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=Overview=
{{privatelang}}
{{ClassMeter
|Name      = Ancient Galern
|NativeName = Aethêllan
|Type      = Fusional-Agglutinative
|Alignment  = Ergative-Absolutive


Gwythyr is one of my main conlangs and was created out of joy, as linguistic experiment, and also to be the main classical language for my series of Fantasy novels. Gwythyr is spoken by the dominant species of Anmarla and has an approximately 15 million speakers. At the time of my main novel series, the language and its native speakers are extinct, however Gwythyr is used as the language of academics, state and religious ceremonies, and record/document keeping. However only the upper classes can read and speak it and even then only a minority of the upper classes. The seven languages of the nine different kingdoms during this time are all descended from Gwythyr. Gwythyr is in turn descended from Vamynouyynem.
|adjective = final
|adposition = final
|adverb= final
|article= final
|relativeclause = final
|nounclause = final
|order = SVO


This is a work of love and I ask any readers that, outside of any accidental grammatical mistakes, that they do not make any edits, however minor, without my permission and that this work is protected by copyright. Your understanding is greatly appreciated.
|Tonal      = No
|Declined  = Yes
|Conjugated = Yes
|Genders    = 5
|NCase  = Yes
|NNumber = No
|NDefiniteness = Yes
|NGender = Yes
|VVoice  = Yes
|VMood  = No
|VPerson = No
|VNumber = Yes
|VTense  = Yes
|VAspect = Yes


|Phonology=100
|NounCases=100
|NounDef=70
|NounNumbers=100
|NounGender=95
|VerbPerson=100
|VerbNumber=75
|VerbAspect=100
|VerbTense=100
|VerbMood=90
|VerbVoice=100
|AdjCase=100
|AdjNumber=100
|AdjDef=100
|AdjGen=100
|AdjComparative=75
|AdjSuperlative=75
|Supine=50
|Gerund=50
|Participle=90
|Infinitive=50
|Modality=75
|Words=0}}


==Background==


Gwyhtyr is an SVO synthetic-agglutinative language. The majority of information is placed on the nouns and verbs, and though it is an SVO language technically speaking it does allow for free word order.
 
=History=
'''Aethêllan''' is one of my main conlangs and was created out of joy, as a linguistic experiment, and also to be the main classical language for my series of Fantasy novels. Aethêllan is spoken by the dominant species of Anmarla who are known as the Galern. The language has approximately 15 million speakers. At the time of my main novel series, the language and its native speakers are extinct, however Aethêllan is used as the language of academics, state and religious ceremonies, and record/document keeping. Only the upper class can read and speak it and even then only a minority. The seven languages of the nine different Kingdoms during this time are all descended from Aethêllan. Aethêllan is in turn descended from Vamynouynem.
 
This is a work of love and I ask any readers that, outside of any accidental grammatical mistakes, they do not make any edits, however minor, without my permission and that this work is protected by copyright. Your understanding is greatly appreciated.
 
 
 
=Background=
Aethêllan is an SVO fusional-agglutinative language. The majority of information is placed on the nouns and verbs, and though it is an SVO language technically speaking it does allow for free word order.
 




=Phonology=
=Phonology=
==Romanisation==
 
{| {{style|center}}
{| {{style|center}}
!scope="col" colspan=2 width="100px" |
!scope="col" colspan=2 width="100px" |
Line 25: Line 81:
|-
|-
!scope="row" colspan=2|Plosives
!scope="row" colspan=2|Plosives
|colspan="1"|p (p)<br />p<sup>w</sup> (pw)
|colspan="1"|p (p)<br />pʷ (pw)
|colspan="1"|b (b)<br />b<sup>w</sup> (bw)
|colspan="1"|b (b)<br />bʷ (bw)
|colspan="3"|t (t)<br />t<sup>w</sup> (tw)
|colspan="3"|t (t)<br />tʷ (tw)
|colspan="3"|d (d)<br />d<sup>w</sup> (dw)
|colspan="3"|d (d)<br />dʷ (dw)
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|k (k)<br />k<sup>w</sup> (kw)
|colspan="2"|k (k)<br />kʷ (kw)
|colspan="2"|g (g)<br />g<sup>w</sup> (gw)
|colspan="2"|g (g)<br />gʷ (gw)
|-
|-
!scope="row" colspan=2|Fricatives
!scope="row" colspan=2|Fricatives
|colspan="1"|f (f)<br />f<sup>w</sup> (fw)
|colspan="1"|f (f)<br />fʷ (fw)
|colspan="1"|v (v)<br />v<sup>w</sup> (vw)
|colspan="1"|v (v)<br />vʷ (vw)
|colspan="1"|θ (th)
|colspan="1"|θ (th)
|colspan="1"|ð (dh)
|colspan="1"|ð (dh)
|colspan="2"|s (s)<br />s<sup>w</sup> (sw)
|colspan="2"|s (s)<br />sʷ (sw)
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|x (h)
|colspan="2"|h (h)
|colspan="2"|h (h)
|-
|-
!scope="row"  colspan=2|Nasals
!scope="row"  colspan=2|Nasals
|colspan="2"|m (m)
|colspan="2"|m (m)
|colspan="6"|n (n)<br />n<sup>w</sup> (nw)
|colspan="6"|n (n)<br />nʷ (nw)
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|ɲ (ñ)
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
Line 62: Line 118:
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|-
|-
! rowspan=3 | Glides
! rowspan=3 |Glides
!scope="row"|Approxim.
!scope="row"|Approxim.
|colspan="1"|ʍ (hw)
|colspan="1"|ʍ (hw)
Line 68: Line 124:
|colspan="6"|ɹ (r)
|colspan="6"|ɹ (r)
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|j (j)
|colspan="2"|j (y)
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
Line 80: Line 136:
|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|}
|}


