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{{Infobox language
{{Infobox language
|image =
|creator = User:Iancgil
|imagesize =
|creator = [[User:iancgil|iancgil]]
|name = {{PAGENAME}}
|name = {{PAGENAME}}
|setting =
|nativename = Ináwah
|nativename = '''Ináwah''
|pronunciation=ʔi.ˈná.wah
|pronunciation=[ʔi.ˈná.wah]
|familycolor=conlang
|region =
|fam1= Proto-'Ináwah
|familycolor=
|scripts=* Tlatá Logography
|fam1=  
|fam2=
|fam3=
|famr= 'Ináwah
|iso3=
|script=Tlatá Logography
|notice=IPA
|notice=IPA
}}
}}


=Introduction=
'Ináwah {{IPA|[ʔi.ˈná.wah]}} is the language spoken by the people of 'Iná, the 'Inábe. It is an agglutinative tonal language inspired largely by the indigenous languages of the Americas such as Sioux, Navajo, Cherokee, Mohowk, Apache, and Mayan.
=Phonology=
=Phonology=
==Consonants==
==Consonants==
<table border='1' bgcolor='#efefef'>
 
<tr><th bgcolor='#cccccc'></th><th bgcolor='#cccccc'>Bilabial</th><th bgcolor='#cccccc'>Dental</th><th bgcolor='#cccccc'>Alveolar</th><th bgcolor='#cccccc'>Post Alveolar</th><th bgcolor='#cccccc'>Palatal</th><th bgcolor='#cccccc'>Velar</th><th bgcolor='#cccccc'>Glottal</th></tr>
{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
<tr><th bgcolor='#cccccc'>Plosive</th><td align=center> p b</td><td align=center>t d</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td align=center>k g</td><td align=center>ʔ</td></tr>
!colspan="2"|
<tr><th bgcolor='#cccccc'>Nasal</th><td align=center>m</td><td align=center>n</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr>
!'''Bilabial'''
<tr><th bgcolor='#cccccc'>Fricative</th><td></td><td></td><td align=center>s z</td><td align=center>ʃ</td><td></td><td align=center>ɣ</td><td align=center>h</td></tr>
!'''Dental'''
<tr><th bgcolor='#cccccc'>Lateral Fricative</th><td></td><td align=center>ɬ</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr>
!'''Alveolar'''
<tr><th bgcolor='#cccccc'>Approximant</th><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td align=center>j</td><td></td><td></td></tr>
!'''Post Alveolar'''
<tr><th bgcolor='#cccccc'>Lateral Approximant</th><td></td><td align=center>l</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr>
!'''Palatal'''
<tr><th bgcolor='#cccccc'>Affricate</th><td></td><td align=center>tɬ dɮ</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr>
!'''Velar'''
</table>
!'''Glottal'''
|-
!rowspan="2"|'''Plosive'''
!voicless
|'''p''' /p/
|'''t''' /t/
|
|
|
|'''k''' /k/
|<b>'</b> /ʔ/
|-
!voiced
|'''b''' /b/
|'''d''' /d/
|
|
|
|'''g''' /g/
|
|-
!colspan="2"|'''Nasal'''
|'''m''' /m/
|'''n''' /n/
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!rowspan="2"|'''Fricative'''
!voiceless
|
|
|'''s''' /s/
|'''sh''' /ʃ/
|
|
|'''h''' /h/
|-
!voiced
|
|
|'''z''' /z/
|
|
|'''gh''' /ɣ/
|
|-
!colspan="2"|'''Lateral Fricative'''
|
|'''lh''' /ɬ/
|
|
|
|
|
|-
!colspan="2"|'''Approximant'''
|
|
|
|
|'''y''' /j/
|
|
|-
!colspan="2"|'''Lateral Approximant'''
|
|
|'''l''' /l/
|
|
|
|
|-
!rowspan="2"|'''Affricate'''
!voiceless
|
|
|'''tl''' /tɬ/
|
|
|
|
|-
!voiced
|
|
|'''dl''' /dɮ/
|
|
|
|
|}


