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{{Private}}
{{Infobox language
{{Infobox language
|name = Aarlaansc
|name = Aarlaansc
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|iso3 = aak
|iso3 = aak
|script        = [[w:Latin script|Latin script]]
|script        = [[w:Latin script|Latin script]]
|agency        = Accademie a d-Aarlaansc Leng (Aarlaansk Language Accademy)
|agency        = Academie a d-Aarlaansc Leng (Aarlaansk Language Accademy)
}}
}}


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==Alphabet==
==Alphabet==


The Aarlaansc alphabet contains 22 letters and 2 digraphs that are considered distinct letters:
The Aarlaansc alphabet contains 21 letters and 2 digraphs that are considered distinct letters:


{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
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|-
|-
|s
|s
|[s]
|[s] / [z]
| -
|if a word starts with 's' + vowel, the 's' is read as [z], between vowels it is read [z], when followed or preceded by a consonant and in the end of words it is read [s]
|-
|-
|t
|t
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|w
|w
|[v]
|[v]
|at the end of a word, after a vowel, it is pronounced [u̯] and it forms diphthong, f.ex.: ''iw'', "that", ['iu̯]
| -
|-
|-
|x
|x
|[ʃ]
|[ʃ]
| -
|-
|z
|[z]
| -
| -
|}
|}


When voiced consonants are found in final position, they are devoiced and become voiceless. The ''z'' and ''v'' can be pronounced respectively [s] and [f] when at the beginning of a word, this pronounciation is not compulsory and is rather dialectal, though.
When voiced consonants are found in final position, they are devoiced and become voiceless.


===Vowels===
===Vowels===


The vocalic phonemes of Aarlaansk are the following:
The vocalic phonemes of Aarlaansc are the following:


{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
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===Diphthongs, false diphthongs and vowel length===
===Diphthongs, false diphthongs and vowel length===


In Aarlaansk there are only three diphthongs:
In Aarlaansc there are only three diphthongs:


* ''ei'' [ɛi̯] > [ə];
* ''ei'' [ɛi̯] > [ə];
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* ''oe'' [u:].  
* ''oe'' [u:].  


The diphthongs, the false diphthongs and the letter ''ij'' are always long in Aarlaansk, while the letter ''i'' is always short. The letters ''a'', ''e'', ''o'', and ''u'' can be both short and long, instead. To indicate the vowel length of these four vowels, this language uses a special system that is based on the kind of syllables.
The diphthongs, the false diphthongs and the letter ''ij'' are always long in Aarlaansc, while the letter ''i'' is always short. The letters ''a'', ''e'', ''o'', and ''u'' can be both short and long, instead. To indicate the vowel length of these four vowels, this language uses a special system that is based on the kind of syllables.


There are two kind of syllables: they can be both open and closed. A syllable is open when it ends with a vowel (so ''ma'', ''te'', ''ko'', ''su'' are all open syllables); a syllable is closed when it ends with a consonant (so ''mat'', ''tek'', ''kos'', ''sum'' are all closed syllables).
There are two kind of syllables: they can be both open and closed. A syllable is open when it ends with a vowel (so ''ma'', ''te'', ''ko'', ''su'' are all open syllables); a syllable is closed when it ends with a consonant (so ''mat'', ''tek'', ''kos'', ''sum'' are all closed syllables).
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* ''hooj'', "today", is read ['ho:i̯], ''o'' is long;
* ''hooj'', "today", is read ['ho:i̯], ''o'' is long;
* ''raj'', "ray", is read ['rɑi̯], ''a'' is short.
* ''raj'', "ray", is read ['ʀɑi̯], ''a'' is short.


There are also words whose pronunciation is tricky: how is the word ''deeuw'', "god", pronounced? Either as ['de:ɶu̯] or as ['dεø:u̯]? Do the vowels ''e'' and ''u'' form a diphthong or a hiatus? In such cases it is used a dieresis to help the reader. The dieresis indicates that the following vowel doesn't form a diphthong, f.ex. the word ''deeuw'' is written ''dëeuw'': the dieresis indicates that the second ''e'' isn't part of a long ''e'', but it is part of the diphthong ''eu'', thus ''dëeuw'' is read as ['dεø:u̯].
There are also words whose pronunciation is tricky: how is the word ''deeuw'', "god", pronounced? Either as ['de:ɶu̯] or as ['dεø:u̯]? Do the vowels ''e'' and ''u'' form a diphthong or a hiatus? In such cases it is used a dieresis to help the reader. The dieresis indicates that the following vowel doesn't form a diphthong, f.ex. the word ''deeuw'' is written ''dëeuw'': the dieresis indicates that the second ''e'' isn't part of a long ''e'', but it is part of the diphthong ''eu'', thus ''dëeuw'' is read as ['dεø:u̯].
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|wolf
|wolf
|-
|-
|zoew
|soel
|zoe'''l'''s
|soels
|common
|common
|sun
|sun
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|light
|light
|-
|-
|eurquew
|eurquel
|eurque'''l'''s
|eurquels
|neuter
|neuter
|ear
|ear
|-
|-
|couw
|coul
|cou'''l'''s
|couls
|common
|common
|horse
|horse
|-
|-
|stiew
|stiel
|stie'''l'''s
|stiels
|common
|common
|star
|star
|-
|-
|zilf
|silf
|zilfs
|silfs
|common
|common
|wood, forest
|wood, forest
|-
|-
|vijw
|vijl
|vij'''l'''s
|vijls
|common
|common
|son
|son
|-
|-
|veilew
|veilel
|veile'''l'''s
|veilels
|common
|common
|daughter
|daughter
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|time
|time
|-
|-
|zier
|sier
|ziers
|siers
|common
|common
|lord
|lord
|-
|-
|zierew
|sierel
|ziere'''l'''s
|sierels
|common
|common
|lady
|lady
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|brother
|brother
|-
|-
|zoer
|soer
|zoers
|soers
|common
|common
|sister
|sister
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|gold
|gold
|-
|-
|queew
|queel
|quee'''l'''s
|queels
|common
|common
|sky
|sky
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|-
|-
|ouw
|ouw
|ouws (!)
|ouws
|common
|common
|bird
|bird
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|master, male teacher
|master, male teacher
|-
|-
|meistrew
|meistrel
|meistre'''l'''s
|meistrels
|common
|common
|mistress, female teacher
|mistress, female teacher
|}
|}
Usually the words ending with '''vowel + -w''' turn this ''w'' into ''l'' in the plural form. This happens almost always, though there are some exceptions, f.ex.: ''ouw'' > ''ouws''.


