Tigol/Morphology
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Old Tíogall is a highly inflected fusional language. Much of Proto-Talmic morphology survives in Old Tíogall. However, Old Tíogall is most notorious for its often unpredictable verbal allomorphy.
Nouns
Nouns fall into one of masculine, feminine and neuter genders and inflect for singular and plural numbers, inherited from the Thensarian singulative and plurative.
The definite article, inherited from the Thensarian demonstrative inom, is in for singular nouns and na for plural nouns; they trigger mutations based on gender.
Nouns are also inflected for construct state and take possessive suffixes, inherited from Thensarian.
Adjectives
Pronouns
Verb prefixes
Preverb prefixes
Object prefixes
Object prefixes are inherited from Proto-Quihum and are placed in a slot between preverbs and the stem.
Verb TAMs
Old Tíogall inherits many TAMs directly from Thensarian. In addition, Old Tíogall displays extensive verb allomorphy. Verbs can be grouped in two ways: non-prefixed and prefixed, and non-ablauting and ablauting. The verb tables below will use the following example verbs:
- Unprefixed, non-ablauting verbs: e.g. túsaiṁ /ˈtuːsai̯mʰ/ 'he prays', ní·tús /niːˈtuːs/ 'he does not pray' (modern tús)
- Unprefixed, ablauting verbs: e.g. sormaiṁ /sormai̯mʰ/ 'he finds (intransitive)', ní·sorma /niːˈsorma/ 'he does not find' (modern sorm)
- Prefixed, non-ablauting verbs: e.g. as·tóċ /asˈtoːkʰ/ 'he proves', ní·assaċ /niːˈasːakʰ/ 'he does not prove' (modern stóch)
- Prefixed ablauting verbs: e.g. dor·coḃ /dorˈkobʰ/ 'he tolerates' (< de-ar-cobymis 'at-on-bear'), ní·derp /niːˈderp/ 'he does not tolerate' (modern dearb)
In case where there is a preverb, the first syllable after the interpunct is stressed.
Present
| Person | túsain "pray, request" (non-prefixed, non-ablauting) |
sormain '"find" (non-prefixed, ablauting) |
as·tóċan "prove" (prefixed, non-ablauting) |
dor·coḃ "tolerate" (prefixed, ablauting) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1SG | túsain < tússanis ní·tús < nīs tússan |
sormain < sormynis ní·sorm < nīs sormyn |
as·tóċ < astósāconis ní·assaċ < nīs ástosācon |
dor·coḃ ní·derp |
| 2SG | túsair < tússaris ní·túsar < nīs tússar |
sormair < sormyris ní·sormar < nīs sormyr |
as·tóċar < astósācoris ní·assaċar < nīs ástosācor |
dor·coḃar ní·derpar |
| 3SG.M | túsaiṁ < tússamis ní·tús < nīs tússam |
sormaiṁ < sormymis ní·sorm < nīs sormym |
as·tóċ < astósācomis ní·assaċ < nīs ástosācom |
dor·coḃ ní·derp |
| 3SG.F | túsaé < tússasis ní·túsaé < nīs tússasi |
sormaé < sormysis ní·sormaé < nīs sormysi |
as·tóċaé < astósācosis ní·assaċ < nīs ástosācosi |
dor·coḃaé ní·derpaé |
| 3SG.N | tús < tússas ní·tús < nīs tússa |
soirm < sormis ní·sorm < nīs sormy |
as·tóċ < astósācos ní·assaċ < nīs ástosāco |
dor·coḃ ní·derp |
| 1EX | túsmae < tússamēs ní·túsaiṁ < nīs tússamē |
sormmae < sormymēs ní·sormaiṁ < nīs sormymē |
as·tóċaiṁ < astósācomēs ní·assaċaiṁ < nīs ástosācomē |
dor·coḃaiṁ ní·derpaiṁ |
| 1IN | túsait < tússantis ní·túsat < nīs tússant |
sormait < sormyntis ní·sormat < nīs sormynt |
as·tóċat < astósācontis ní·assaċat < nīs ástosācont |
dor·coḃat ní·derpat |
| 2PL | túsaisc < tússasces ní·túsaisc < nīs tússasce |
sormaisc < sormysces ní·sormasc < nīs sormysce |
as·tóċaisc < astósācosces ní·assaċaisc < nīs ástosācosce |
dor·coḃaisc ní·derpaisc |
| 3PL | túsaiḋ < tússatis ní·túsaḋ < nīs tússat |
sormaiḋ < sormytis ní·sormaḋ < nīs sormyt |
as·tóċaḋ < astósācotis ní·assaċaḋ < nīs ástosācot |
dor·coḃaḋ ní·derpaḋ |
Imperfect
The imperfect is formed with reduplication as in Thensarian.