==Vowels==
==Vowels==
Line 40: Line 128:
|-
|-
!'''Close'''
!'''Close'''
|i
|'''i''' /i/
|u
|'''u''' /u/
|uj
|'''uy''' /uj/
|-
|-
!'''Close-Mid'''
!'''Close-Mid'''
|e
|'''e''' /e/
|
|
|ej
|'''ey''' /ej/
|-
|-
!'''Open'''
!'''Open'''
|a
|'''a''' /a/
|
|
|aj
|'''ay''' /aj/
|}
|}


==Tones==
==Tones==
'Ináwah technically only has two tones (high and neutral), but adjacent, identical vowels with contrasting tones may produce rising or falling tones with long vowel length in lax speech. A high tone is the marked tone and is denoted in romanization by an acute acent above the vowel and by a bar in native orthography.
'Ináwah technically only has two tones (high and neutral), but adjacent, identical vowels with contrasting tones may produce rising or falling tones with long vowel length in lax speech. A high tone is the marked tone and is denoted in romanization by an acute acent.<br><br>
''Examples:''<br>
niʔí > nǐː<br>
nasúʔubá > nasûːubá


==Phonotactics==
==Phonotactics==
Line 74: Line 165:


=Orthography=
=Orthography=
==Romanization==
The main orthography of 'Ináwah is the Tlatá logography, but later 'Inábe created and used the Súdu syllabary often along with Tlatá.
Most sounds are represented with the IPA equivalent except for a few mentioned here.


<table border='1' bgcolor='#efefef'>
==Tlatá Logography==
<tr><th bgcolor='#cccccc'>IPA</th><th bgcolor='#cccccc'>Romanization</th></tr>
The [https://linguifex.com/wiki/Tlat%C3%A1_Logography Tlatá Logography] is the primary writing system used for 'Ináwah.
<tr><td align=center>ʔ</td><td align=center>'</td></tr>
<tr><td align=center>ɬ</td><td align=center>lh</td></tr>
<tr><td align=center>tɬ</td><td align=center>tl</td></tr>
<tr><td align=center>dɮ</td><td align=center>dl</td></tr>
<tr><td align=center>j</td><td align=center>y</td></tr>
</table>


==Other Orthographies==
==Súdu Syllabary==
*Tlatá Logography
*Súdu Syllabary


=Morphology=
=Morphology=
==Verbs==
==Verbs==
Verbs play a large role in 'Ináwah and can often compose the entire sentence.They are marked for negation, person, number, tense, and mood/mode.
===Structure of the Verb===
===Structure of the Verb===
(negation) + (nominal prefix) + [stem] + (tense) + (mood)
(negation) + (nominal prefix) + [stem] + (tense) + (mood)
Line 97: Line 181:
===Pronominal Prefixes===
===Pronominal Prefixes===
Pronominal prefixes are required for all verbs that are not infinitives.  
Pronominal prefixes are required for all verbs that are not infinitives.  
====First Person====
'''First Person'''
<table border='1' bgcolor='#efefef'>
 
<tr><th bgcolor='#cccccc'>Number</th><th bgcolor='#cccccc'>Prefix</th><th bgcolor='#cccccc'>'Ináwah Example</th><th bgcolor='#cccccc'>English</th></tr>
{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
<tr><td>Singular</td><td align=center>pe-</td><td align=center><b>pe</b>mu</td><td align=center>I walk.</td></tr>
!'''Number'''
<tr><td>Dual Inclusive</td><td align=center>peyé-</td><td align=center><b>peyé</b>mu</td><td align=center>We both walk.</td></tr>
!'''Prefix'''
<tr><td>Dual Exclusive</td><td align=center>'ipeyé-</td><td align=center><b>'ipeyé</b>mu</td><td align=center>We both walk, but not you.</td></tr>
!''''Ináwah Example'''
<tr><td>Plural Inclusive</td><td align=center>té-</td><td align=center><b>té</b>mu</td><td align=center>We all walk.</td></tr>
!'''English'''
<tr><td>Plural Exclusive</td><td align=center>'ité-</td><td align=center><b>'ité</b>mu</td><td align=center>We all walk, but not you.</td></tr>
|-
</table>
|'''Singular'''
|pe-
|<b>pe</b>mu
|I walk.
|-
|'''Dual Inclusive'''
|peyé-
|<b>peyé</b>mu
|We both walk.
|-
|'''Dual Exclusive'''
|ipeyé-
|<b>ipeyé</b>mu
|We both walk, but not you.
|-
|'''Plural Inclusive'''
|té-
|<b>té</b>mu
|We all walk.
|-
|'''Plural Exclusive'''
|ité-
|<b>ité</b>mu
|We all walk, but not you
|}
 