==Mutations==
==Mutations==
#Both Approximants and Lateral Approximants are de-voiced before nasals.
#Both Approximants and Lateral Approximants are de-voiced before nasals.
#Final Obstruent Devoicing.
#/l/ becomes /ɭ/ after vowels.
#/l/ becomes /ɭ/ after vowels.
#/ɹ/ becomes /r/ before plosives..
#/ɹ/ becomes /r/ before plosives.
#/h/ becomes /x/ at the end of a word.
 




==Diphthongs==
==Diphthongs==
:{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
{| {{style|center}}
! Diphthong
! Diphthong
! IPA
! IPA
Line 101: Line 159:
|-
|-
| ôe
| ôe
| '''ɔː'''
| '''əʊ:'''
|-
|-
|ŷe
| ÿ
|'''ɪəː'''
| '''aɪ:'''
|-
| ŷe
|'''iə:'''
|-
| ae
|'''aɪ'''
|-
|ai
|'''aɪ'''
|-
| eo
|'''əj'''
|}
|}




==Vowels==
==Vowels==
{|class="wikitable" style="width: 500px"
 
| style="text-align: center"|'''Vowels'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 450px; text-align:center;"
| style="text-align: center"|'''IPA Symbols'''
! rowspan="2" style="width: 90px; "|
| style="text-align: center"|'''Vowel'''
! colspan="2" style="width: 120px; " |Front
| style="text-align: center"|'''IPA Symbols'''
! colspan="1" style="width: 120px; " |Near-front
! colspan="2" style="width: 120px; " |Central
! colspan="2" style="width: 120px; " |Back
|-
|-
| style="text-align: center"|a
! style="width: 60px; " | <small>short</small>
| style="text-align: center"|æ
! style="width: 60px; " | <small>long</small>
| style="text-align: center"|o
! style="width: 120px; " | <small>short</small>
| style="text-align: center"|ɒ
! style="width: 60px; " | <small>short</small>
! style="width: 60px; " | <small>long</small>
! style="width: 60px; " | <small>short</small>
! style="width: 60px; " | <small>long</small>
|-
|-
| style="text-align: center"|â
! style="" |Close
| style="text-align: center"|ɐː
| i (i)
| style="text-align: center"|ô
| i: (î)
| style="text-align: center"|ɵː
|
|
|
| u (u)
|  
|-
|-
| style="text-align: center"|á
! style="" |Mid
| style="text-align: center"|eɪː
|
| style="text-align: center"|ó
| e̞ (ê)
| style="text-align: center"|əʊː
|
|
|
|
| o̞ (ô)
|-
|-
| style="text-align: center"|e
! style="" |Open-mid
| style="text-align: center"|e
| ɛ (e)
| style="text-align: center"|y
|
| style="text-align: center"|ɪ
|
|
|  
| ɔ (ó)
|  
|-
|-
| style="text-align: center"|ê
! style="" |Near-open
| style="text-align: center"|eːə
|
| style="text-align: center"|ŷ
|
| style="text-align: center"|iː
| æ (á)
|
|
|
|
|-
|-
| bgcolor="#999999" colspan="2" rowspan="1" style="text-align: center"|
! style="" |Open
| style="text-align: center"|ÿ
| a: (â)
| style="text-align: center"|ɐɪː
|
|
|
|
| ɑ (a)
| ɒ (o)
|}
|}




=Grammar & Syntax=
 
=Grammar and Syntax=


==Syntax==
==Syntax==
Independant Clauses are SVO whilst Dependant and Relative Clauses are SOV. There is also a slight distinction between Prepositional Clauses depending on whether the preposition attaches to the Direct Object; expressing location of the Direct Object during the action, or the Indirect Object; expressing the location of where the action affecting the Direct Object happened.
Independent Clauses are SVO, whilst Dependent and Relative Clauses are SOV.
 