Preterite
| Person | túsain "pray, request" (non-prefixed, non-ablauting) |
sormain '"find" (non-prefixed, ablauting) |
as·tóċan "prove" (prefixed, non-ablauting) |
dor·coḃ "tolerate" (prefixed, ablauting) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1SG | túsnaim < tússannemis ní·túsainn < nīs tússannem |
sirmnim < sirminnemis ní·sirminn < nīs sirminnem |
as·tóċainn < astósāconnemis ní·assaċainn < nīs ástosāconnem |
dor·ciḃinn ní·deirpinn |
| 2SG | túsaí < tússavȳs ní·túsaí < nīs tússavȳ |
sirmí < sirmivȳs ní·sirmí < nīs sirmivȳ |
as·tóċaí < astósācovȳs ní·assaċaí < nīs ástosācovȳ |
dor·ciḃí ní·deirpí |
| 3SG.M | túsaim < tússasmis ní·túsaim < nīs tússasmi |
sirmim < sirmismis ní·sirmim < nīs sirmismi |
as·tóċaim < astósācosmis ní·assaċaim < nīs ástosācosmi |
dor·ciḃim ní·deirpim |
| 3SG.F | túsais < tússastis ní·túsais < nīs tússasti |
sirmis < sirmistis ní·sirmis < nīs sirmisti |
as·tóċais < astósācostis ní·assaċais < nīs ástosācosti |
dor·ciḃis ní·deirpis |
| 3SG.N | túsá < tússasos ní·túsá < nīs tússaso |
sirmeo < sirmisos ní·sirmeo < nīs sirmiso |
as·tóċá < astósācosos ní·assaċá < nīs ástosācoso |
dor·ciḃeo ní·deirpeo |
| 1EX | túsmair < tússameris ní·túsmar < nīs tússamer |
sirmmir < sirmimeris ní·sirmmer < nīs sirmimeris |
as·tóċmar < astósācomeris ní·assaċmar < nīs ástosācomer |
dor·ciḃmer ní·deirpmer |
| 1IN | túsdair < tússanteris ní·túsdar < nīs tússanter |
sirmdir < sirminteris ní·sirmder < nīs sirminteris |
as·tóċdar < astósāconteris ní·assaċdar < nīs ástosāconter |
dor·ciḃder ní·deirpder |
| 2PL | tússcair < tússasceris ní·tússcar < nīs tússascer |
sirmscir < sirmisceris ní·sirmscer < nīs sirmisceris |
as·tóċscar < astósācosceris ní·assaċscar < nīs ástosācoscer |
dor·ciḃscer ní·deirpscer |
| 3PL | túsṫair < tússateris ní·túsṫar < nīs tússater |
sirmṫir < sirmiteris ní·sirmṫer < nīs sirmiteris |
as·tóċṫar < astósācoteris ní·assaċṫar < nīs ástosācoter |
dor·ciḃṫer ní·deirpṫer |
Future
| Person | túsain "pray, request" (non-prefixed, non-ablauting) |
sormain '"find" (non-prefixed, ablauting) |
as·tóċan "prove" (prefixed, non-ablauting) |
dor·coḃ "tolerate" (prefixed, ablauting) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1SG | túsnaim < tússannemis ní·túsainn < nīs tússannem |
sirmnim < sirminnemis ní·sirminn < nīs sirminnem |
as·tóċainn < astósāconnemis ní·assaċainn < nīs ástosāconnem |
dor·ciḃinn ní·deirpinn |
| 2SG | túsaí < tússavȳs ní·túsaí < nīs tússavȳ |
sirmí < sirmivȳs ní·sirmí < nīs sirmivȳ |
as·tóċaí < astósācovȳs ní·assaċaí < nīs ástosācovȳ |
dor·ciḃí ní·deirpí |
| 3SG.M | túsaim < tússasmis ní·túsaim < nīs tússasmi |
