative Affirmative		Imperative Negative
1S	-aasha	bishaasha	-aashí	bishaashí	-aashi	bishaashi	-aaynín	bishaaynín
2S	-aasa	bishaasa	-aasí	bishaasí	-aasi	bishaasi			ˊ–aash	bisháash	–aaýnin	bishaaýnin
3SM	-aasha	bishaasha	-aashó	bishaashó	-aashi	bishaashi
3SF	-aasa	bishaasa	-aasó	bishaasó	-aasi	bishaasi
1P	-aayna	bishaayna	-aaynó	bishaaynó	-aayni	bishaayni
2P	-aasiín	bishaasiín	-aasiín	bishaasiín	-aaséen	bishaaséen			–aásha	bishaásha	-aaynína	bishaaynína
3P	-aasháan	bishaasháan	-aasháan	bishaasháan	-aashéen	bishaashéen

Conjugation 4A

Verbs with the middle/autobenefactive affix -o/at-. When derived from Conjugation 3 verbs, the -sh- becomes -s-, giving the combined affix -so/sat-. Depending on the stem, there may or may not be reductions. e.g. xirán "to put on" (stem: xir-at-), karsán "to cook for oneself" (stem: kar-s-at-).

Class I Conjugation 4A - With reductions

Infinitive					-án				xirán
Verbal Noun (f.)					-ashó (-ashá-)				xirashó
	Present Affirmative		Present Subjunctive		Past Affirmative		Past Negative		Imperative Affirmative		Imperative Negative
1S	-ta	xirta	-tí	xirtí	-ti	xirti	-anín	xiranín
2S	-ata	xirata	-atí	xiratí	-ati	xirati			–ó	xiró	–ánin	xiránin
3SM	-ta	xirta	-tó	xirtó	-ti	xirti
3SF	-ata	xirata	-ató	xirató	-ati	xirati
1P	-anna	xiranna	-annó	xirannó	-anni	xiranni
2P	-atiín	xiratiín	-atiín	xiratiín	-atéen	xiratéen			–́ ta	xírta	-anína	xiranína
3P	-táan	xirtáan	-táan	xirtáan	-téen	xirtéen

Class I Conjugation 4A - Without reductions

Infinitive					-án				karsán
Verbal Noun (f.)					-ashó (-ashá-)				karsashó
	Present Affirmtive		Present Subjunctive		Past Affirmtive		Past Negtive		Impertive Affirmtive		Impertive Negtive
1S	-atha	karsatha	-athí	karsathí	-athi	karsathi	-anín	karsanín
2S	-ata	karsata	-atí	karsatí	-ati	karsati			–ó	karsó	–ánin	karsánin
3SM	-atha	karsatha	-athó	karsathó	-athi	karsathi
3SF	-ata	karsata	-ató	karsató	-ati	karsati
1P	-anna	karsanna	-annó	karsannó	-anni	karsanni
2P	-atiín	karsatiín	-atiín	karsatiín	-atéen	karsatéen			–́ atha	kársatha	-anína	karsanína
3P	-atháan	karsatháan	-atháan	karsatháan	-athéen	karsathéen

Conjugation 4B

Verbs derived from nouns/adjectives (generally adjectives) with the affix -oo/aath- (from -aa- + -o/at-). Class III verbs all have a Conjugation 4B counterpart, which is used inchoatively and/or continuatively. They share infinitive and imperative forms. e.g. ahaan "to be" (Class III) or "to become/remain" (Conjugation 4B, stem: eh-aath-).