 
 
===Stress===
Aethêllan differs from languages such as English in that every vowel is pronounced fully and with clear distinction. The language does however place stress on the last syllable of a word, however this is not as important as stress is considered to be in English and other similar languages. Any long vowels; those with diacritics or diphthongs, are stressed as well as the last syllable.
 
*E.g ''donsênanwê'' where the stress is on both ''sên'' and ''wê''.
 
==Verbs==
 
In Aethêllan there are two classes of verbs and these two classes each have two forms. Each verb also has five principle parts. There are some irregular verbs, however, they will not be included in this section. There are ''Strong'' Verbs and ''Weak'' Verbs. Unlike nouns, the two verbs are not differentiated by their phonology nor by their meaning; rather one must learn the principle parts in order to know to which class the verb belongs. Most verbs do have a rather obvious phonological pattern however reliance on phonological similarities will not be enough to properly learn all verbs and their corresponding forms correctly. As stated above, all irregular verbs will be, for the ease of formatting, displayed in more convenient section.
 
The five principal parts are the present active infinitive, the present imperfective, the past aorist (i.e. simple past), the present perfect and the supine displayed in that order.
 
'''NB''' Which class and form each verb takes is dependent on the verb stem, which is not heard in speech, thus the principal parts make it clear to speakers whether the verb is a strong one or not and to which paradigm the verb belongs.
 
 
 
===Aspect & Tense===
 
 
 
===='''Strong Verbs'''====
:These include verbs whose stems end in a plosive or a vowel. See the two examples below.
 
 
 
======'''Strong Verb Class I'''======
: Aed - Aedar - Aedáth - Aedlen - Aedarh - ''To Rule''
 
 
{| {{style|}}
! scope="row"|
Aspect
 
 
Tense
! scope="col"|Aorist
! scope="col"|Imperfective
! scope="col"|Conative
! scope="col"|Habitual
! scope="col"|Perfect
! scope="col"|Inceptive
! scope="col"|Continuative
! scope="col"|Terminative
|-
! scope="row"|Past
| style="text-align: center"| Aed'''áth'''
| style="text-align: center"| Aed'''âl'''
| style="text-align: center"| Aedar'''âl'''
| style="text-align: center"| Aed'''ó'''
| style="text-align: center"| Aed'''nen'''
| style="text-align: center"| Aed'''ey'''
| style="text-align: center"| Aed'''ion'''
| style="text-align: center"| Aed'''men'''
|-
! scope="row"|Present
| style="text-align: center"| Aed'''án'''
| style="text-align: center"| Aedar
| style="text-align: center"| Aedar'''âl'''
| style="text-align: center"| Aedar'''ó'''
| style="text-align: center"| Aed'''len'''
| style="text-align: center"| Aed'''en'''
| style="text-align: center"| Aeda'''rion'''
| style="text-align: center"| Aede'''mene'''
|-
! scope="row"|Future
| style="text-align: center"| Aedar'''in'''
| style="text-align: center"| Aedar'''v'''
| style="text-align: center"| Aed'''âla'''
| style="text-align: center"| Aedar'''ó'''
| style="text-align: center"| Aedar'''len'''
| style="text-align: center"| Aede'''ren'''
| style="text-align: center"| Aedar'''ân'''
| style="text-align: center"| Aedar'''emene'''
|}
 
 
 
======'''Strong Verb Class II'''======
: Edhe - Edhel - Edhey- Edhlar - Edheh - ''To Wield''
 
 
{| {{style|}}
! scope="row"|
Aspect
 
 
Tense
! scope="col"|Aorist
! scope="col"|Imperfective
! scope="col"|Conative
! scope="col"|Habitual
! scope="col"|Perfect
! scope="col"|Inceptive
! scope="col"|Continuative
! scope="col"|Terminative
|-
! scope="row"|Past
| style="text-align: center"| Edh'''ey'''
| style="text-align: center"| Edh'''eoem'''
| style="text-align: center"| Edh'''âl'''
| style="text-align: center"| Edh'''ó'''
| style="text-align: center"| Edh'''ar'''
| style="text-align: center"| Edh'''aen'''
| style="text-align: center"| Edh'''îm'''
| style="text-align: center"| Edh'''em'''
|-
! scope="row"|Present
| style="text-align: center"| Edh'''t'''
| style="text-align: center"| Edhel
| style="text-align: center"| Edh'''wet'''
| style="text-align: center"| Edh'''ôe'''
| style="text-align: center"| Edh'''lar'''
| style="text-align: center"| Edh'''eyn'''
| style="text-align: center"| Edh'''enaf'''
| style="text-align: center"| Edh'''rat'''
|-
! scope="row"|Future
| style="text-align: center"| Edh'''as'''
| style="text-align: center"| Edh'''men'''
| style="text-align: center"| Edh'''wen'''
| style="text-align: center"| Edh'''ôel'''
| style="text-align: center"| Edh'''ÿr'''
| style="text-align: center"| Edh'''nen'''
| style="text-align: center"| Edh'''eth'''
| style="text-align: center"| Edh'''er'''
|}
 
