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|AdjComparative=75 | |AdjComparative=75 | ||
|AdjSuperlative=75 | |AdjSuperlative=75 | ||
|Supine=50 | |Supine=50 | ||
|Gerund=50 | |Gerund=50 | ||
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|- | |- | ||
| ôe | | ôe | ||
| ''' | | '''əʊ:''' | ||
|- | |||
| ÿ | |||
| '''aɪ:''' | |||
|- | |- | ||
| ŷe | | ŷe | ||
|''' | |'''iə:''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| ae | | ae | ||
|'''aɪ''' | |||
|- | |||
|ai | |||
|'''aɪ''' | |'''aɪ''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
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==Vowels== | ==Vowels== | ||
{| | |||
!colspan=" | {| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 450px; text-align:center;" | ||
!colspan="1" | ! rowspan="2" style="width: 90px; "| | ||
!colspan=" | ! colspan="2" style="width: 120px; " |Front | ||
!colspan=" | ! colspan="1" style="width: 120px; " |Near-front | ||
! colspan="2" style="width: 120px; " |Central | |||
! colspan="2" style="width: 120px; " |Back | |||
|- | |- | ||
| | ! style="width: 60px; " | <small>short</small> | ||
| | ! style="width: 60px; " | <small>long</small> | ||
| | ! style="width: 120px; " | <small>short</small> | ||
! style="width: 60px; " | <small>short</small> | |||
! style="width: 60px; " | <small>long</small> | |||
! style="width: 60px; " | <small>short</small> | |||
! style="width: 60px; " | <small>long</small> | |||
|- | |- | ||
! style="" |Close | |||
| | | i (i) | ||
| | | i: (î) | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
| | |||
| u (u) | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
! style="" |Mid | |||
| | | | ||
| | | e̞ (ê) | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| o̞ (ô) | |||
|- | |- | ||
! style="" |Open-mid | |||
| | | ɛ (e) | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
| | |||
| ɔ (ó) | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
! style="" |Near-open | |||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
| | | æ (á) | ||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
| | |||
|- | |- | ||
! style="" |Open | |||
| | | a: (â) | ||
| | | | ||
| | | | ||
| | |||
| | |||
| ɑ (a) | |||
| ɒ (o) | |||
|} | |} | ||
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*E.g ''donsênanwê'' where the stress is on both ''sên'' and ''wê''. | *E.g ''donsênanwê'' where the stress is on both ''sên'' and ''wê''. | ||
==Verbs== | ==Verbs== | ||
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==Aspect & Tense== | ===Aspect & Tense=== | ||
==='''Strong Verbs'''=== | ===='''Strong Verbs'''==== | ||
:These include verbs whose stems end in a plosive or a vowel. See the two examples below. | :These include verbs whose stems end in a plosive or a vowel. See the two examples below. | ||
===='''Strong Verb Class I'''==== | ======'''Strong Verb Class I'''====== | ||
: Aed - Aedar - Aedáth - Aedlen - Aedarh - ''To Rule'' | : Aed - Aedar - Aedáth - Aedlen - Aedarh - ''To Rule'' | ||
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===='''Strong Verb Class II'''==== | ======'''Strong Verb Class II'''====== | ||
: Edhe - Edhel - Edhey- Edhlar - Edheh - ''To Wield'' | : Edhe - Edhel - Edhey- Edhlar - Edheh - ''To Wield'' | ||
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==='''Weak Verbs'''=== | ===='''Weak Verbs'''==== | ||
These include verbs whose stem ends in a fricative and any other possible consonant. | These include verbs whose stem ends in a fricative and any other possible consonant. | ||
===='''Weak Verbs 1st Class'''==== | ======'''Weak Verbs 1st Class'''====== | ||
:Vall - Vallak - Vallakir - Vallaken - Vallakum - ''To Betray'' | :Vall - Vallak - Vallakir - Vallaken - Vallakum - ''To Betray'' | ||
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===='''Weak Verbs 2nd Class'''==== | ======'''Weak Verbs 2nd Class'''====== | ||