sirmim < sirmismis ní·sirmim < nīs sirmismi |
as·tóċaim < astósācosmis ní·assaċaim < nīs ástosācosmi |
dor·ciḃim ní·deirpim |
| 3SG.F | túsais < tússastis ní·túsais < nīs tússasti |
sirmis < sirmistis ní·sirmis < nīs sirmisti |
as·tóċais < astósācostis ní·assaċais < nīs ástosācosti |
dor·ciḃis ní·deirpis |
| 3SG.N | túsá < tússasos ní·túsá < nīs tússaso |
sirmeo < sirmisos ní·sirmeo < nīs sirmiso |
as·tóċá < astósācosos ní·assaċá < nīs ástosācoso |
dor·ciḃeo ní·deirpeo |
| 1EX | túsmair < tússameris ní·túsmar < nīs tússamer |
sirmmir < sirmimeris ní·sirmmer < nīs sirmimeris |
as·tóċmar < astósācomeris ní·assaċmar < nīs ástosācomer |
dor·ciḃmer ní·deirpmer |
| 1IN | túsdair < tússanteris ní·túsdar < nīs tússanter |
sirmdir < sirminteris ní·sirmder < nīs sirminteris |
as·tóċdar < astósāconteris ní·assaċdar < nīs ástosāconter |
dor·ciḃder ní·deirpder |
| 2PL | tússcair < tússasceris ní·tússcar < nīs tússascer |
sirmscir < sirmisceris ní·sirmscer < nīs sirmisceris |
as·tóċscar < astósācosceris ní·assaċscar < nīs ástosācoscer |
dor·ciḃscer ní·deirpscer |
| 3PL | túsṫair < tússateris ní·túsṫar < nīs tússater |
sirmṫir < sirmiteris ní·sirmṫer < nīs sirmiteris |
as·tóċṫar < astósācoteris ní·assaċṫar < nīs ástosācoter |
dor·ciḃṫer ní·deirpṫer |
Present subjunctive
| Person | túsain "pray, request" (non-prefixed, non-ablauting) |
sormain '"find" (non-prefixed, ablauting) |
as·tóċan "prove" (prefixed, non-ablauting) |
dor·coḃ "tolerate" (prefixed, ablauting) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1SG | túsnaim < tússannemis ní·túsainn < nīs tússannem |
sirmnim < sirminnemis ní·sirminn < nīs sirminnem |
as·tóċainn < astósāconnemis ní·assaċainn < nīs ástosāconnem |
dor·ciḃinn ní·deirpinn |
| 2SG | túsaí < tússavȳs ní·túsaí < nīs tússavȳ |
sirmí < sirmivȳs ní·sirmí < nīs sirmivȳ |
as·tóċaí < astósācovȳs ní·assaċaí < nīs ástosācovȳ |
dor·ciḃí ní·deirpí |
| 3SG.M | túsaim < tússasmis ní·túsaim < nīs tússasmi |
sirmim < sirmismis ní·sirmim < nīs sirmismi |
as·tóċaim < astósācosmis ní·assaċaim < nīs ástosācosmi |
dor·ciḃim ní·deirpim |
| 3SG.F | túsais < tússastis ní·túsais < nīs tússasti |
sirmis < sirmistis ní·sirmis < nīs sirmisti |
as·tóċais < astósācostis ní·assaċais < nīs ástosācosti |
dor·ciḃis ní·deirpis |
| 3SG.N | túsá < tússasos ní·túsá < nīs tússaso |
sirmeo < sirmisos ní·sirmeo < nīs sirmiso |
as·tóċá < astósācosos ní·assaċá < nīs ástosācoso |
dor·ciḃeo ní·deirpeo |
| 1EX | túsmair < tússameris ní·túsmar < nīs tússamer |
sirmmir < sirmimeris ní·sirmmer < nīs sirmimeris |
as·tóċmar < astósācomeris ní·assaċmar < nīs ástosācomer |