 
 
===='''Weak Verbs'''====
These include verbs whose stem ends in a fricative and any other possible consonant.
 
 
 
======'''Weak Verbs 1st Class'''======
:Vall - Vallak - Vallakir - Vallaken - Vallakum - ''To Betray''
 
 
{| {{style|}}
! scope="row"|
Aspect
 
 
Tense
! scope="col"|Aorist
! scope="col"|Imperfective
! scope="col"|Conative
! scope="col"|Habitual
! scope="col"|Perfect
! scope="col"|Inceptive
! scope="col"|Continuative
! scope="col"|Terminative
|-
! scope="row"|Past
| style="text-align: center"| Vallak'''ir'''
| style="text-align: center"| Vallak'''on'''
| style="text-align: center"| Vallak'''âl'''
| style="text-align: center"| Vallak'''ó'''
| style="text-align: center"| Vallak'''et'''
| style="text-align: center"| Vallak'''ey'''
| style="text-align: center"| Vallak'''erân'''
| style="text-align: center"| Vallak'''emen'''
|-
! scope="row"|Present
| style="text-align: center"| Vallak'''ân'''
| style="text-align: center"| Vallak
| style="text-align: center"| Vallak'''ae'''
| style="text-align: center"| Vallak'''ó'''
| style="text-align: center"| Vallak'''en'''
| style="text-align: center"| Vallak'''ek'''
| style="text-align: center"| Vallak'''arion'''
| style="text-align: center"| Vallak'''amir'''
|-
! scope="row"|Future
| style="text-align: center"| Vallak'''um'''
| style="text-align: center"| Vallak'''ár'''
| style="text-align: center"| Vallak'''imâl'''
| style="text-align: center"| Vallak'''îv'''
| style="text-align: center"| Vallak'''elen'''
| style="text-align: center"| Vallak'''eth'''
| style="text-align: center"| Vallak'''asan'''
| style="text-align: center"| Vallak'''imen'''
|}
 
 
 
======'''Weak Verbs 2nd Class'''======
:Hluf - Hlufan - Hlufte - Hlufrem - Hluftelen - ''To Jump''
 
 
{| {{style|}}
! scope="row"|
Aspect
 
 
Tense
! scope="col"|Aorist
! scope="col"|Imperfective
! scope="col"|Conative
! scope="col"|Habitual
! scope="col"|Perfect
! scope="col"|Inceptive
! scope="col"|Continuative
! scope="col"|Terminative
|-
! scope="row"|Past
| style="text-align: center"| Hluf'''te'''
| style="text-align: center"| Hluf'''e'''
| style="text-align: center"| Hluf'''tir'''
| style="text-align: center"| Hluf'''ó'''
| style="text-align: center"| Hluf'''ÿh'''
| style="text-align: center"| Hluf'''unir'''
| style="text-align: center"| Hluf'''ŷeke'''
| style="text-align: center"| Hluf'''egánir'''
|-
! scope="row"|Present
| style="text-align: center"| Hluf'''ar'''
| style="text-align: center"| Hlufan
| style="text-align: center"| Hluf'''á'''
| style="text-align: center"| Hluf'''ôe'''
| style="text-align: center"| Hluf'''rem'''
| style="text-align: center"| Hluf'''en'''
| style="text-align: center"| Hluf'''eorn'''
| style="text-align: center"| Hluf'''ôether'''
|-
! scope="row"|Future
| style="text-align: center"| Hluf'''um'''
| style="text-align: center"| Hluf'''na'''
| style="text-align: center"| Hluf'''it'''
| style="text-align: center"| Hluf'''elt'''
| style="text-align: center"| Hluf'''elen'''
| style="text-align: center"| Hluf'''ris'''
| style="text-align: center"| Hluf'''wân'''
| style="text-align: center"| Hluf'''utámir'''
|}
 
 
===Verb Number Marking===
 
The following are suffixes. These come after the fusional case/aspect marker.
 