:Hluf - Hlufan - Hlufte - Hlufrem - Hluftelen - ''To Jump'' | :Hluf - Hlufan - Hlufte - Hlufrem - Hluftelen - ''To Jump'' | ||
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===Verb Number Marking=== | |||
The following are suffixes. These come after the fusional case/aspect marker. | |||
====Transitive Verbs==== | |||
{| {{style|}} | |||
! colspan="2" rowspan="2"| | |||
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center"|Object | |||
|- | |||
! style="text-align: center"|Singular | |||
! style="text-align: center"|Plural | |||
|- | |||
! rowspan="2" style="text-align: center"| Agent | |||
! style="text-align: center"|Singular | |||
| style="text-align: center"| | |||
| style="text-align: center"|'''-î''' | |||
|- | |||
! style="text-align: center"|Plural | |||
| style="text-align: center"|'''-a''' | |||
| style="text-align: center"|'''-(v)in''' | |||
|- | |||
|} | |||
====Intransitive Verbs==== | |||
{| {{style|}} | |||
! colspan="1" rowspan="1"| | |||
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center"|Subject | |||
|- | |||
! style="text-align: center"|Singular | |||
| style="text-align: center"| | |||
|- | |||
! style="text-align: center"|Plural | |||
| style="text-align: center"|'''-î''' | |||
|- | |||
|} | |||
==Nouns== | ==Nouns== | ||
===Cases=== | ===Cases=== | ||
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===Case and Class Paradigms=== | ====Case and Class Paradigms==== | ||
In Aethêllan over time Case and Class/Gender have merged into one suffix. When Nouns take their Case and Class marker they now have a far more fusional method unlike its ancestor language Vamynouynem. | In Aethêllan over time Case and Class/Gender have merged into one suffix. When Nouns take their Case and Class marker they now have a far more fusional method unlike its ancestor language Vamynouynem. | ||
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! colspan="11" scope="col"|'''Class I The Human Class''' | ! colspan="11" scope="col"|'''Class I The Human Class''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! colspan ="2" scope="col"|''' | ! colspan ="2" scope="col"|'''Absolutive''' | ||
! scope="col"|''' | ! scope="col"|'''Ergative''' | ||
! scope="col"|'''Dative''' | ! scope="col"|'''Dative''' | ||
! scope="col"|'''Genitive''' | ! scope="col"|'''Genitive''' | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! scope="row"|'''Strong''' | ! scope="row"|'''Strong''' | ||
| | | Gâl | ||
| | | Gâl'''am''' | ||
| Gâl'''al''' | |||
| Gâl'''ÿ''' | | Gâl'''ÿ''' | ||
| Gâl'''â''' | | Gâl'''â''' | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! scope="row"|'''Weak''' | ! scope="row"|'''Weak''' | ||
| Theyn | |||
| Thên'''am''' | | Thên'''am''' | ||
| Thên'''as''' | | Thên'''as''' | ||
| Thên'''îs''' | | Thên'''îs''' | ||
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! colspan="11" scope="col"|'''Class II The Non-Human Class''' | ! colspan="11" scope="col"|'''Class II The Non-Human Class''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! colspan ="2" scope="col"|''' | ! colspan ="2" scope="col"|'''Absolutive''' | ||
! scope="col"|''' | ! scope="col"|'''Ergative''' | ||
! scope="col"|'''Dative''' | ! scope="col"|'''Dative''' | ||
! scope="col"|'''Genitive''' | ! scope="col"|'''Genitive''' | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! scope="row"|'''Strong''' | ! scope="row"|'''Strong''' | ||
| Kallâr | |||
| Kallâ'''l''' | | Kallâ'''l''' | ||
| Kallâ'''s''' | | Kallâ'''s''' | ||
| Kallâ'''sî''' | | Kallâ'''sî''' | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! scope="row"|'''Weak''' | ! scope="row"|'''Weak''' | ||
| Mârith | |||
| Mâr'''e''' | | Mâr'''e''' | ||
| Mâr'''os''' | | Mâr'''os''' | ||
| Mâr'''îm''' | | Mâr'''îm''' | ||
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! colspan="11" scope="col"|'''Class III The Flora Class''' | ! colspan="11" scope="col"|'''Class III The Flora Class''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! colspan ="2" scope="col"|''' | ! colspan ="2" scope="col"|'''Absolutive''' | ||