==Articles==
==Articles==
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* ''Goun oor'' - Yellow gold;
* ''Goun oor'' - Yellow gold;
* ''Hoe goun oor'' - The yellow gold;
* ''Hoe goun oor'' - The yellow gold;
* ''Hijs cats zunt goun'' - The cats are yellow.
* ''Hijs cats sunt goun'' - The cats are yellow.


===Comparative and superlative===
===Comparative and superlative===
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The lower degree comparative is formed with the pattern ''min + adjective + ca + 2nd term'' (in the same case of the first, if it is a pronoun), ex.:
The lower degree comparative is formed with the pattern ''min + adjective + ca + 2nd term'' (in the same case of the first, if it is a pronoun), ex.:


* ''Noes zunt min nit ca toe'' - We are less beautiful than you.  
* ''Noes sunt min nit ca toe'' - We are less beautiful than you.  


The same degree comparative is formed with the pattern ''tan + adjective + cant + 2nd term'' (in the same case of the first, if it is a pronoun), ex.:
The same degree comparative is formed with the pattern ''tan + adjective + cant + 2nd term'' (in the same case of the first, if it is a pronoun), ex.:


* ''Noes zunt tan nit cant toe'' - We are as beautiful as you.  
* ''Noes sunt tan nit cant toe'' - We are as beautiful as you.  


The higher degree comparative is formed with the pattern ''pluis + adjective + ca + 2nd term'' (in the same case of the first, if it is a pronouns), ex.:
The higher degree comparative is formed with the pattern ''pluis + adjective + ca + 2nd term'' (in the same case of the first, if it is a pronouns), ex.:


* ''Noes zunt pluis nit ca toe'' - We are more beautiful than you.  
* ''Noes sunt pluis nit ca toe'' - We are more beautiful than you.  


The superlative is formed with the pattern ''wou(d) + adjective'', ex.: ''Toe es woud nit'' - You are very beautiful.
The superlative is formed with the pattern ''wou(d) + adjective'', ex.: ''Toe es woud nit'' - You are very beautiful.
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* ''Toe es hij pluis nit a/i hij ouvjoen'' - You are the most beautiful in the world.  
* ''Toe es hij pluis nit a/i hij ouvjoen'' - You are the most beautiful in the world.  


Some adjectives: ''coud'' (hot), ''vrijgt'' (cold), ''zimpel'' (simple), ''vacquel'' (easy), ''veed'' (ugly), ''zacraat'' (sacred), ''vroec'' (fierce), ''cruüiel'' (cruel).
Some adjectives: ''coud'' (hot), ''vrijgt'' (cold), ''simpel'' (simple), ''vacquel'' (easy), ''veed'' (ugly), ''sacraat'' (sacred), ''vroec'' (fierce), ''cruüiel'' (cruel).


=== Numerals ===
=== Numerals ===
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!2
!2
|dij
|dij
|zeccunt
|seccunt
!3
!3
|tries
|tries
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|-
|-
!6
!6
|zes
|ses
|zest
|sest
!7
!7
|zeft
|seft
|zeften
|seften
|-
|-
!8
!8
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|-
|-
!16
!16
|zedic
|sedic
|zediquen
|sediquen
!17
!17
|zeftendic
|seftendic
|zeftendiquen
|seftendiquen
|-
|-
!18
!18
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!22
!22
|wijnt-ap-dij
|wijnt-ap-dij
|wijnt-ap-zeccunt
|wijnt-ap-seccunt
!30
!30
|trijnt
|trijnt
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|cveincages
|cveincages
!60
!60
|zessaant
|sessaant
|zessages
|sessages
|-
|-
!70
!70
|zeftaant
|seftaant
|zeftages
|seftages
!80
!80
|ogtoent
|ogtoent
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|cveingentes
|cveingentes
!600
!600
|zesquent
|sesquent
|zesquentes
|sesquentes
|-
|-
!700
!700
|zeftengent
|seftengent
|zeftengentes
|seftengentes
!800
!800
|ogtengent
|ogtengent
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|noengentes
|noengentes
!1000
!1000
|miw
|mil
|miles
|miles
|}
|}
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|im
|im
|iem
|iem
|ze
|se
|ziec
|siec
|-
|-
!'''she'''
!'''she'''
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|em
|em
|eem
|eem
|ze
|se
|ziec
|siec
|-
|-
!'''it'''
!'''it'''
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|id
|id
|id
|id
|ze
|se
|ziec
|siec
|-
|-
!'''we'''
!'''we'''
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|es
|es
|ees
|ees
|ze
|se
|ziec
|siec
|}
|}