dor·ciḃmer ní·deirpmer |
| 1IN | túsdair < tússanteris ní·túsdar < nīs tússanter |
sirmdir < sirminteris ní·sirmder < nīs sirminteris |
as·tóċdar < astósāconteris ní·assaċdar < nīs ástosāconter |
dor·ciḃder ní·deirpder |
| 2PL | tússcair < tússasceris ní·tússcar < nīs tússascer |
sirmscir < sirmisceris ní·sirmscer < nīs sirmisceris |
as·tóċscar < astósācosceris ní·assaċscar < nīs ástosācoscer |
dor·ciḃscer ní·deirpscer |
| 3PL | túsṫair < tússateris ní·túsṫar < nīs tússater |
sirmṫir < sirmiteris ní·sirmṫer < nīs sirmiteris |
as·tóċṫar < astósācoteris ní·assaċṫar < nīs ástosācoter |
dor·ciḃṫer ní·deirpṫer |
Past subjunctive
Combination of optative/future + preterite
| Person | túsain "pray, request" (non-prefixed, non-ablauting) |
sormain '"find" (non-prefixed, ablauting) |
as·tóċan "prove" (prefixed, non-ablauting) |
dor·coḃ "tolerate" (prefixed, ablauting) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1SG | túsnaim < tússannemis ní·túsainn < nīs tússannem |
sirmnim < sirminnemis ní·sirminn < nīs sirminnem |
as·tóċainn < astósāconnemis ní·assaċainn < nīs ástosāconnem |
dor·ciḃinn ní·deirpinn |
| 2SG | túsaí < tússavȳs ní·túsaí < nīs tússavȳ |
sirmí < sirmivȳs ní·sirmí < nīs sirmivȳ |
as·tóċaí < astósācovȳs ní·assaċaí < nīs ástosācovȳ |
dor·ciḃí ní·deirpí |
| 3SG.M | túsaim < tússasmis ní·túsaim < nīs tússasmi |
sirmim < sirmismis ní·sirmim < nīs sirmismi |
as·tóċaim < astósācosmis ní·assaċaim < nīs ástosācosmi |
dor·ciḃim ní·deirpim |
| 3SG.F | túsais < tússastis ní·túsais < nīs tússasti |
sirmis < sirmistis ní·sirmis < nīs sirmisti |
as·tóċais < astósācostis ní·assaċais < nīs ástosācosti |
dor·ciḃis ní·deirpis |
| 3SG.N | túsá < tússasos ní·túsá < nīs tússaso |
sirmeo < sirmisos ní·sirmeo < nīs sirmiso |
as·tóċá < astósācosos ní·assaċá < nīs ástosācoso |
dor·ciḃeo ní·deirpeo |
| 1EX | túsmair < tússameris ní·túsmar < nīs tússamer |
sirmmir < sirmimeris ní·sirmmer < nīs sirmimeris |
as·tóċmar < astósācomeris ní·assaċmar < nīs ástosācomer |
dor·ciḃmer ní·deirpmer |
| 1IN | túsdair < tússanteris ní·túsdar < nīs tússanter |
sirmdir < sirminteris ní·sirmder < nīs sirminteris |
as·tóċdar < astósāconteris ní·assaċdar < nīs ástosāconter |
dor·ciḃder ní·deirpder |
| 2PL | tússcair < tússasceris ní·tússcar < nīs tússascer |
sirmscir < sirmisceris ní·sirmscer < nīs sirmisceris |
as·tóċscar < astósācosceris ní·assaċscar < nīs ástosācoscer |
dor·ciḃscer ní·deirpscer |
| 3PL | túsṫair < tússateris ní·túsṫar < nīs tússater |
sirmṫir < sirmiteris ní·sirmṫer < nīs sirmiteris |
as·tóċṫar < astósācoteris ní·assaċṫar < nīs ástosācoter |
dor·ciḃṫer ní·deirpṫer |