! scope="col"|''' | ! scope="col"|'''Ergative''' | ||
! scope="col"|'''Dative''' | ! scope="col"|'''Dative''' | ||
! scope="col"|'''Genitive''' | ! scope="col"|'''Genitive''' | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! scope="row"|'''Strong''' | ! scope="row"|'''Strong''' | ||
| Tiwâr | |||
| Tiwâr'''n''' | | Tiwâr'''n''' | ||
| Tiwâr'''as''' | | Tiwâr'''as''' | ||
| Tiwâr'''îs''' | | Tiwâr'''îs''' | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! scope="row"|'''Weak''' | ! scope="row"|'''Weak''' | ||
| Fwin | |||
| Fwin'''elth''' | | Fwin'''elth''' | ||
| Fwin'''es''' | | Fwin'''es''' | ||
| Fwin'''îs''' | | Fwin'''îs''' | ||
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! colspan="11" scope="col"|'''Class IV The Abstract Class''' | ! colspan="11" scope="col"|'''Class IV The Abstract Class''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! colspan ="2" scope="col"|''' | ! colspan ="2" scope="col"|'''Absolutive''' | ||
! scope="col"|''' | ! scope="col"|'''Ergative''' | ||
! scope="col"|'''Dative''' | ! scope="col"|'''Dative''' | ||
! scope="col"|'''Genitive''' | ! scope="col"|'''Genitive''' | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! scope="row"|'''Strong''' | ! scope="row"|'''Strong''' | ||
| Ennedîn | | Ennedîn | ||
| Ennedîn'''e''' | | Ennedîn'''e''' | ||
| Ennedîn'''as''' | | Ennedîn'''as''' | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! scope="row"|'''Weak''' | ! scope="row"|'''Weak''' | ||
| Nethwÿn | | Nethwÿn | ||
| Nethwÿn'''e''' | | Nethwÿn'''e''' | ||
| Nethwÿn'''os''' | | Nethwÿn'''os''' | ||
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! colspan="11" scope="col"|'''Class V The Mass & Inanimate Class''' | ! colspan="11" scope="col"|'''Class V The Mass & Inanimate Class''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
! colspan ="2" scope="col"|''' | ! colspan ="2" scope="col"|'''Absolutive''' | ||
! scope="col"|''' | ! scope="col"|'''Ergative''' | ||
! scope="col"|'''Dative''' | ! scope="col"|'''Dative''' | ||
! scope="col"|'''Genitive''' | ! scope="col"|'''Genitive''' | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! scope="row"|'''Strong''' | ! scope="row"|'''Strong''' | ||
| Eyelgar | | Eyelgar | ||
| Eyelgar'''e''' | | Eyelgar'''e''' | ||
| Eyelgar'''l''' | | Eyelgar'''l''' | ||
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|- | |- | ||
! scope="row"|'''Weak''' | ! scope="row"|'''Weak''' | ||
| Dollgan | | Dollgan | ||
| Dollgan'''eth''' | | Dollgan'''eth''' | ||
| Dollgan'''as''' | | Dollgan'''as''' | ||
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====Notes on Cases==== | =====Notes on Cases===== | ||
* ''Theyn'' is | *'''Theyn''' is an irregular verb, hence the short diphthong becoming a long vowel. This happens for all weak nouns with short diphthongs in Class I. | ||
*''' | *'''Gâl''' translates roughly to ''Man'' though can also be used for both sexes. | ||
*'''Theyn''' is often used for ''Woman'' though its literal meaning is ''One who gives birth''. | *'''Theyn''' is often used for ''Woman'' though its literal meaning is ''One who gives birth''. | ||
*'''Kallâr''' translates to ''Sea-Bird''. | *'''Kallâr''' translates to ''Sea-Bird''. This is an irregular verb. | ||
*'''Mârith''' translates to ''Snake''. | *'''Mârith''' translates to ''Snake''. This is also an irregular verb. | ||
*'''Tiwâr''' is a very tall, hard tree similar in appearance to that of our Oak. | *'''Tiwâr''' is a very tall, hard tree similar in appearance to that of our Oak. | ||
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*'''Eyelgar''' translates to Fire | *'''Eyelgar''' translates to Fire | ||
*'''Dollgan''' translates to Mountain | *'''Dollgan''' translates to Mountain | ||