====Transitive Verbs====
 
{| {{style|}}
! colspan="2" rowspan="2"|
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center"|Object
|-
! style="text-align: center"|Singular
! style="text-align: center"|Plural
|-
! rowspan="2" style="text-align: center"|  Agent
! style="text-align: center"|Singular
| style="text-align: center"|
| style="text-align: center"|'''-î'''
|-
! style="text-align: center"|Plural
| style="text-align: center"|'''-a'''
| style="text-align: center"|'''-(v)in'''
|-
|}
 
====Intransitive Verbs====
 
{| {{style|}}
! colspan="1" rowspan="1"|
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center"|Subject
|-
! style="text-align: center"|Singular
| style="text-align: center"|
|-
! style="text-align: center"|Plural
| style="text-align: center"|'''-î'''
|-
|}
 
==Nouns==
 
 
===Cases===
{| {{style|center}}
! colspan="2" |'''Cases'''
|-
!'''ERG'''
|''Ergative''<br />Agent
|-
!'''ABS'''
|''Absolutive''<br />Patient & Experiencer
|-
!'''DAT'''
|''Dative''<br />Indirect Object, Direction to
|-
!'''GEN'''
|''Genitive''<br />Description/Relation/Alienable Poss.<br />e.g. ''Men of Rome''
|-
!'''PART'''
|''Partitive''<br />Pertaining to a Group/Thing
|-
!'''POSS'''
|''Possessive''<br />''Static Possessive''
|-
!'''VOC'''
|''Vocative''
|-
!'''ABES'''
|''Abessive''<br />Lack of Noun
|-
!'''INS'''
|''Instrumental''
|-
!'''EQU'''
|''Equative''<br />Comparison
|}
 
 
 
====Case and Class Paradigms====
In Aethêllan over time Case and Class/Gender have merged into one suffix. When Nouns take their Case and Class marker they now have a far more fusional method unlike its ancestor language Vamynouynem.
 
Strong Nouns are those which end in either a vowel, an approximant, or lateral approximant. Weak nouns are the remainder.
 