Class I Conjugation 4B

Infinitive					-aán				ahaán
Verbal Noun (f.)					-aashó (-aashá-)				ahaashó
	Present Affirmative		Present Subjunctive		Past Affirmative		Past Negative		Imperaative Affirmative		Imperative Negative
1S	-aatha	ahaatha	-aathí	ahaathí	-aathi	ahaathi	-aanín	ahaanín
2S	-aata	ahaata	-aatí	ahaatí	-aati	ahaati			–oó	ahoó	–áanin	aháanin
3SM	-aatha	ahaatha	-aathó	ahaathó	-aathi	ahaathi
3SF	-aata	ahaata	-aató	ahaató	-aati	ahaati
1P	-aanna	ahaanna	-aannó	ahaannó	-aanni	ahaanni
2P	-aatiín	ahaatiín	-aatiín	ahaatiín	-aatéen	ahaatéen			–aátha	ahaátha	-aanína	ahaanína
3P	-aatháan	ahaatháan	-aatháan	ahaatháan	-aathéen	ahaathéen

Conjugation 4C

Verbs derived from nouns/adjectives (generally nouns ending in -o) with the affix -oo/ooth- (from -oo- + -o/at-). e.g. caroón "to become angry" (stem car-ooth-, from caro "anger").

Class I Conjugation 4C

Infinitive					-oón				caroón
Verbal Noun (f.)					-ooshó (-ooshá-)				carooshó
	Present Affirmative		Present Subjunctive		Past Affirmative		Past Negative		Imperative Affirmative		Imperative Negative
1S	-ootha	carootha	-oothí	caroothí	-oothi	caroothi	-oonín	caroonín
2S	-oota	caroota	-ootí	carootí	-ooti	carooti			–oó	caroó	–oónin	caroónin
3SM	-ootha	carootha	-oothó	caroothó	-oothi	caroothi
3SF	-oota	caroota	-ootó	carootó	-ooti	carooti
1P	-oona	caroona	-oonó	caroonó	-ooni	carooni
2P	-ootiín	carootiín	-ootiín	carootiín	-ootéen	carootéen			–oótha	caroótha	-oonína	caroonína
3P	-ootháan	carootháan	-ootháan	carootháan	-oothéen	caroothéen

Conjugation 5A

Verbs derived from nouns/adjectives (generally nouns) with the affix -oop- (=-oo- + -p-). e.g. duqoopi "to get old" (stem: duq-oop-)

Class I Conjugation 5A

Infinitive					-oópi				duqoópi
Verbal Noun (f.)					-oopíd (-oopíth-)				duqoopíd
	Present Affirmative		Present Subjunctive		Past Affirmative		Past Negative		Imperative Affirmative		Imperative Negative
1S	-oopa	duqoopa	-oopí	duqoopí	-oopi	duqoopi	-oopín	duqoopín
2S	-oowta	duqoowta	-oowtí	duqoowtí	-oowti	duqoowti			–oów	duqoów	–oópin	duqoópin
3SM	-oopa	duqoopa	-oopó	duqoopó	-oopi	duqoopi
3SF	-oowta	duqoowta	-oowtó	duqoowtó	-oowti	duqoowti
1P	-oowna	duqoowna	-oownó	duqoownó	-oowni	duqoowni
2P	-oowtiín	duqoowtiín	-oowtiín	duqoowtiín	-oowtéen	duqoowtéen			–oópa	duqoópa	-oopína	duqoopína
3P	-oopáan	duqoopáan	-oopáan	duqoopáan	-oopéen	duqoopéen

Conjugation 5B

Verbs derived from nouns/adjectives (generally nouns) with the affix -aap- (=-aa- + -p-). e.g. maghacaápi "to name" (stem: maghac-aap-).

Class I Conjugation 5B

Infinitive					-aápi				maghacaápi
Verbal Noun (f.)					-aapíd (-aapíth-)				maghacaapíd
	Present Affirmative		Present Subjunctive		Past Affirmative		Past Negative		Imperative Affirmative		Imperative Negative
1S	-aapa	maghacaapa	-aapí	maghacaapí	-aapi	maghacaapi	-aapín	maghacaapín
2S	-aawta	maghacaawta	-aawtí	maghacaawtí	-aawti	maghacaawti			–aáw	maghacaáw	–aápin	maghacaápin
3SM	-aapa	maghacaapa	-aapó	maghacaapó	-aapi	maghacaapi
3SF	-aawta	maghacaawta	-aawtó	maghacaawtó	-aawti	maghacaawti
1P	-aawna	maghacaawna	-aawnó	maghacaawnó	-aawni	maghacaawni
2P	-aawtiín	maghacaawtiín	-aawtiín	maghacaawtiín	-aawtéen	maghacaawtéen			–aápa	maghacaápa	-aapína	maghacaapína
3P	-aapáan	maghacaapáan	-aapáan	maghacaapáan	-aapéen	maghacaapéen