* In Class V the ''Strong'' class are the Mass nouns and the ''Weak'' are the Inanimate Nouns. (Almost)Any noun can take Mass Noun (Strong) CLass V inflections and be used as a ''Collective'' Noun, however, the original Mass Nouns cannot take any other inflections or be used in any other paradigms. | * In Class V the ''Strong'' class are the Mass nouns and the ''Weak'' are the Inanimate Nouns. (Almost)Any noun can take Mass Noun (Strong) CLass V inflections and be used as a ''Collective'' Noun, however, the original Mass Nouns cannot take any other inflections or be used in any other paradigms. | ||
===Definite vs. Indefinite=== | ===Definite vs. Indefinite=== | ||
The Definite marker for nouns is ''' | The Definite marker for nouns is the allomorphic prefix '''(v)(i)-'''. | ||
{| {{style|center}} | {| {{style|center}} | ||
! Definite | ! Definite | ||
! Indefinite | ! Indefinite | ||
|- | |- | ||
| | | Igâla | ||
| Gâla | | Gâla | ||
|- | |- | ||
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| '''A Man''' | | '''A Man''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Vennedîn | | Vennedîn Gâlîs | ||
| Ennedîn | | Ennedîn | ||
|- | |- | ||
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|} | |} | ||
*'''NB''' Galîs is the collective noun for man, meaning something akin to Mankind/Humankind. | |||
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==Derivation== | ==Derivation== | ||
The following are a mix of prefixes and suffixes. Prefixes are marked, and the remaining are suffixes. | |||
{| {{style|center}} | {| {{style|center}} | ||
!'''Derivation Pattern''' | !'''Derivation Pattern''' | ||
!'''Affix & Example''' | !'''Affix & Example''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
|Adjective --> Adverb | |Adjective --> Adverb '''(prefix)''' | ||
|'''an'''<br />Quick > Quickly | |'''an'''<br />Quick > Quickly | ||
|- | |- | ||
|Adjective --> Noun | |Adjective --> Noun '''(prefix)''' | ||
|'''agar'''<br />Happy > Happiness | |'''agar'''<br />Happy > Happiness | ||
|- | |- | ||
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|'''-''' | |'''-''' | ||
|- | |- | ||
|Opposite (Quality) | |Opposite (Quality) '''(prefix)''' | ||
|'''rao'''<br />Happy > sad, clear > vague | |'''rao'''<br />Happy > sad, clear > vague | ||
|- | |- | ||
|opposite (reverse action)<br />Agent and patient remain the same, action of the verb changes | |opposite (reverse action)'''(prefix)'''<br />Agent and patient remain the same, action of the verb changes | ||
|'''forn'''<br />Earn <==> spend, borrow <==> repay | |'''forn'''<br />Earn <==> spend, borrow <==> repay | ||
|- | |- | ||
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|'''arta'''<br />to write > writing implement, to wash > soap | |'''arta'''<br />to write > writing implement, to wash > soap | ||
|- | |- | ||
|ADJ = made of NOUN | |ADJ = made of NOUN '''(prefix)''' | ||
|'''val'''<br />Gold > golden, wood > wooden | |'''val'''<br />Gold > golden, wood > wooden | ||
|- | |- | ||
|ADJ = having lot of/ some of NOUN | |ADJ = having lot of/ some of NOUN '''(prefix)''' | ||
|'''var'''<br />Money > rich, trash > messy | |'''var'''<br />Money > rich, trash > messy | ||
|- | |- | ||
|ADJ = lacking/sparsity of NOUN | |ADJ = lacking/sparsity of NOUN '''(prefix)''' | ||
|'''ave'''<br />Tooth > toothless, money > poor | |'''ave'''<br />Tooth > toothless, money > poor | ||
|- | |- | ||
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|'''ithse'''<br />Man > scoundrel, child > brat | |'''ithse'''<br />Man > scoundrel, child > brat | ||
|- | |- | ||
|ADJ = tending to often do VERB/be ADJ | |ADJ = tending to often do VERB/be ADJ '''(prefix)''' | ||
|'''gir'''<br />think > thoughtful, forget > forgetful | |'''gir'''<br />think > thoughtful, forget > forgetful | ||
|- | |- | ||
|VERB = to use NOUN in a typical way | |VERB = to use NOUN in a typical way | ||
|''' | |'''kâl'''<br />Lips > kiss, Hammer > to hammer | ||
|} | |} | ||
[[Category:Languages]][[Category: | [[Category:Languages]][[Category:Aethêllan]] |