The unstressed accusative form precedes the verb, while the stressed one follows it (except when the pronoun is linked to the verbs in infinitive and imperative). The stressed forms are used after prepositions or to emphasize complements.The pronouns
The unstressed accusative form precedes the verb, while the stressed one follows it (except when the pronoun is linked to the verbs in infinitive and imperative). The stressed forms are used after prepositions or to emphasize complements.The pronouns
The ''comitative'' forms represent the locution ''with + pronouns''.
The ''comitative'' forms represent the locution ''with + pronouns''.
The ''e'' in the pronouns ''me'', ''te'', ''ze'', ''le'', ''em'', ''ne'', ''we'', ''es'' is read as [ə]. This is the main difference between ''es'' [əs], "them", and ''es'' [εs], "you are" / "he is".
The ''e'' in the pronouns ''me'', ''te'', ''se'', ''le'', ''em'', ''ne'', ''we'', ''es'' is read as [ə]. This is the main difference between ''es'' [əs], "them", and ''es'' [εs], "you are" / "he is".
The pronoun ''toe'' becomes ''oe'' when follows the verb in questions.
The pronoun ''toe'' becomes ''oe'' when follows the verb in questions.
The pronoun ''woes'' has got two distinct form: ''woes/we/wuusc'' and ''u/u/usc''. These forms are not interchangeable, as the form ''u'' is used as polite form. The reflexive of this form is however still ''we''.
The pronoun ''woes'' has got two distinct form: ''woes/we/wuusc'' and ''u/u/usc''. These forms are not interchangeable, as the form ''u'' is used as polite form. The reflexive of this form is however still ''we''.
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* ''Toe wijdt im'' - You see him.
* ''Toe wijdt im'' - You see him.
* ''Eg ood im, hood tie'' - I hear him, not you.
* ''Eg ood im, hood tie'' - I hear him, not you.
* ''Eg zom tiec'' - I am with you.
* ''Eg som tiec'' - I am with you.
* ''Is dijct id ar noes'' - He says it to us.
* ''Is dijct id ar noes'' - He says it to us.
* ''Noes ne loun'' - We wash (ourselves).
* ''Noes ne loun'' - We wash (ourselves).
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!'''Plural'''
!'''Plural'''
|-
|-
|colspan="2"|iw
|colspan="2"|il
|ils
|ils
|}
|}
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Ex.:
Ex.:


* ''Iw cat es nit'' - That cat is cute;
* ''Il cat es nit'' - That cat is cute;
* ''Iw liver es hij tuis'' - That book is yours;
* ''Il liver es hij tuis'' - That book is yours;
* ''Eg wol iste awouw'' - I want this apple.
* ''Eg wol iste awoul'' - I want this apple.


===Indefinites===
===Indefinites===
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Some examples:
Some examples:


* ''Hij zier qui eg noesc es bon.'' - The man who(m) I know is gentle.
* ''Hij sier qui eg noesc es bon.'' - The man who(m) I know is gentle.
* ''Hij cat que eg haf wist es parf.'' - The cat that/which I've seen is little.
* ''Hij cat que eg haf wist es parf.'' - The cat that/which I've seen is little.
* ''Hijs zierels cui vijls haan mort zunt ils.'' - The women whose sons have died are those.
* ''Hijs sierels cui vijls haan mort sunt ils.'' - The women whose sons have died are those.