 
{| {{style|center}}
! colspan="11" scope="col"|'''Class I The Human Class'''
|-
! colspan ="2" scope="col"|'''Absolutive'''
! scope="col"|'''Ergative'''
! scope="col"|'''Dative'''
! scope="col"|'''Genitive'''
! scope="col"|'''Possessive'''
! scope="col"|'''Partitive'''
! scope="col"|'''Abessive'''
! scope="col"|'''Instrumental'''
! scope="col"|'''Equitive'''
! scope="col"|'''Vocative'''
|-
! scope="row"|'''Strong'''
| Gâl
| Gâl'''am'''
| Gâl'''al'''
| Gâl'''ÿ'''
| Gâl'''â'''
| Gâl'''áth'''
| Gâl'''thârum'''
| Gâl'''fen'''
| Gâl'''anwen'''
| Gâl'''ô'''
|-
! scope="row"|'''Weak'''
| Theyn
| Thên'''am'''
| Thên'''as'''
| Thên'''îs'''
| Thên'''â'''
| Thên'''eh'''
| Thên'''ârum'''
| Thên'''en'''
| Thên'''etwem'''
| Theyn'''ô'''
|-
! colspan="11" scope="col"|'''Class II The Non-Human Class'''
|-
! colspan ="2" scope="col"|'''Absolutive'''
! scope="col"|'''Ergative'''
! scope="col"|'''Dative'''
! scope="col"|'''Genitive'''
! scope="col"|'''Possessive'''
! scope="col"|'''Partitive'''
! scope="col"|'''Abessive'''
! scope="col"|'''Instrumental'''
! scope="col"|'''Equitive'''
! scope="col"|'''Vocative'''
|-
! scope="row"|'''Strong'''
| Kallâr
| Kallâ'''l'''
| Kallâ'''s'''
| Kallâ'''sî'''
| Kallâ'''rem'''
| Kallâ'''men'''
| Kallâ'''venîm'''
| Kallâ'''kal'''
| Kallâ'''kthîl'''
| Kall'''ô'''
|-
! scope="row"|'''Weak'''
| Mârith
| Mâr'''e'''
| Mâr'''os'''
| Mâr'''îm'''
| Mâr'''â'''
| Mâr'''men'''
| Mâr'''sârem'''
| Mâr'''thir'''
| Mâr'''vith'''
| Mâr'''ô'''
|-
! colspan="11" scope="col"|'''Class III The Flora Class'''
|-
! colspan ="2" scope="col"|'''Absolutive'''
! scope="col"|'''Ergative'''
! scope="col"|'''Dative'''
! scope="col"|'''Genitive'''
! scope="col"|'''Possessive'''
! scope="col"|'''Partitive'''
! scope="col"|'''Abessive'''
! scope="col"|'''Instrumental'''
! scope="col"|'''Equitive'''
! scope="col"|'''Vocative'''
|-
! scope="row"|'''Strong'''
| Tiwâr
| Tiwâr'''n'''
| Tiwâr'''as'''
| Tiwâr'''îs'''
| Tiwâr'''â'''
| Tiwâr'''áth'''
| Tiwâr'''thârum'''
| Tiwâr'''fen'''
| Tiwâr'''anwen'''
| Tiwâr'''ô'''
|-
! scope="row"|'''Weak'''
| Fwin
| Fwin'''elth'''
| Fwin'''es'''
| Fwin'''îs'''
| Fwin'''ân'''
| Fwin'''enne'''
| Fwin'''ârum'''
| Fwin'''estes'''
| Fwin'''emwen'''
| Fwin'''ô'''
|-
! colspan="11" scope="col"|'''Class IV The Abstract Class'''
|-
! colspan ="2" scope="col"|'''Absolutive'''
! scope="col"|'''Ergative'''
! scope="col"|'''Dative'''
! scope="col"|'''Genitive'''
! scope="col"|'''Possessive'''
! scope="col"|'''Partitive'''
! scope="col"|'''Abessive'''
! scope="col"|'''Instrumental'''
! scope="col"|'''Equitive'''
! scope="col"|'''Vocative'''
|-
! scope="row"|'''Strong'''
| Ennedîn
| Ennedîn'''e'''
| Ennedîn'''as'''
| Ennedîn'''ir'''
| Ennedîn'''em'''
| Ennedîn'''áth'''
| Ennedîn'''ârum'''
| Ennedîn'''al'''
| Ennedîn'''wen'''
| Ennedîn'''ô'''
|-
! scope="row"|'''Weak'''
| Nethwÿn
| Nethwÿn'''e'''
| Nethwÿn'''os'''
| Nethwÿn'''î'''
| Nethwÿn'''ide'''
| Nethwÿn'''enne'''
| Nethwÿn'''altum'''
| Nethwÿn'''estes'''
| Nethwÿn'''nith'''
| Nethwÿn'''ô'''
|-
! colspan="11" scope="col"|'''Class V The Mass & Inanimate Class'''
|-
! colspan ="2" scope="col"|'''Absolutive'''
! scope="col"|'''Ergative'''
! scope="col"|'''Dative'''
! scope="col"|'''Genitive'''
! scope="col"|'''Possessive'''
! scope="col"|'''Partitive'''
! scope="col"|'''Abessive'''
! scope="col"|'''Instrumental'''
! scope="col"|'''Equitive'''
! scope="col"|'''Vocative'''
|-
! scope="row"|'''Strong'''
| Eyelgar
| Eyelgar'''e'''
| Eyelgar'''l'''
| Eyelgar'''îs'''
| Eyelgar'''îte'''
| Eyelgar'''vala'''
| Eyelgar'''ánna'''
| Eyelgar'''fen'''
| Eyelgar'''wen'''
| Eyelgar'''ô'''
|-
! scope="row"|'''Weak'''
| Dollgan
| Dollgan'''eth'''
| Dollgan'''as'''
| Dollgan'''î'''
| Dollgan'''â'''
| Dollgan'''nule'''
| Dollgan'''ârum'''
| Dollgan'''en'''
| Dollgan'''etwem'''
| Dollgan'''ô'''
|-
|}
 
 
=====Notes on Cases=====


An Example in English and how it could be interpreted in Gwythyr depending on the location of the preposition:
*'''Theyn''' is an irregular verb, hence the short diphthong becoming a long vowel. This happens for all weak nouns with short diphthongs in Class I.


*I killed the man on the table.
*'''Gâl''' translates roughly to ''Man'' though can also be used for both sexes.
**In English this can interpreted as I killed the man who was on the table, or on the table is where I killed the man. In Gwythyr if one wanted to convey the first meaning then the preposition would attach to the Direct Object, whereas if one meant the other interpretation then the preposition would attach to the Indirect Object.
*'''Theyn''' is often used for ''Woman'' though its literal meaning is ''One who gives birth''.


*'''Kallâr''' translates to ''Sea-Bird''. This is an irregular verb.
*'''Mârith''' translates to ''Snake''. This is also an irregular verb.


==Stress==
*'''Tiwâr''' is a very tall, hard tree similar in appearance to that of our Oak.
The stress is always placed on the second last accentuated vowel, and in the case where this is not accentuated then the stress swaps to the nearest accentuated vowel. In the case of two syllable words then the stress is always placed on the accentuated vowel and in the rare case where both vowels are accentuated the first one is favoured.
*'''Fwin''' is a little vine that lives on larger trees and has tiny white flowers.