Class II: Prefix Conjugation

The prefix conjugation is a small, closed class of verbs that conjugate by means of prefixes and vowel changes. It includes the verbs aqoon "to know", ool "to be available", oran "to say/tell", and iman "to come". They have various forms due to analogy with each other and the suffix conjugation.

Class II: aqoón

Infinitive					aqoón				aqáani
Verbal Noun (f.)					aqoonshó				aqaaníd
	Present Affirmative		Present Subjunctive		Past Affirmative		Past Negative		Imperative Affirmative		Imperative Negative
1S	aqaan	aqaana	aqáan	aqaaní	aqiin	aqaani	aqiín	aqaanín
2S	taqaan	taqaana	taqáan	taqaaní	taqiin	taqaani	taqiín		aqóon	aqáan	aqíin	aqáanin
3SM	yaqaan	yaqaana	yaqáan	yaqaanó	yaqiin	yaqaani	yaqiín
3SF	taqaan	taqaana	taqáan	taqaanó	taqiin	taqaani	taqiín
1P	naqaan	naqaana	naqáan	naqaanó	naqiin	naqiini	naqiín
2P	taqaaniín		taqaaniín		taqiiniín	taqaanéen	taqiiniín		aqoóna	aqáana	aqoonína	aqaanína
3P	yaqaaniín	yaqaanáan	yaqaaniín	yaqaanáan	yaqiiniín	yaqaanéen	yaqiiniín

• ool is conjugated similarly to aqoon.

Class II: orán

Infinitive					orán				iráan
Verbal Noun (f.)					orashó				iraashó
	Present Affirmative		Present Subjunctive		Past Affirmative		Past Negative		Imperative Affirmative		Imperative Negative
1S	ara	iraatha	orí	iraathí	iri	iraathi	oranín	iraanín
2S	tara	tiraatha	ortí	tiraathí	tiri	tiraathi			oró	iroów	oránin	iráanin
3SM	yara	yiraatha	oró	yiraathó	yiri	yiraathi
3SF	tara	tiraatha	ortó	tiraathó	tiri	tiraathi
1P	nara	niraatha	ornó	niraathí	niri	niraathi
2P	tiraathiín		ortiín	tiraathiín	tiraathéen				orátha	iraátha	oranína	iraanína
3P	yiraathiín	yiraatháan	oráan	yiraatháan	yiraathéen

Class II: imán

Infinitive					imán				imáan
Verbal Noun (f.)					imashó				imaashó
	Present Affirmative		Present Subjunctive		Past Affirmative		Past Negative		Imperative Affirmative		Imperative Negative
1S	ima	imaatha	imí	imaathí	imi	imaathi	imanín	imaanín
2S	tima	timaatha	timí	timaathí	timi	timaathi			imó	imoów	imánin	imáanin
3SM	yima	yimaatha	yimó	yimaathó	yimi	yimaathi
3SF	tima	timaatha	timó	timaathó	timi	timaathi
1P	nima	nimaatha	nimó	nimaathí	nimi	nimaathi
2P	timaathiín		timiín	timaathiín	timaathéen				imátha	imaátha	imanína	imaanína
3P	yimaathiín	yimaatháan	yimiín	yimaatháan	yimaathéen

Class III: Adjectival Conjugation

The adjectival conjugation is used for adjectives and a few stative verbs such as love and hate (which in Somali are adjectives). All Class III verbs are stative, but not all stative verbs are class 3. The citation form for Class III verbs is the third person singular short present indicative. The most basic Class III verb is eh "being" (stem: eh-). The present has two forms which are used differently.