'''Qui''' and '''que''' can be used as interrogatives and exclamatives too, f.ex.:
'''Qui''' and '''que''' can be used as interrogatives and exclamatives too, f.ex.:
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* ''Cuir vleet oe?'' - Why do you cry?
* ''Cuir vleet oe?'' - Why do you cry?
* ''Cuir eg zom meist.'' - Because I'm sad.
* ''Cuir eg som meist.'' - Because I'm sad.
* ''Hij wiw, unt eg wijf.'' - The city where I live.
* ''Hij wil, unt eg wijf.'' - The city where I live.
* ''Cvots eers coegt le?'' - How much money does she need? (''eer'', "money", is a countable noun in Aarlaansk and has got both singular and plural)
* ''Cvots eers coegt le?'' - How much money does she need? (''eer'', "money", is a countable noun in Aarlaansk and has got both singular and plural)
* ''Hoe tens, cand eg veu uin juiven.'' - The time when I was a boy.
* ''Hoe tens, cand eg veu uin juiven.'' - The time when I was a boy.
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* ''roe'' - late;
* ''roe'' - late;
* ''iest'' - near;
* ''iest'' - near;
* ''proow'' - far;
* ''prool'' - far;
* ''pront'' - soon;
* ''pront'' - soon;
...
...
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* ''coud'' > ''couder'' - warmly;
* ''coud'' > ''couder'' - warmly;
* ''vrijgt'' > ''vrijgter'' - coldly;
* ''vrijgt'' > ''vrijgter'' - coldly;
* ''corzjaaw'' > ''corzjaler'' - cordially;
* ''corsjaal'' > ''corsjaler'' - cordially;
* ''vort'' > ''vorter'' - strongly;
* ''vort'' > ''vorter'' - strongly;
* ''vraaw'' > ''vraler'' - weakly;
* ''vraal'' > ''vraler'' - weakly;
* ''queller'' > ''quellerrer'' - quickly;
* ''queller'' > ''quellerrer'' - quickly;
* ''lent'' > ''lenter'' - slowly;
* ''lent'' > ''lenter'' - slowly;
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!''i (n-)''
!''i (n-)''
|in, at
|in, at
|''Eg zum i hij scoel''
|''Eg sum i hij scoel''
|I am at school
|I am at school
|-
|-
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!''pers''
!''pers''
|across, through, with, by, to
|across, through, with, by, to
|''Eg loop pers hij zilf'' // ''Eg proed pers hoe trag'' // ''Hoe striem trag pers Vloerijgen''
|''Eg loop pers hij silf'' // ''Eg proed pers hoe trag'' // ''Hoe striem trag pers Vloerijgen''
|I walk through the wood // I come by train // The last train to Vloerijgen
|I walk through the wood // I come by train // The last train to Vloerijgen
|-
|-
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!''a (d-)''
!''a (d-)''
|of
|of
|''Iw es hij cat a Juilie''
|''Il es hij cat a Juilie''
|That is the cat of Julia
|That is the cat of Julia
|-
|-
!''dies''
!''dies''
|(made) of
|(made) of
|''Uin awouw dies oor''
|''Uin awoul dies oor''
|An apple (made) of gold
|An apple (made) of gold
|-
|-
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|He's talking with you
|He's talking with you
|-
|-
!''zins''
!''sins''
|without
|without
|''Eg xied hood wijvre zins tie''
|''Eg xied hood wijvre sins tie''
|I can't live without you
|I can't live without you
|-
|-
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|I was out of my house
|I was out of my house
|-
|-
!''zurs''
!''surs''
|on, above
|on, above
|''Hij queew zurs noes zim tuis man zurs hij mies''
|''Hij queel surs noes sim tuis man surs hij mies''
|The sky above us and your hand on mine
|The sky above us and your hand on mine
|-
|-
!''zuf''
!''suf''
|under, beneath
|under, beneath
|''Noes zuf hij queew zim mies man zuf hij tuis''
|''Noes suf hij queel sim mies man suf hij tuis''
|We beneath the sky and my hand under yours
|We beneath the sky and my hand under yours
|-
|-
!''ijers''
!''ijers''
|between, among, for
|between, among, for
|''Nuin waadt zer ijers noes'' // ''Id haft plust ijers tries dijs''
|''Nuin waadt ser ijers noes'' // ''Id haft plust ijers tries dijs''
|There will be nobody between us // It has rained for three days
|There will be nobody between us // It has rained for three days
|-
|-
!''diepst''
!''diepst''
|after, next to
|after, next to
|''Eg opper i hoe fiquie diepst hoe zuis a d-eem'' // ''Diepst hij pluvie proedt hij zoew''
|''Eg opper i hoe fiquie diepst hoe eëus a d-eem'' // ''Diepst hij pluvie proedt hij soel''
|I work in the office next to hers // After the rain comes the sun
|I work in the office next to hers // After the rain comes the sun
|-
|-
!''diepries''
!''diepries''
|before
|before
|''Le oppert i hoe fiquie diepries hoe mies'' // ''Diepries hij zoew proedt hij pluvie''
|''Le oppert i hoe fiquie diepries hoe mies'' // ''Diepries hij soel proedt hij pluvie''
|She works in the office before mine // Before the sun comes the rain
|She works in the office before mine // Before the sun comes the rain
|-
|-
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The present tense, or ''prezent'' in Aarlaansc, expresses an action that happens regularly, that is habitual or that happens around the moment of the speech.
The present tense, or ''prezent'' in Aarlaansc, expresses an action that happens regularly, that is habitual or that happens around the moment of the speech.


==== Present of ''zer'' ("to be") and ''haar'' ("to have") ====
==== Present of ''ser'' ("to be") and ''haar'' ("to have") ====


The verbs '''zer''' and '''haar''' are two of the main verbs in Aarlaansk and they are irregular as in most other languages. Here it is the conjugation of these two verbs in the present tense:
The verbs '''ser''' and '''haar''' are two of the main verbs in Aarlaansk and they are irregular as in most other languages. Here it is the conjugation of these two verbs in the present tense:


{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Person'''
!'''Person'''
!'''Zer'''
!'''Ser'''
!'''Haar'''
!'''Haar'''
|-
|-
!'''eg'''
!'''eg'''
|zom
|som
|haf
|haf
|-
|-
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|-
|-
!'''noes''' / '''woes''' / '''ïe'''
!'''noes''' / '''woes''' / '''ïe'''
|zunt
|sunt
|haan
|haan
|-
|-
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====Present of some irregular verbs====
====Present of some irregular verbs====


Aarlaansk has got some irregular verbs too. Some verbs have got the regular infinitive endings ''-aar'', ''-ijr'' and so on, but there are some that have got an irregular infinitive ending. Here it can be seen the present tense of the verbs ''vaar'' (to do), ''ijr'' (to go), ''daar'' (to give), ''dijr'' (to say, to tell), ''wijr'' (to see), ''duir'' (to lead), ''vluir'' (to flow, to slip by) and ''proer'' (to come):  
Aarlaansc has got some irregular verbs too. Some verbs have got the regular infinitive endings ''-aar'', ''-ijr'' and so on, but there are some that have got an irregular infinitive ending. Here it can be seen the present tense of the verbs ''vaar'' (to do), ''ijr'' (to go), ''daar'' (to give), ''dijr'' (to say, to tell), ''wijr'' (to see), ''duir'' (to lead), ''vluir'' (to flow, to slip by) and ''proer'' (to come):  


{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
Line 1,310: Line 1,306:


* '''id''' + 3rd person singular verb, which is used also to translate "it" when we talk about verbs that haven't got a subject, as in the example ''id pluigt'', "it rains";
* '''id''' + 3rd person singular verb, which is used also to translate "it" when we talk about verbs that haven't got a subject, as in the example ''id pluigt'', "it rains";
* ''impersonal form of the verb'', which is another downright person that has got its own ending and whose pronoun is never expressed. It mainly corresponds to English "they" or to passive construction, f.ex.: ''Dijktur ka Hijs Aarlaans zunt vrijgt'' > "They say that The Aarlaans are cold".
* ''impersonal form of the verb'', which is another downright person that has got its own ending and whose pronoun is never expressed. It mainly corresponds to English "they" or to passive construction, f.ex.: ''Dijctur ca Hijs Aarlaans sunt vrijgt'' > "They say that The Aarlaans are cold".