*In words with words that are more than four syllables long the first accentuated and second last accentuated vowel are stressed.
*'''Ennedîn''' translates to Elegance
**E.g ''donsênansêwe'' where the stress is on both ''sên'' and ''sê''.
*'''Nethwÿn''' translates to Intelligence.


*'''Eyelgar''' translates to Fire
*'''Dollgan''' translates to Mountain


==Structure==
* In Class V the ''Strong'' class are the Mass nouns and the ''Weak'' are the Inanimate Nouns. (Almost)Any noun can take Mass Noun (Strong) CLass V inflections and be used as a ''Collective'' Noun, however, the original Mass Nouns cannot take any other inflections or be used in any other paradigms.


'''Noun Structure'''
===Definite vs. Indefinite===
{|class="wikitable" style="width: 300px"
The Definite marker for nouns is the allomorphic prefix '''(v)(i)-'''.
| style="text-align: center"|Derivations
{| {{style|center}}
| style="text-align: center"|'''Noun'''
! Definite
| style="text-align: center"|Case
! Indefinite
| style="text-align: center"|Plural/Defined
|-
| style="text-align: center"|Class
| Igâla
| Gâla
|-
| '''The Man'''
| '''A Man'''
|-
| Vennedîn Gâlîs
| Ennedîn
|-
| '''The Elegance of Man'''
| '''Elegance'''
|-
|}
|}


*'''NB''' Galîs is the collective noun for man, meaning something akin to Mankind/Humankind.


'''Verb Structure'''
 
{| class="wikitable" style="width: 350px;"
===Personal Pronouns===
| style="text-align: center"|Other Prefixes
 
| style="text-align: center"|Derivations
{| {{style|center}}
| style="text-align: center"|'''Verb'''
! colspan="5" |'''First Person'''
| style="text-align: center"|Voice
|-
| style="text-align: center"|Aspect
! colspan="5" rowspan="1"|
| style="text-align: center"|Agreement
|-
| style="text-align: center"|Participles
! colspan="1" rowspan="1"|
!
! colspan="2" |''Exclusive''
!''Inclusive''
|-
!'''Erg.'''
|Va (I)
| colspan="2" |Be (We)
|Me (We)
|-
!'''Abs.'''
|Nen (Me)
| colspan="2" |Gen (Us)
|Dae (Us)
|-
!'''Poss.'''
|Neth (My/Mine)
| colspan="2" |Geth (Ours)
|Yel (Ours)
|-
!'''Dat.'''
|Hel (to Me)
| colspan="2" |ân (to Us)
|Hwer (to Us)
|-
!'''Inst'''
|Var (by Me)
| colspan="2" |Dôr (by Us)
|Sâl (by Us)
|-
! colspan="5" rowspan="1"|
|-
! colspan="5" |'''Second Person'''
|-
! colspan="1" rowspan="1"|
! colspan="3" |''Living''
! colspan="1" |''Non-Living''
|-
! colspan="1" rowspan="1"|
! colspan="1" |'''Singular (Exclusive) '''
! colspan="2" |'''Plural (Inclusive)'''
! colspan="1" |'''Singular'''
|-
!'''Erg.'''
|Lâ (Thou)
| colspan="2" |Eoâ (Thou)
|Ete (It)
|-
!'''Abs.'''
|Lîn (Thee)
| colspan="2" |Eoŷe (Thee)
|Ete (It)
|-
!'''Poss.'''
|Flan (Thy)
| colspan="2" |Eoin (Thine)
|Ets (Its)
|-
!'''Dat.'''
|Olf (to Thee)
| colspan="2" |Eois (to Thee)
|Ses (to It)
|-
!'''Inst.'''
|Fen (by Thou)
| colspan="2" |Eoân (by Thou)
|Etsan (by It)
|-
! colspan="5" rowspan="1"|
|-
! colspan="5" |'''Third Person Singular'''
|-
! colspan="1" rowspan="1"|
! colspan="2" |'''Living & Non-Gendered'''
! colspan="2" |'''Non-Living & Neutral'''
|-
!'''Erg.'''
| colspan="2" |De (He/She)
| colspan="2" |Agan (It)
|-
!'''Abs.'''
| colspan="2" |Ene (Him/Her)
| colspan="2" |Ani (It)
|-
!'''Poss.'''
| colspan="2" |Ures (His/Hers)
| colspan="2" |Gâna (Its)
|-
!'''Dat.'''
| colspan="2" |Del (to Him/Her)
| colspan="2" |Dor (to It)
|-
!'''Inst.'''
| colspan="2" |Ten (by Him/Her)
| colspan="2" |Than (by It)
|-
! colspan="5" rowspan="1"|
|-
! colspan="5" |'''Third Person Plural'''
|-
! colspan="1" rowspan="1"|
! colspan="2" |'''Living & Non-Gendered'''
! colspan="2" |'''Non-Living & Neutral'''
|-
!'''Erg.'''
| colspan="2" |Mer (They)
| colspan="2" |Oro (Its)
|-
!'''Abs.'''
| colspan="2" |Nir (Them)
| colspan="2" |Non (Its)
|-
!'''Poss.'''
| colspan="2" |Hal (Theirs)
| colspan="2" |Moh (Its)
|-
!'''Dat.'''
| colspan="2" |Emlen (to Them)
| colspan="2" |Thân (To Its)
|-
!'''Inst.'''
| colspan="2" |Morth (by Them)
| colspan="2" |Orum (by Its)
|}
|}