Class III: aháan

Infinitive					aháan
Verbal Noun (f.)					ahaashó
	Present Affirmative		Present Negative	Past Affirmative	Past Negative	Imperative Affirmative	Imperative Negative
1S	aha	íhi	ihí	ahaay	ahaaýn
2S	taha	tíhid	tihíd	ahaayti		ahoów	aháanin
3SM	yaha	éh	(y)ahá	ahaay
3SF	taha	éh	(t)ahá	ahaayti
1P	naha	níhin	nihín	ahaayni
2P	tihiín	tih(ith)iín	tih(ith)iín	ahaaytéen		ahaátha	ahaanína
3P	yihiín	aháan	aháan/yihiín	ahaayéen

Other Class III verbs are based off of this. e.g. cas "red" (stem: cas-).

Class III

Infinitive					-áan					casáan
Verbal Noun (f.)					-aashó (-aashá-)					casaashó
	Present Affirmative				Present Negative		Past Affirmative		Past Negative		Imperative Affirmative		Imperative Negative
1S	-́aha	cásaha	-́i	cási	-í	casí	-aay	casaay	-aanín	casaaýn
2S	-́taha	cástaha	-́id	cásid	-íd	casíd	-aayti	casaayti			–oó	casoó	–áanin	casáanin
3SM	-́yaha	cásyaha	-́	cás	-á	casá	-aay	casaay
3SF	-́taha	cástaha	-́	cás	-á	casá	-aayti	casaayti
1P	-́naha	cásnaha	-́in	cásin	-ín	casín	-aayni	casaayni
2P	-́tihiín	cástihiín	-́(ith)iín	cás(ith)iín	-(ith)iín	cas(ith)iín	-aaytéen	casaaytéen			–aátha	casaátha	-aanína	casaanína
3P	-́yihiín	cásyihiín	-́áan	cásáan	-áan	casáan	-aayéen	casaayéen

• An important (and slightly irregular) Class III verb is leh "having, owning". It is conjugated regular except for the long present, where the stem becomes lee-. An epithetic y is inserted in the first person singular. e.g. léenaha "we have/own" (instead of *léhnaha), leéyaha "I have, he has" (instead of *léhaha, *léhyaha).

Tense, Aspect, Mood, and Voice

Notes:

• Impersonal passive (with la) is used as the regular passive as well as pseudo-passive.
• Subjunctive forms can be used adjectivally. In this usage, gender and number marking is optional (hence why adjectives need not be marked for plurality).

Simple Forms

These are forms that do not use auxiliary verbs.

Simple Present

• Used similarly to English simple present and past perfect continuous. Generally refers to a habitual action for dynamic verbs, or an ongoing action for stative verbs.
• Indicative:
  • Affirmative: "Present Indicative" forms - e.g. us tagha "he goes"
  • Negative: má + "Present Subjunctive/Negative" - e.g. máwsan taghó "he does not go"
• Subjunctive:
  • Affirmative: "Present Subjunctive" - e.g. nin taghó "a man who goes"
    • For Class III, the present subjunctive forms are the same as the present negative except in 3S, where it is equivalent to the present indicative.
  • Negative: (an) + "Past Negative" - e.g. nin an taghín "a man who does not go"

Simple Past

• Used for a simple action in the past.
• Indicative:
  • Affirmative: "Past Affirmative" - e.g. us taghi "he went"
  • Negative: má + "Past Negative" - e.g. máwsan taghín "he did not go"
• Subjunctive:
  • Affirmative: "Past Affirmative" with final high tone - e.g. nin taghí "a man who went"
  • Negative: (an) + "Past Negative" - e.g. nin an taghín "a man who did not go" (note that this is identical to the present equivalent; for d=isambiguation, a compound form may be used instead)

Jussive

• Affirmative:
  • First and second person: Clitic subject + "Present Subjunctive" with penultimate high tone - e.g. an tágno "let us go"
    • In the second person plural, -tiin may be replaced by -teen.
  • Third person: há + "Present Subjunctive" - e.g. há taghó "let him go"
    • In the plural, the ending -aán can be -eén instead.
• Negative:
  • yáa + "2S Imperative Negative" - e.g. yóosan tághin "let him not go"

Imperative

• Only occurs in the second person.
• Affirmative: "Imperative Affirmative" - e.g. tág "go!"
• Negative: há + "Imperative Negative" - e.g. há tághin "do not go!"