The biggest difference between the ''id-form'' and the ''impersonal form'' is that '''id can never substitute a subject that actually exists and can never substitute the passive form''', whereas the ''impersonal form'' can, ex.:
The biggest difference between the ''id-form'' and the ''impersonal form'' is that '''id can never substitute a subject that actually exists and can never substitute the passive form''', whereas the ''impersonal form'' can, ex.:


* ''Hooj id nyft'' - Today it snows;
* ''Hooj id nift'' - Today it snows;
* ''Wijdtur hij vuim, que iest af hij cammijn'' - They see the smoke that comes out from the chimney.
* ''Wijdtur hij vuim, que iest af hij cammijn'' - They see the smoke that comes out from the chimney.


Line 1,323: Line 1,319:
The past tense, ''preterrit'' in Aarlaansc, is used to express an action that has happened in the past, independently on when it has happened, if it is ended or not, if it affects the present and so on. It corresponds to English past simple and present perfect.  
The past tense, ''preterrit'' in Aarlaansc, is used to express an action that has happened in the past, independently on when it has happened, if it is ended or not, if it affects the present and so on. It corresponds to English past simple and present perfect.  


====Past tense of ''zer'' and ''haar''====
====Past tense of ''ser'' and ''haar''====


The past of these two irregular verbs is, obviously, quite irregular:
The past of these two irregular verbs is, obviously, quite irregular:
Line 1,329: Line 1,325:
{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Person'''
!'''Person'''
!'''Zer'''
!'''Ser'''
!'''Haar'''
!'''Haar'''
|-
|-
Line 1,447: Line 1,443:
===Present perfect and past perfect===
===Present perfect and past perfect===


Beside the ''preterrit'' there is another verbal form that expresses an action that has happened in the past: the '''pervegt'''. This form is similar to the English present perfect, because it is formed with the present of the verb ''haar'' and the past participle of the main verb. In Aarlaansc, however, this form is completely interchangeable with the ''preterryt'' form: it is just a matter of style and of formality, because the ''pervegt'' is more used among friends and in colloquial speech, whereas the ''preterrit'' is more used in written language and in formal meetings.
Beside the ''preterrit'' there is another verbal form that expresses an action that has happened in the past: the '''pervegt'''. This form is similar to the English present perfect, because it is formed with the present of the verb ''haar'' and the past participle of the main verb. In Aarlaansc, however, this form is completely interchangeable with the ''preterrit'' form: it is just a matter of style and of formality, because the ''pervegt'' is more used among friends and in colloquial speech, whereas the ''preterrit'' is more used in written language and in formal meetings.
When the auxiliary ''haar'' is in its past tense, then we obtain the past perfect or '''pluispervegt'''. This tense refers to actions that happened in the past before other actions that happened in the past too.
When the auxiliary ''haar'' is in its past tense, then we obtain the past perfect or '''pluispervegt'''. This tense refers to actions that happened in the past before other actions that happened in the past too.


====Present perfect of ''zer'' and ''haar''====
====Present perfect of ''ser'' and ''haar''====


The auxiliary verb is always ''haar'':
The auxiliary verb is always ''haar'':
Line 1,456: Line 1,452:
{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Person'''
!'''Person'''
!'''Zer'''
!'''Ser'''
!'''Haar'''
!'''Haar'''
|-
|-
!'''eg'''
!'''eg'''
|haf zit
|haf sit
|haf hijt
|haf hijt
|-
|-
!'''toe''' / '''is'''
!'''toe''' / '''is'''
|haft zit
|haft sit
|haft hijt
|haft hijt
|-
|-
!'''noes''' / '''woes''' / '''ïe'''
!'''noes''' / '''woes''' / '''ïe'''
|haan zit
|haan sit
|haan hijt
|haan hijt
|-
|-
!'''imp.'''
!'''imp.'''
|haftur zit
|haftur sit
|haftur hijt
|haftur hijt
|}
|}
Line 1,578: Line 1,574:
{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Person'''
!'''Person'''
!'''Zer'''
!'''Ser'''
!'''Haar'''
!'''Haar'''
|-
|-
!'''eg'''
!'''eg'''
|heu zit
|heu sit
|heu hijt
|heu hijt
|-
|-
!'''toe''' / '''is'''
!'''toe''' / '''is'''
|heut zit
|heut sit
|heut hijt
|heut hijt
|-
|-
!'''noes''' / '''woes''' / '''ïe'''
!'''noes''' / '''woes''' / '''ïe'''
|heurn zit
|heurn sit
|heurn hijt
|heurn hijt
|-
|-
!'''imp.'''
!'''imp.'''
|heutur zit
|heutur sit
|heutur hijt
|heutur hijt
|}
|}


* ''Diepst eg heu twuit uin pliquel, eg iezijf'' - After I had watched a film, I went out.
* ''Diepst eg heu twuit uin pliquel, eg iesijf'' - After I had watched a film, I went out.