'''Second Person'''
 
{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Number'''
!'''Prefix'''
!''''Ináwah Example'''
!'''English'''
|-
|'''Singular'''
|wa-
|<b>wa</b>mu
|You walk.
|-
|'''Dual'''
|wayé-
|<b>wayé</b>mu
|You both walk.
|-
|'''Plural'''
|'iwa-
|<b>iwa</b>mu
|You all walk.
|}
 
'''Third Person'''


====Second Person====
{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
<table border='1' bgcolor='#efefef'>
!'''Number'''
<tr><th bgcolor='#cccccc'>Number</th><th bgcolor='#cccccc'>Prefix</th><th bgcolor='#cccccc'>'Ináwah Example</th><th bgcolor='#cccccc'>English</th></tr>
!'''Prefix'''
<tr><td>Singular</td> <td align=center>wa-</td><td align=center><b>wa</b>mu</td><td align=center>You walk.</td></tr>
!''''Ináwah Example'''
<tr><td>Dual</td>    <td align=center>wayé-</td><td align=center><b>wayé</b>mu</td><td align=center>You both walk.</td></tr>
!'''English'''
<tr><td>Plural</td>  <td align=center>'iwa-</td><td align=center><b>'iwa</b>mu</td><td align=center>You all walk.</td></tr>
|-
</table>
|'''Singular'''
====Third Person====
|ma-
<table border='1' bgcolor='#efefef'>
|<b>ma</b>mu
<tr><th bgcolor='#cccccc'>Number</th><th bgcolor='#cccccc'>Prefix</th><th bgcolor='#cccccc'>'Ináwah Example</th><th bgcolor='#cccccc'>English</th></tr>
|He, she, it walks.
<tr><td>Singular</td> <td align=center>ma-</td><td align=center><b>ma</b>mu</td><td align=center>He, she, it walks.</td></tr>
|-
<tr><td>Dual</td>    <td align=center>mayé-</td><td align=center><b>mayé</b>mu</td><td align=center>They both walk.</td></tr>
|'''Dual'''
<tr><td>Plural</td>  <td align=center>'ima-</td><td align=center><b>'ima</b>mu</td><td align=center>They all walk.</td></tr>
|mayé-
</table>
|<b>mayé</b>mu
|They both walk.
|-
|'''Plural'''
|'ima-
|<b>ima</b>mu
|They all walk.
|}


