Tigol/Morphology
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Old Tíogall is a highly inflected fusional language, much more so than modern Tíogall. Much of Proto-Talmic morphology survives in Old Tíogall. However, Old Tíogall is most notorious for its often unpredictable verbal allomorphy.
Nouns
Nouns fall into one of masculine, feminine and neuter genders and inflect for singular and plural numbers, inherited from the Thensarian singulative and plurative.
The definite article, inherited from the Thensarian demonstrative inom, is in for singular nouns and na for plural nouns; they trigger mutations based on gender.
Nouns are also inflected for construct state and take possessive suffixes, inherited from Thensarian.
Adjectives
Pronouns
Verb prefixes
Preverb prefixes
Object prefixes
Object prefixes are inherited from Proto-Quihum and are placed in a slot between preverbs and the stem.
Verb TAMs
Old Tíogall inherits many TAMs directly from Thensarian. In addition, Old Tíogall displays extensive verb allomorphy. Verbs can be grouped in two ways: non-prefixed and prefixed, and non-ablauting and ablauting. The verb tables below will use the following example verbs:
- Unprefixed, non-ablauting verbs: e.g. túsaiṁ /ˈtuːsai̯mʰ/ 'he prays', ní·tús /niːˈtuːs/ 'he does not pray' (modern tús)
- Unprefixed, ablauting verbs: e.g. soṁaiṁ /somʰai̯mʰ/ 'he finds (intransitive)', ní·soṁa /niːˈsomʰa/ 'he does not find' (modern somh)
- Prefixed, non-ablauting verbs: e.g. as·tóċ /asˈtoːkʰ/ 'he proves', ní·assaċ /niːˈasːakʰ/ 'he does not prove' (modern stóch)
- Prefixed ablauting verbs: e.g. dor·coḃ /dorˈkobʰ/ 'he tolerates' (< de-ar-cobymis 'at-on-bear'), ní·dérb /niːˈdeːrb/ 'he does not tolerate' (modern déarb)
In case where there is a preverb, the first syllable after the interpunct is stressed.
Present
| Person | túsain "pray, request" (non-prefixed, non-ablauting) |
soṁain '"find" (non-prefixed, ablauting) |
as·tóċan "prove" (prefixed, non-ablauting) |
dor·coḃ "tolerate" (prefixed, ablauting) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1SG | túsain < tússanis ní·tús < nīstússan |
soṁain < somynis ní·soṁ < nīssomyn |
as·tóċan < astósācon ní·assaċ < nīsástosācon |
dor·coḃ ní·dérb |
| 2SG | túsair < tússaris ní·túsar < nīstússar |
soṁair < somyris ní·soṁar < nīssomyr |
as·tóċar < astósācor ní·assaċar < nīsástosācor |
dor·coḃar ní·dérbar |
| 3SG.M | túsaiṁ < tússamis ní·tús < nīstússam |
soṁaiṁ < somymis ní·soṁ < nīssomym |
as·tóċ < astósācom ní·assaċ < nīsástosācom |
dor·coḃ ní·dérb |
| 3SG.F | túsaé < tússasis ní·túsaé < nīstússasi |
soṁaé < somysis ní·soṁaé < nīssomysi |
as·tóċaé < astósācosi ní·assaċ < nīsástosācosi |
dor·coḃaé ní·dérbaé |
| 3SG.N | tús < tússas ní·tús < nīstússa |
soiṁ < somis ní·soṁ < nīssomy |
as·tóċ < astósācos ní·assaċ < nīsástosāco |
dor·coḃ ní·dérb |
| 1EX | túsmae < tússamēs ní·túsaiṁ < nīstússamē |
sommae < somymēs ní·soṁaiṁ < nīssomymē |
as·tóċaiṁ < astósācomē ní·assaċaiṁ < nīsástosācomē |
dor·coḃaiṁ ní·dérbaiṁ |
| 1IN | túsait < tússantis ní·túsat < nīstússant |
soṁait < somyntis ní·soṁat < nīssomynt |
as·tóċat < astósācont ní·assaċat < nīsástosācont |
dor·coḃat ní·dérbat |
| 2PL | túsaisc < tússasces ní·túsaisc < nīstússasce |
soṁaisc < somysces ní·soṁasc < nīssomysce |
as·tóċaisc < astósācosce ní·assaċaisc < nīsástosācosce |
dor·coḃaisc ní·dérbaisc |
| 3PL | túsaiḋ < tússatis ní·túsaḋ < nīstússat |
soṁaiḋ < somytis ní·soṁaḋ < nīssomyt |
as·tóċaḋ < astósācot ní·assaċaḋ < nīsástosācot |
dor·coḃaḋ ní·dérbaḋ |
Imperfect
The imperfect is its own principal part, from reduplication in Thensarian.