===Future===
===Future===
Line 1,613: Line 1,609:
It exists also a synthetic form of this tense, but it is not used anymore in the speech and it is found only in poetry and in old books. We add it for completeness' sake.
It exists also a synthetic form of this tense, but it is not used anymore in the speech and it is found only in poetry and in old books. We add it for completeness' sake.


====Future of ''zer'' and ''haar''====
====Future of ''ser'' and ''haar''====


The analytical form is:
The analytical form is:
Line 1,619: Line 1,615:
{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Person'''
!'''Person'''
!'''Zer'''
!'''Ser'''
!'''Haar'''
!'''Haar'''
|-
|-
!'''eg'''
!'''eg'''
|wa(ad) zer
|wa(ad) ser
|wa(ad) haar
|wa(ad) haar
|-
|-
!'''toe''' / '''is'''
!'''toe''' / '''is'''
|wa(adt) zer
|wa(adt) ser
|wa(adt) haar
|wa(adt) haar
|-
|-
!'''noes''' / '''woes''' / '''ïe'''
!'''noes''' / '''woes''' / '''ïe'''
|waan zer
|waan ser
|waan haar
|waan haar
|-
|-
!'''imp.'''
!'''imp.'''
|waadtur zer
|waadtur ser
|waadtur haar
|waadtur haar
|}
|}
Line 1,645: Line 1,641:
{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Person'''
!'''Person'''
!'''Zer'''
!'''Ser'''
!'''Haar'''
!'''Haar'''
|-
|-
!'''eg'''
!'''eg'''
|zerraf
|serraf
|haraf
|haraf
|-
|-
!'''toe''' / '''is'''
!'''toe''' / '''is'''
|zerraft
|serraft
|haraft
|haraft
|-
|-
!'''noes''' / '''woes''' / '''ïe'''
!'''noes''' / '''woes''' / '''ïe'''
|zerraan
|serraan
|haraan
|haraan
|-
|-
!'''imp.'''
!'''imp.'''
|id zerraft
|id serraft
|haraftur
|haraftur
|}
|}
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The subjunctive mood is no longer used in Aarlaansc, it is no more productive. Both present and past of subjunctive are found in crystallized expressions, such as:
The subjunctive mood is no longer used in Aarlaansc, it is no more productive. Both present and past of subjunctive are found in crystallized expressions, such as:


* ''Deeuw te zouwe'' - God save you;
* ''Dëeuw te souwe'' - God save you;
* ''Hij queel te tiege'' - Heaven protect you.
* ''Hij queel te tiege'' - Heaven protect you.


The present subjunctive of the verbs ''zer'' and ''haar'' is irregular:
The present subjunctive of the verbs ''ser'' and ''haar'' is irregular:


{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Person'''
!'''Person'''
!'''Zer'''
!'''Ser'''
!'''Haar'''
!'''Haar'''
|-
|-
!'''eg''' / '''toe''' / '''is'''
!'''eg''' / '''toe''' / '''is'''
|zij
|sij
|haaw
|haaw
|-
|-
!'''noes''' / '''woes''' / '''ïe'''
!'''noes''' / '''woes''' / '''ïe'''
|zijn
|sijn
|hawin
|hawin
|-
|-
!'''imp.'''
!'''imp.'''
|id zij
|id sij
|hawur
|hawur
|}
|}
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{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Person'''
!'''Person'''
!'''Zer'''
!'''Ser'''
!'''Haar'''
!'''Haar'''
!'''Vaar'''
!'''Vaar'''
Line 1,874: Line 1,870:
{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Person'''
!'''Person'''
!'''Zer'''
!'''Ser'''
!'''Haar'''
!'''Haar'''
|-
|-
!'''eg'''
!'''eg'''
|ijf zer
|ijf ser
|ijf haar
|ijf haar
|-
|-
!'''toe''' / '''is'''
!'''toe''' / '''is'''
|ijft zer
|ijft ser
|ijft haar
|ijft haar
|-
|-
!'''noes''' / '''woes''' / '''ïe'''
!'''noes''' / '''woes''' / '''ïe'''
|ijrn zer
|ijrn ser
|ijrn haar
|ijrn haar
|-
|-
!'''imp.'''
!'''imp.'''
|ijftur zer
|ijftur ser
|ijftur haar
|ijftur haar
|}
|}
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{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Person'''
!'''Person'''
!'''Zer'''
!'''Ser'''
!'''Haar'''
!'''Haar'''
|-
|-
!'''eg'''
!'''eg'''
|zerreef
|serreef
|hareef
|hareef
|-
|-
!'''toe''' / '''is'''
!'''toe''' / '''is'''
|zerreeft
|serreeft
|hareeft
|hareeft
|-
|-
!'''noes''' / '''woes''' / '''ïe'''
!'''noes''' / '''woes''' / '''ïe'''
|zerreen
|serreen
|hareen
|hareen
|-
|-
!'''imp.'''
!'''imp.'''
|id zerreeft
|id serreeft
|hareeftur
|hareeftur
|}
|}
Line 1,923: Line 1,919:
* ''Toe ijft dievier'' / ''Toe dievreeft'' - You should;
* ''Toe ijft dievier'' / ''Toe dievreeft'' - You should;
* ''Is ijft wijvre'' / ''Is weivreeft'' - He would live;
* ''Is ijft wijvre'' / ''Is weivreeft'' - He would live;
* ''Noes ijrn ooijr'' / ''Noes oöeireen'' - We would hear;
* ''Noes ijrn oijr'' / ''Noes öeireen'' - We would hear;
* ''Woes ijrn vaar'' / ''Woes vareen'' - You would do;
* ''Woes ijrn vaar'' / ''Woes vareen'' - You would do;
* ''Ïe ijrn ijr'' / ''Ïe eireen'' - They would go.
* ''Ïe ijrn ijr'' / ''Ïe eireen'' - They would go.
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Conditional can be found in conditional clauses of 2nd and 3rd type:
Conditional can be found in conditional clauses of 2nd and 3rd type:


* ''Vor eg ijf zer punie, eg ijf zuimer uin grand masie'' - If I were rich, I'd buy a big house;
* ''Vor eg ijf ser punie, eg ijf suimer uin grand masie'' - If I were rich, I'd buy a big house;
* ''Vor eg hareef zit punie, eg hareef zuinft uin grand masie'' - If I had been rich, I'd have bought a big house.
* ''Vor eg hareef sit punie, eg hareef suinft uin grand masie'' - If I had been rich, I'd have bought a big house.