===Tense===
===Tense===
<table border='1' bgcolor='#efefef'>
 
<tr><th bgcolor='#cccccc'>Tense</th><th bgcolor='#cccccc'>Suffix</th><th bgcolor='#cccccc'>'Ináwah Example</th><th bgcolor='#cccccc'>English</th></tr>
{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
<tr><td align=center>Present</td><td align=center>n/a</td><td align=center>pemu</td><td align=center>I walk.</td></tr>
!'''Tense'''
<tr><td align=center>Imperfect</td><td align=center>-shú</td><td align=center>pemu<b>shú</b></td><td align=center>I was walking/I would walk.</td></tr>
!'''Suffix'''
<tr><td align=center>Simple Past</td><td align=center>-she</td><td align=center>pemu<b>she</b></td><td align=center>I walked/I had walked.</td></tr>
!''''Ináwah Example'''
<tr><td align=center>Progressive</td><td align=center>-weh</td><td align=center>pemu<b>weh</b></td><td align=center>I am walking.</td></tr>
!'''English'''
<tr><td align=center>Near Future</td><td align=center>-hu</td><td align=center>pemu<b>hu</b></td><td align=center>I am about to walk.</td></tr>
|-
<tr><td align=center>Future</td><td align=center>-tlí</td><td align=center>pemu<b>tlí</b></td><td align=center>I will walk.</td></tr>
|'''Present'''
</table>
|n/a
|pemu
|I walk.
|-
|'''Imperfect'''
| -shú
|pemu<b>shú</b>
|I was walking/I would walk (before).
|-
|'''Simple Past'''
| -she
|pemu<b>she</b>
|I walked/I had walked.
|-
|'''Progressive'''
| -weh
|pemu<b>weh</b>
|I am walking.
|-
|'''Near Future'''
| -hu
|pemu<b>hu</b>
|I am about to walk.
|-
|'''Future'''
| -tlí
|pemu<b>tlí</b>
|I will walk.
|}


===Negation===
===Negation===
<table border='1' bgcolor='#efefef'>
 
<tr><th bgcolor='#cccccc'>Negation</th><th bgcolor='#cccccc'>Prefix</th><th bgcolor='#cccccc'>'Ináwah Example</th><th bgcolor='#cccccc'>English</th></tr>
{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
<tr><td align=center>Simple Negation</td><td align=center>ba-</td><td align=center><b>ba</b>kemu</td><td align=center>I don't walk.</td></tr>
!'''Negation'''
<tr><td align=center>Double Negation</td><td align=center>'úba-, ba'úba-, 'úba'úba-, …</td><td align=center><b>'úba</b>kemu</td> <td align=center>I don't not walk.</td></tr>
!'''Prefix'''
<tr><td align=center>Intensified Negation</td><td align=center>ba+ba-, …</td><td align=center><b>baba</b>kemu</td> <td align=center>I definitely don't walk.</td></tr>
!''''Ináwah Example'''
</table>
!'''English'''
|-
|'''Simple Negation'''
|ba-
|<b>ba</b>kemu
|I don't walk.
|-
|'''Double Negation'''
|'úba-, ba'úba-, 'úba'úba-, …
|<b>'úba</b>kemu
|I don't not walk.
|-
|'''Reduplication Negation'''
|ba+ba-, …
|<b>baba</b>kemu
|I definitely don't walk.
|}


===Mood and Mode===
===Mood and Mode===
<table border='1' bgcolor='#efefef'>
 
<tr><th bgcolor='#cccccc'>Mood/Mode</th><th bgcolor='#cccccc'>Suffix</th><th bgcolor='#cccccc'>'Ináwah Example</th><th bgcolor='#cccccc'>English</th></tr>
{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
<tr><td align=center>Indicative</td><td align=center>n/a</td><td align=center>wamu</td><td align=center>You walk.</td></tr>
!'''Mood/Mode'''
<tr><td align=center>Interrogative</td><td align=center>-su</td><td align=center>wamushe<b>su</b></td><td align=center>Did you walk?</td></tr>
!'''Suffix'''
<tr><td align=center>Imperative</td><td align=center>-'alé</td><td align=center>wamu<b>'alé</b></td><td align=center>(You) walk.</td></tr>
!''''Ináwah Example'''
<tr><td align=center>Jussive</td><td align=center>-sú'é</td><td align=center>'imamu<b>sú'é</b></td><td align=center>They should walk.</td></tr>
!'''English'''
<tr><td align=center>Potential</td><td align=center>-bu</td><td align=center>pemu<b>bu</b></td><td align=center>I could walk.</td></tr>
|-
<tr><td align=center>Hypothetical</td><td align=center>-wi</td><td align=center>wamushe<b>wi</b></td><td align=center>You could have walked. (it was possible)</td></tr>
|'''Indicative'''
<tr><td align=center>Possibility</td><td align=center>-ga</td><td align=center>wamu<b>ga</b></td><td align=center>You might walk.</td></tr>
|n/a
<tr><td align=center>Opative</td><td align=center>-'ubá</td><td align=center>wamu<b>'ubá</b></td><td align=center>You want/wish to walk.</td></tr>
|wamu
</table>
|You walk.
|-
|'''Interrogative'''
| -su
|wamushe<b>su</b>
|Did you walk?
|-
|'''Imperative'''
| -'alé
|wamu<b>'alé</b>
|You must/should walk. (command)
|-
|'''Jussive'''
| -sú'é
|'imamu<b>sú'é</b>
|They must/should walk. (command)
|-
|'''Potential'''
| -bu
|pemu<b>bu</b>
|I could walk.
|-
|'''Hypothetical'''
| -wi
|wamushe<b>wi</b>
|If you could have walked...
|-
|'''Possibility'''
| -ga
|wamu<b>ga</b>
|You might walk.
|-
|'''Opative'''
| -'ubá
|wamu<b>'ubá</b>
|You want/wish to walk.
|}