| Person | túsain "pray, request" (non-prefixed, non-ablauting) |
soṁain '"find" (non-prefixed, ablauting) |
as·tóċan "prove" (prefixed, non-ablauting) |
dor·coḃ "tolerate" (prefixed, ablauting) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1SG | téussain < tétussanis ní·téuss < nīstétussan |
séṁain < sésomynis ní·séṁ < nīssésomyn |
as·tecc ní·astóċ |
dor·coġḃ ní·dercob |
| 2SG | téussair < tétussaris ní·téussar < nīstétussar |
séṁair < somyris ní·séṁar < nīssésomyr |
as·teccar ní·astóċar |
dor·coġḃar ní·dercobar |
| 3SG.M | téussaiṁ < tétussamis ní·téuss < nīstétussam |
séṁaiṁ < sésomymis ní·séṁ < nīssésomym |
as·tecc ní·astóċ |
dor·coġḃ ní·dercob |
| 3SG.F | téussaé < tétussasis ní·téussaé < nīstétussasi |
séṁaé < sésomysis ní·séṁaé < nīssésomysi |
as·teccaé ní·astóċaé |
dor·coġḃaé ní·dercobaé |
| 3SG.N | téuss < tétussas ní·téuss < nīstétussa |
séṁ < sésomis ní·séṁ < nīssésomy |
as·tecc ní·astóċ |
dor·coġḃ ní·dercob |
| 1EX | téussaiṁ < tétussamēs ní·téussaiṁ < nīstétussamē |
sémmae < sésomymēs ní·séṁaiṁ < nīssésomymē |
as·teccaiṁ ní·astóċaiṁ |
dor·coġḃaiṁ ní·dercobaiṁ |
| 1IN | téussait < tétussantis ní·téussat < nīstétussant |
séṁait < sésomyntis ní·séṁat < nīssésomynt |
as·teccat ní·astóċat |
dor·coġḃat ní·dercobat |
| 2PL | téussaisc < tétussasces ní·téussaisc < nīstétussasce |
séṁaisc < sésomysces ní·soṁasc < nīssésomysce |
as·teccaisc ní·astóċaisc |
dor·coġḃaisc ní·dercobaisc |
| 3PL | téussaiḋ < tétussatis ní·téussaḋ < nīstétussat |
séṁaiḋ < sésomytis ní·séṁaḋ < nīssésomyt |
as·teccaḋ ní·astóċaḋ |
dor·coġḃaḋ ní·dercobaḋ |
Preterite
| Person | túsain "pray, request" (non-prefixed, non-ablauting) |
soṁain '"find" (non-prefixed, ablauting) |
as·tóċan "prove" (prefixed, non-ablauting) |
dor·coḃ "tolerate" (prefixed, ablauting) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1SG | túsnaim < tússannemis ní·túsainn < nīstússannem |
siṁnim < siminnemis ní·siṁinn < nīssiminnem |
as·tóċainn < astósāconnem ní·assaċainn < nīsástosāconnem |
dor·ciḃinn ní·déirbinn |
| 2SG | túsaí < tússavȳs ní·túsaí < nīstússavȳ |
siṁí < simivȳs ní·siṁí < nīssimivȳ |
as·tóċaí < astósācovȳ ní·assaċaí < nīsástosācovȳ |
dor·ciḃí ní·déirbí |
| 3SG.M | túsaim < tússasmis ní·túsaim < nīstússasmi |
siṁim < simismis ní·siṁim < nīssimismi |
as·tóċaim < astósācosmi ní·assaċaim < nīsástosācosmi |
dor·ciḃim ní·déirbim |
| 3SG.F | túsais < tússastis ní·túsais < nīstússasti |
siṁis < simistis ní·siṁis < nīssimisti |
as·tóċais < astósācosti ní·assaċais < nīsástosācosti |