Please note that the conditional is used in the protasis also instead of the subjunctive. In conditional clauses of 1st type it is used the present in the protasis and the future in the apodosis:
Please note that the conditional is used in the protasis also instead of the subjunctive. In conditional clauses of 1st type it is used the present in the protasis and the future in the apodosis:


* ''Vor hij nijf es zuf hij zoel, le ze waadt vundre'' - If the snow is under the sun, it will melt.
* ''Vor hij nijf es suf hij soel, le se waadt vundre'' - If the snow is under the sun, it will melt.


The conditional is also used to express the "future in the past", ex.:
The conditional is also used to express the "future in the past", ex.:
Line 1,951: Line 1,947:
{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Person'''
!'''Person'''
!'''Zer'''
!'''Ser'''
!'''Haar'''
!'''Haar'''
!'''Clamaar'''
!'''Clamaar'''
Line 1,999: Line 1,995:
|-
|-
!'''is'''
!'''is'''
|haft a zer
|haft a ser
|haft a haar
|haft a haar
|haft a clamaar
|haft a clamaar
Line 2,015: Line 2,011:
|-
|-
!'''noes'''
!'''noes'''
|haan a zer
|haan a ser
|haan a haar
|haan a haar
|haan a clamaar
|haan a clamaar
Line 2,031: Line 2,027:
|-
|-
!'''woes'''
!'''woes'''
|zet
|set
|haat
|haat
|clamaat
|clamaat
Line 2,047: Line 2,043:
|-
|-
!'''ïe'''
!'''ïe'''
|haan a zer
|haan a ser
|haan a haar
|haan a haar
|haan a clamaar
|haan a clamaar
Line 2,063: Line 2,059:
|}
|}


The 2nd person singular form is the same of the 1st person singular form of the present of indicative, but there are also irregular forms as in the verbs ''zer'', ''ijr'', ''daar'', etc.
The 2nd person singular form is the same of the 1st person singular form of the present of indicative, but there are also irregular forms as in the verbs ''ser'', ''ijr'', ''daar'', etc.
The 2nd person plural form is obtained from the infinitive form with the substitution of ''-r'' for ''-t'' for the 1st, 2nd, and 4th conjugations. The verbs of 3rd conjugation drop the infinitive ending and replace it with ''-it''. There are not irregular forms for this voice.
The 2nd person plural form is obtained from the infinitive form with the substitution of ''-r'' for ''-t'' for the 1st, 2nd, and 4th conjugations. The verbs of 3rd conjugation drop the infinitive ending and replace it with ''-it''. There are not irregular forms for this voice.
The other persons are formed with the periphrasis '''haar + a (d-)+ infinitive'''. It could be translated as '''to have to do something'''.
The other persons are formed with the periphrasis '''haar + a (d-)+ infinitive'''. It could be translated as '''to have to do something'''.
Line 2,081: Line 2,077:
{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Tense'''
!'''Tense'''
!'''Zer'''
!'''Ser'''
!'''Haar'''
!'''Haar'''
!'''Clamaar'''
!'''Clamaar'''
Line 2,097: Line 2,093:
|-
|-
!'''Present'''
!'''Present'''
|zer
|ser
|haar
|haar
|clamaar
|clamaar
Line 2,113: Line 2,109:
|-
|-
!'''Past'''
!'''Past'''
|haar zit
|haar sit
|haar hijt
|haar hijt
|haar clamaat
|haar clamaat
|haar dievuit
|haar dievuit
|haar wijvut
|haar wijvut
|haar ooijt
|haar oijt
|haar vagt
|haar vagt
|haar ijt
|haar ijt
Line 2,133: Line 2,129:
{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Tense'''
!'''Tense'''
!'''Zer'''
!'''Ser'''
!'''Haar'''
!'''Haar'''
!'''Clamaar'''
!'''Clamaar'''
Line 2,149: Line 2,145:
|-
|-
!'''Present'''
!'''Present'''
|Zeend
|Seend
|Heend
|Heend
|Clamaand
|Clamaand
Line 2,165: Line 2,161:
|-
|-
!'''Past'''
!'''Past'''
|heend zit
|heend sit
|heend hijt
|heend hijt
|heend clamaat
|heend clamaat
Line 2,184: Line 2,180:


* ''Heend oijt id, is ijft awie.'' - After that he heard it, he went away.
* ''Heend oijt id, is ijft awie.'' - After that he heard it, he went away.
* ''Worraand, is zentijft ca id veut roe.'' - As he was eating, he noticed that it was late.
* ''Worraand, is sentijft ca id veut roe.'' - As he was eating, he noticed that it was late.