==Nouns==
==Nouns==
Line 161: Line 382:
===Pronouns===
===Pronouns===
'Ináwah pronouns are formed by using pronominal prefixes attached to the noun "be" meaning "person" or "self". If the subject is a pronoun it is omitted since the prenominal prefix attached to the verb is required. In the case that the verb is reflexive, a pronoun will be used and will be understood as the object and not the subject of the sentence.
'Ináwah pronouns are formed by using pronominal prefixes attached to the noun "be" meaning "person" or "self". If the subject is a pronoun it is omitted since the prenominal prefix attached to the verb is required. In the case that the verb is reflexive, a pronoun will be used and will be understood as the object and not the subject of the sentence.
====First Person====
 
<table border='1' bgcolor='#efefef'>
 
<tr><th bgcolor='#cccccc'>Number</th><th bgcolor='#cccccc'>Prefix</th><th bgcolor='#cccccc'>'Ináwah Example</th><th bgcolor='#cccccc'>English</th></tr>
{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
<tr><td>Singular</td><td align=center>pe-</td><td align=center><b>pe</b>be</td><td align=center>I</td></tr>
!'''Number'''
<tr><td>Dual Inclusive</td><td align=center>peyé-</td><td align=center><b>peyé</b>be</td><td align=center>We both</td></tr>
!'''Prefix'''
<tr><td>Dual Exclusive</td><td align=center>'ipeyé-</td><td align=center><b>'ipeyé</b>be</td><td align=center>We both, but not you</td></tr>
!''''Ináwah Example'''
<tr><td>Plural Inclusive</td><td align=center>té-</td><td align=center><b>té</b>be</td><td align=center>We all</td></tr>
!'''English'''
<tr><td>Plural Exclusive</td><td align=center>'ité-</td><td align=center><b>'ité</b>be</td><td align=center>We all, but not you</td></tr>
|-
</table>
|'''Singlular'''
|pe-
|<b>pe</b>be
|I
|-
|'''Dual Inclusive'''
|peyé-
|<b>peyé</b>be
|We both
|-
|'''Dual Exclusive'''
|ipeyé-
|<b>ipeyé</b>be
|We both, but not you
|-
|'''Plural Inclusive'''
|té-
|<b>té</b>be
|We all
|-
|'''Plural Exclusive'''
|ité-
|<b>ité</b>be
|We all, but not you
|}


====Second Person====
====Second Person====
<table border='1' bgcolor='#efefef'>
 
<tr><th bgcolor='#cccccc'>Number</th><th bgcolor='#cccccc'>Prefix</th><th bgcolor='#cccccc'>'Ináwah Example</th><th bgcolor='#cccccc'>English</th></tr>
{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
<tr><td>Singular</td> <td align=center>wa-</td><td align=center><b>wa</b>be</td><td align=center>You</td></tr>
!'''Number'''
<tr><td>Dual</td>    <td align=center>wayé-</td><td align=center><b>wayé</b>be</td><td align=center>You both</td></tr>
!'''Prefix'''
<tr><td>Plural</td>  <td align=center>'iwa-</td><td align=center><b>'iwa</b>be</td><td align=center>You all</td></tr>
!''''Ináwah Example'''
</table>
!'''English'''
|-
|'''Singular'''
|wa-
|<b>wa</b>be
|You
|-
|'''Dual'''
|wayé-
|<b>wayé</b>be
|You both
|-
|'''Plural'''
|iwa-
|<b>iwa</b>be
|You all
|}
 