'''Adjective Structure'''
 
{|class="wikitable" style="width:400 px"
==Derivation==
| style="text-align: center"|Derivations
 
| style="text-align: center"|Comparative/Gradable
The following are a mix of prefixes and suffixes. Prefixes are marked, and the remaining are suffixes.
| style="text-align: center"|'''Adjective'''
 
| style="text-align: center"|Agreement
 
| style="text-align: center"|Adjectival Participle
{| {{style|center}}
!'''Derivation Pattern'''
!'''Affix & Example'''
|-
|Adjective --> Adverb '''(prefix)'''
|'''an'''<br />Quick > Quickly
|-
|Adjective --> Noun '''(prefix)'''
|'''agar'''<br />Happy > Happiness
|-
|Noun --> Verb
|'''bel'''<br />Glory > Glorify
|-
|Noun --> Adjective
|'''faltar'''<br />Recreation > Recreational
|-
|Adjectives --> Transitive Verbs
|'''lis'''<br />Rich > Enrich
|-
|Nouns --> Transitive Verbs
|'''fal'''<br />Rapture > Enrapture
|-
|Transitive Verbs --> Intransitive Verbs (Antipassive Voice)<br />Agent/Experience and Patient/Focus swap places
|'''Ablaut'''<br />E.g.to hit > to be hit by<br />to like > to be pleasing to
|-
|Intransitive Verbs --> Transitive Verbs<br />Increase transitivity, turn impersonal verb into agent-intransitive,<br />Intransitive verb into transitive, transitive into ditransitive
|'''Ablaut'''<br />to rain > to water (plants, etc.)<br />to have > to give
|-
|Inchoative/Inceptive Verb
|''See Inceptive Aspect''
|-
|Catenative Verb
|'''-'''
|-
|Opposite (Quality) '''(prefix)'''
|'''rao'''<br />Happy > sad, clear > vague
|-
|opposite (reverse action)'''(prefix)'''<br />Agent and patient remain the same, action of the verb changes
|'''forn'''<br />Earn <==> spend, borrow <==> repay
|-
|Motion Purpose<br />Go somewhere in order to do VERB
|'''maela'''<br />to buy > to go shopping
|-
|Nominal Participle<br />Person who is doing VERB at the current moment<br />(Also inflects for tense)
|'''dwe'''<br />Run > runner
|-
|Person who does verb habitually
|'''moth'''<br />Write > writer
|-
|Place where VERB is typically done
|'''gen'''<br />to cook > kitchen, to sleep > bedroom
|-
|Place with lots of NOUN
|'''othin'''<br />Book > library, tree > forest
|-
|Tool or substance used for doing VERB
|'''arta'''<br />to write > writing implement, to wash > soap
|-
|ADJ = made of NOUN '''(prefix)'''
|'''val'''<br />Gold > golden, wood > wooden
|-
|ADJ = having lot of/ some of NOUN '''(prefix)'''
|'''var'''<br />Money > rich, trash > messy
|-
|ADJ = lacking/sparsity of NOUN '''(prefix)'''
|'''ave'''<br />Tooth > toothless, money > poor
|-
|Augmentation
|'''îthil'''<br />House > mansion, cat > lion
|-
|Pejoration
|'''ithse'''<br />Man > scoundrel, child > brat
|-
|ADJ = tending to often do VERB/be ADJ '''(prefix)'''
|'''gir'''<br />think > thoughtful, forget > forgetful
|-
|VERB = to use NOUN in a typical way
|'''kâl'''<br />Lips > kiss, Hammer > to hammer
|}
|}
*Adjectives cannot be inflected with comparative and the Gradable sufffix at the same time.
 
 
[[Category:Languages]][[Category:Aethêllan]]
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