Gerund can translate adverbials of means or of manner also:
Gerund can translate adverbials of means or of manner also:


* ''Vuimaand, zouftur ries.'' - By smoking one doesn't obtain anything.
* ''Vuimaand, souftur ries.'' - By smoking one doesn't obtain anything.
* ''Le proes creitaand zim vleend.'' - She came screaming and crying.
* ''Le proes creitaand sim vleend.'' - She came screaming and crying.


The participle has had a strong linguistic evolution: the present and the future tense of this mood are now used as nouns and adjectives and they're no more recognised as verbs. The only tense that is still seen as verb is the past that can be used as adjective also.
The participle has had a strong linguistic evolution: the present and the future tense of this mood are now used as nouns and adjectives and they're no more recognised as verbs. The only tense that is still seen as verb is the past that can be used as adjective also.
Line 2,199: Line 2,195:
This tense has got not only masculine and feminine forms, but also singular and plural forms:
This tense has got not only masculine and feminine forms, but also singular and plural forms:


* ''Hijs canteurs zunt juiven.'' - The singing women are young.
* ''Hijs canteurs sunt juiven.'' - The singing women are young.
* ''Hijs cantoers zunt prisk.'' - The singing men are old.
* ''Hijs cantoers sunt prisc.'' - The singing men are old.


If we want to use the terms ''zierel'' and ''zier'', than we have to change the structure of the sentence:
If we want to use the terms ''sierel'' and ''sier'', than we have to change the structure of the sentence:


* ''Hij zierel qui cant es juiven.'' - The singing woman (= the woman who sings) is young.
* ''Hij sierel qui cant es juiven.'' - The singing woman (= the woman who sings) is young.
* ''Hijs ziers qui cantan zunt prisk.'' - The singing men (= the men who sing) are old.
* ''Hijs siers qui cantan sunt prisc.'' - The singing men (= the men who sing) are old.


The future of participle is formed by with the past stem of the verb and the ending ''-uir''. Nowadays the so formed words are recognised as nouns or, more rarely, as adjectives:
The future of participle is formed by with the past stem of the verb and the ending ''-uir''. Nowadays the so formed words are recognised as nouns or, more rarely, as adjectives:
Line 2,217: Line 2,213:


{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Zer'''
!'''Ser'''
!'''Haar'''
!'''Haar'''
!'''Clamaar'''
!'''Clamaar'''
Line 2,232: Line 2,228:
!'''Proer'''
!'''Proer'''
|-
|-
|zit
|sit
|hijt
|hijt
|clamaat
|clamaat
Line 2,497: Line 2,493:
==Greetings==
==Greetings==


The main ''zouwuuts'' ("greetings") in Aarlaansk are:
The main ''soüuuts'' ("greetings") in Aarlaansk are:


* ''Duus matijn'' - Good morning (used in the first hours of the morning, till 10.00 am);
* ''Duus matijn'' - Good morning (used in the first hours of the morning, till 10.00 am);
Line 2,504: Line 2,500:
* ''Duus tard'' - Good evening (used till 22.00 pm);  
* ''Duus tard'' - Good evening (used till 22.00 pm);  
* ''Duus nogt'' - Good night (used after 22.00 pm and in the evening to say goodbye);
* ''Duus nogt'' - Good night (used after 22.00 pm and in the evening to say goodbye);
* ''Zouw'' / ''Zu'' - Hello / Hi;
* ''Souw'' / ''Su'' - Hello / Hi;
* ''Waw'' - Bye;
* ''Wal'' - Bye;
* ''Wers riewijrne'' - Good bye;
* ''Wers riewijrne'' - Good bye;
* ''Coem te waadt?'' / ''Coem u waadt?'' - How art thou? / How are you?;
* ''Coem te waadt?'' / ''Coem u waadt?'' - How art thou? / How are you?;
* ''Regt, merquies, zim te'' / ''u?'' - Fine, thanks, and thou / you?;
* ''Regt, merquies, sim te'' / ''u?'' - Fine, thanks, and thou / you?;
* ''Mou'' / ''eger'' - Bad.
* ''Mou'' / ''eger'' - Bad.


Line 2,546: Line 2,542:
|-
|-
!September
!September
|Zeftemmer
|Seftemmer
|-
|-
!October
!October
Line 2,582: Line 2,578:
|}
|}


The ''zemaan'', the "week", has got 7 days:
The ''semaan'', the "week", has got 7 days:


{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
{| {{Table/bluetable}} style="text-align:center; vertical-align:middle"
!'''Days of the week'''
!'''Days of the week'''
!'''Dijs a hij zemaan'''
!'''Dijs a hij semaan'''
|-
|-
!Monday
!Monday
Line 2,604: Line 2,600:
|-
|-
!Saturday
!Saturday
|Zaturnis
|Saturnis
|-
|-
!Sunday
!Sunday
|Zoelis
|Soelis
|}
|}


Line 2,617: Line 2,613:
! Wessil a Horraat Artieleng
! Wessil a Horraat Artieleng
|-
|-
| '''Noes daarn zesen honnoer wers ist leng.'''
| '''Noes daarn sesen honnoer wers ist leng.'''
Noes em haan eelgut cuir le haft uin bon vagtuir, uin nit havit zim muit uis.
Noes em haan eelgut cuir le haft uin bon vagtuir, uin nit havit sim muit uis.
|}
|}
{| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed" style="text-align:left; width:100%"
{| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed" style="text-align:left; width:100%"
Line 2,628: Line 2,624:




[[Category:Languages]] [[Category:Conlangs]] [[Category:Romance]]
[[Category:Languages]] [[Category:Languages]] [[Category:Romance]][[Category:Indo-European languages]]
Retrieved from "https://linguifex.com/wiki/Special:MobileDiff/11517...63608"

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