====Third Person====
====Third Person====
<table border='1' bgcolor='#efefef'>
 
<tr><th bgcolor='#cccccc'>Number</th><th bgcolor='#cccccc'>Prefix</th><th bgcolor='#cccccc'>'Ináwah Example</th><th bgcolor='#cccccc'>English</th></tr>
{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
<tr><td>Singular</td> <td align=center>ma-</td><td align=center><b>ma</b>be</td><td align=center>He, she, it</td></tr>
!'''Number'''
<tr><td>Dual</td>    <td align=center>mayé-</td><td align=center><b>mayé</b>be</td><td align=center>They both</td></tr>
!'''Prefix'''
<tr><td>Plural</td>  <td align=center>'ima-</td><td align=center><b>'ima</b>be</td><td align=center>They all</td></tr>
!''''Ináwah Example'''
</table>
!'''English'''
|-
|'''Singular'''
|ma-
|<b>ma</b>be
|He, she, it
|-
|'''Dual'''
|mayé-
|<b>mayé</b>be
|They both
|-
|'''Plural'''
|ima-
|<b>ima</b>be
|They all
|}


==Postpositions==
==Postpositions==
<table border='1' bgcolor='#efefef'>
 
<tr><th bgcolor='#cccccc'>Postposition</th><th bgcolor='#cccccc'>'Ináwah Example</th><th bgcolor='#cccccc'>Example</th></tr>
{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
<tr><td align=center>sa'á</td><td align=center>shali <b>sa'á</b></td><td align=center>in the dwelling</td></tr>
!'''Postposition'''
<tr><td align=center>'uni</td><td align=center>shali <b>'uni</b></td><td align=center>outside the dwelling</td></tr>
!''''Ináwah Example'''
<tr><td align=center>té</td><td align=center>shali <b>té</b></td><td align=center>of the dwelling</td></tr>
!'''English'''
<tr><td align=center>lhú</td><td align=center>wabe <b>lhú</b></td><td align=center>with you</td></tr>
|-
<tr><td align=center>se</td><td align=center>shali <b>se</b></td><td align=center>at the dwelling</td></tr>
|sa'á
<tr><td align=center>gí</td><td align=center>'éwa <b>gí</b></td><td align=center>with a hand, by means of a hand</td></tr>
|shali <b>sa'á</b>
<tr><td align=center>la</td><td align=center>suné <b>la</b></td><td align=center>as/like a cat</td></tr>
|in the dwelling
<tr><td align=center>hí</td><td align=center>shali <b>hí</b></td><td align=center>to the dwelling</td></tr>
|-
</table>
|'uni
|shali <b>'uni</b>
|outside the dwelling
|-
|té
|shali <b>té</b>
|of the dwelling
|-
|lhú
|wabe <b>lhú</b>
|with you
|-
|se
|shali <b>se</b>
|at the dwelling
|-
|gí
|'éwa <b>gí</b>
|with a hand, by means of a hand
|-
|la
|suné <b>la</b>
|as/like a cat
|-
|hí
|shali <b>hí</b>
|to the dwelling
|}


==Conjunctions==
==Conjunctions==
*nasha - that, so, in order to
*su'í - and
==Interfixes==
==Interfixes==


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=Sample Texts=
=Sample Texts=
Ídu yáwah té masi lahás ma'ú té.<br>
''The knowledge of the Creator is the most noble.''<br>
Shéna wayadú'í'alé nasha kikí wayadú'í.<br>
''You must receive pain to receive benefit.''<br>
[[Category: Languages]][[Category: A priori]][[Category: 'Ináwah]][[Category: Nominative-accusative languages]]
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