dor·ciḃis ní·déirbis |
| 3SG.N | túsá < tússasos ní·túsá < nīstússaso |
siṁeo < simisos ní·siṁeo < nīssimiso |
as·tóċá < astósācoso ní·assaċá < nīsástosācoso |
dor·ciḃeo ní·déirbeo |
| 1EX | túsmair < tússameris ní·túsmar < nīstússamer |
simmir < simimeris ní·simmer < nīssimimeris |
as·tóċmar < astósācomer ní·assaċmar < nīsástosācomer |
dor·ciḃmer ní·déirbmer |
| 1IN | túsdair < tússanteris ní·túsdar < nīstússanter |
siṁdir < siminteris ní·siṁder < nīssiminteris |
as·tóċdar < astósāconter ní·assaċdar < nīsástosāconter |
dor·ciḃder ní·déirbder |
| 2PL | tússcair < tússasceris ní·tússcar < nīstússascer |
siṁscir < simisceris ní·siṁscer < nīssimisceris |
as·tóċscar < astósācosceris ní·assaċscar < nīsástosācoscer |
dor·ciḃscer ní·déirbscer |
| 3PL | túsṫair < tússateris ní·túsṫar < nīstússater |
siṁṫir < simiteris ní·siṁṫer < nīssimiteris |
as·tóċṫar < astósācoter ní·assaċṫar < nīsástosācoter |
dor·ciḃṫer ní·déirbṫer |
Future
| Person | túsain "pray, request" (non-prefixed, non-ablauting) |
soṁain '"find" (non-prefixed, ablauting) |
as·tóċan "prove" (prefixed, non-ablauting) |
dor·coḃ "tolerate" (prefixed, ablauting) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1SG | túsṫain < tússatēnis ní·túsaiḋ < nīstússatēn |
sóitin < sontēnis ní·sóit < nīssontēn |
as·tóċtan ní·assaċt |
dor·coċtan ní·derċtan |
| 2SG | túsṫair < tússatēris ní·túsṫar < nīstússatēr |
sóitir < sontēris ní·sóiter < nīssontēr |
as·tóċtar ní·assaċtar |
dor·coċtar ní·derċtar |
| 3SG.M | túsṫaiṁ < tússatēmis ní·túsaiḋ < nīstússatēm |
sóitiṁ < sontēmis ní·sóit < nīssomym |
as·tóċt ní·assaċt |
dor·coċt ní·derċt |
| 3SG.F | túsṫaé < tússatēsis ní·túsṫaé < nīstússatēsi |
sóité < sontēsis ní·sóité < nīssomysi |
as·tóċtaé ní·assaċtaé |
dor·coċtaé ní·derċtaé |
| 3SG.N | túsaiḋ < tússatēs ní·túsaiḋ < nīstússatē |
sóit < sontēs ní·sóit < nīssontē |
as·tóċt ní·assaċt |
dor·coċt ní·derċt |
| 1EX | túsṫaiṁ < tússatēmēs túsṫaiṁ < nīstússatēmē |
sóitiṁ < sontēmēs ní·sóiteṁ < nīssontēm |
as·tóċtaiṁ ní·assaċtaiṁ |
dor·coċtaiṁ ní·derċtaiṁ |
| 1IN | túsṫait < tússatēntis ní·túsṫat < nīstússatēnt |
sóitit < sontēntis ní·sóitet < nīssontēnt |
as·tóċtat ní·assaċtat |
dor·coċtat ní·derċtat |
| 2PL | túsṫaisc < tússatēsces ní·túsṫaisc < nīstússatēsce |
sóitisc < sontēsces ní·sóitisc < nīssontēsce |
as·tóċtaisc ní·assaċtaisc |
dor·coċtaisc ní·derċtaisc |
| 3PL | túsṫaiḋ < tússatētis ní·túsṫaḋ < nīstússatēt |
sóitiḋ < sontētis ní·sóiteḋ < nīssontēt |
as·tóċtaḋ ní·assaċtaḋ |
dor·coċtaḋ ní·derċtaḋ |