Potential

• Used for an action/state that might occur in the future. It is optionally preceded or followed by the assumptive particle shoẃ.
  • Classes I & II: Past affirmative with -i replaced by -e - e.g. (shoẃ) us taghe / us taghi shoẃ "he might go"
  • Class III: Identical to the corresponding Conjugation 4B form - e.g. us ahaathe "he might become"

Assumptive

• Used for an action/state that is assumed to have probably occurred in the past. It is equivalent to the simple past preceded or followed by the assumptive particle shoẃ.

e.g. shoẃ us taghi / us taghi shoẃ "he must have gone"

Compound Forms

These are forms that use the infinitive with auxiliary verbs.

Present Progressive

• Used for an ongoing action. Can also be used for near future.
• Formed from: Infinitive (minus -i if present) + Conjugation 3C present endings (actually an abbreviated form of haashi "to have/hold") - e.g. us tágaasha "he is leaving", máwsan tághaashó "he is not leaving"

Past Progressive

• Used for an ongoing action in the past.
• Formed from: Infinitive (minus -i if present) + Conjugation 3C past endings - e.g. us tágaashi "he was leaving", máwsan tághaaynín "he was not leaving"

Near Future

• Used for action in the near future.
• Formed from: Infinitive + Present tense of rapi "to want" - e.g. us tághi rapa "he is about to go", máwsan tághi rapó "he is not about to go"

Near Future in Past

• Past equivalent of the above.
• Formed from: Infinitive + Past tense of rapi "to want" - e.g. us tághi rapi "he was going to go", máwsan tághi rapín "he was not going to go"

Distant Future

• Used for action in the future that is more distant or less certain. For example, something in the distant future or that you will eventually do but are procrastinating.
• Formed from: Infinitive + Present tense of dooni "to seek" - e.g. us tághi doona "he will go (eventually)", máwsan tághi doonó "he will not go"

Distant Future in Past

• Past equivalent of the above.
• Formed from: Infinitive + Past tense of dooni "to seek" - e.g. us tághi dooni "he was going to go", máwsan tághi doonín "he was not going to go"

Conditional

• Formed from: Infinitive + Past tense of leh "having/owning" - e.g. us tághi lahaay "he would go", máwsan tághi lahaáyn "he would not go"

Present Habitual

• Used for habitual actions in the present. For dynamic verbs this is similar in meaning to the simple present, but places emphasis on the repeated nature of the action.
• Formed from: Infinitive + Present tense of jiri "to exist" - e.g. us tághi jira "he goes regularly", máwsan tághi jiró "he does not go regularly"

Past Habitual

• Used for habitual actions in the past. In the subjunctive, it can also mean a single action in the distant past.
• Formed from: Infinitive + Past tense of jiri "to exist" - e.g. us tághi jiri "he used to go", máwsan tághi jirín "he did not used to go", goórtíi us tághi jirí "back when he used to go" or "back when he went"

Other Compound Forms

• kari "to be able" (present, past) → "to be able to" - e.g. us tághi kara "he can go"
• waayi "to not find" (present, past) → "to fail to" - e.g. us tághi waayi "he failed to go"
  • In the simple present indicative, it indicates habituality (i.e. "regularly fails to").
  • In the subjunctive, it can be used instead of the simple negative subjunctive. e.g. hadíi us tághi waayó "if he does not go", ninki tághi waayí "the man who did not go"
• la' "to lack" (present) → "to fail to" - e.g. us tághi lá'yaha "he is failing to go"
  • This is used for an ongoing action (i.e. "is failing to").
• qapi "to have" (present, past) → "to have to" - e.g. us tághi qapa "he has to go"
• gaari "to reach" (past) → "to almost" - e.g. us tághi gaari "he almost went"