Aethêllan: Difference between revisions

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Aethêllan (view source)

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This is a work of love and I ask any readers that, outside of any accidental grammatical mistakes, they do not make any edits, however minor, without my permission and that this work is protected by copyright. Your understanding is greatly appreciated.
This is a work of love and I ask any readers that, outside of any accidental grammatical mistakes, they do not make any edits, however minor, without my permission and that this work is protected by copyright. Your understanding is greatly appreciated.




=Background=
=Background=
Aethêllan is an SVO fusional-agglutinative language. The majority of information is placed on the nouns and verbs, and though it is an SVO language technically speaking it does allow for free word order.
Aethêllan is an SVO fusional-agglutinative language. The majority of information is placed on the nouns and verbs, and though it is an SVO language technically speaking it does allow for free word order.




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|colspan="2"|
|colspan="2"|
|}
|}




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#/ɹ/ becomes /r/ before plosives.
#/ɹ/ becomes /r/ before plosives.
#/h/ becomes /x/ at the end of a word.
#/h/ becomes /x/ at the end of a word.




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|-
|-
| ôe
| ôe
| '''ɔː'''
| '''əʊ:'''
|-
| ÿ
| '''aɪ:'''
|-
|-
| ŷe
| ŷe
|'''ɪəː'''
|'''iə:'''
|-
|-
| ae
| ae
|'''aɪ'''
|-
|ai
|'''aɪ'''
|'''aɪ'''
|-
|-
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|'''əj'''
|'''əj'''
|}
|}




==Vowels==
==Vowels==
{| {{style|center}}
 
!colspan="1" scope="col"|'''Vowels'''
{| border="1" cellpadding="1" cellspacing="1" class="bluetable lightbluebg" style="width: 450px; text-align:center;"
!colspan="1" scope="col"|'''IPA'''
! rowspan="2" style="width: 90px; "|
!colspan="1" scope="col"|'''Vowel'''
! colspan="2" style="width: 120px; " |Front
!colspan="1" scope="col"|'''IPA'''
! colspan="1" style="width: 120px; " |Near-front
! colspan="2" style="width: 120px; " |Central
! colspan="2" style="width: 120px; " |Back
|-
|-
|colspan="1"|a
! style="width: 60px; " | <small>short</small>
|colspan="1"|'''ɑ'''
! style="width: 60px; " | <small>long</small>
|colspan="1"|o
! style="width: 120px; " | <small>short</small>
|colspan="1"|'''ɒ'''
! style="width: 60px; " | <small>short</small>
! style="width: 60px; " | <small>long</small>
! style="width: 60px; " | <small>short</small>
! style="width: 60px; " | <small>long</small>
|-
|-
|colspan="1"|â
! style="" |Close
|colspan="1"|'''aː'''
| i (i)
|colspan="1"|ô
| i: (î)
|colspan="1"|'''ɵː'''
|
|
|
| u (u)
|  
|-
|-
|colspan="1"|á
! style="" |Mid
|colspan="1"|'''æ'''
|
|colspan="1"|ó
| e̞ (ê)
|colspan="1"|'''əʊː'''
|
|
|
|
| o̞ (ô)
|-
|-
|colspan="1"|e
! style="" |Open-mid
|colspan="1"|'''ɛ'''
| ɛ (e)
|colspan="1"|i
|
|colspan="1"|'''ɪ'''
|
|
|  
| ɔ (ó)
|  
|-
|-
|colspan="1"|ê
! style="" |Near-open
|colspan="1"|'''eːə'''
|
|colspan="1"|î
|
|colspan="1"|'''iː'''
| æ (á)
|
|
|
|
|-
|-
|colspan="1"|u
! style="" |Open
|colspan="1"|'''u'''
| a: (â)
|colspan="1"|ÿ
|
|colspan="1"|'''ɔɪː'''
|
|  
|
| ɑ (a)
| ɒ (o)
|}
|}


=Grammar and Syntax=
=Grammar and Syntax=
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==Syntax==
==Syntax==
Independent Clauses are SVO, whilst Dependent and Relative Clauses are SOV.
Independent Clauses are SVO, whilst Dependent and Relative Clauses are SOV.


===Stress===
===Stress===
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*E.g ''donsênanwê'' where the stress is on both ''sên'' and ''wê''.
*E.g ''donsênanwê'' where the stress is on both ''sên'' and ''wê''.
==Grammatical Structure==
All derivational affixes are prefixes, and all other affixes are suffixes excluding the adverbial marker which is an infix for historical linguistic reasons.
In regards to the order of the attaching of suffixes, case takes highest priority, followed by voice, aspect, then agreement, finally followed by any remaining suffixes.
*'''NB''': Adjectives cannot be inflected with comparative and the Gradable suffix at the same time.


==Verbs==
==Verbs==
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==Aspect & Tense==
===Aspect & Tense===




==='''Strong Verbs'''===
 
===='''Strong Verbs'''====
:These include verbs whose stems end in a plosive or a vowel. See the two examples below.
:These include verbs whose stems end in a plosive or a vowel. See the two examples below.




===='''Strong Verb Class I'''====
 
======'''Strong Verb Class I'''======
: Aed - Aedar - Aedáth - Aedlen - Aedarh - ''To Rule''
: Aed - Aedar - Aedáth - Aedlen - Aedarh - ''To Rule''


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===='''Strong Verb Class II'''====
======'''Strong Verb Class II'''======
: Edhe - Edhel - Edhey- Edhlar - Edheh - ''To Wield''
: Edhe - Edhel - Edhey- Edhlar - Edheh - ''To Wield''


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==='''Weak Verbs'''===
===='''Weak Verbs'''====
These include verbs whose stem ends in a fricative and any other possible consonant.
These include verbs whose stem ends in a fricative and any other possible consonant.




===='''Weak Verbs 1st Class'''====
 
======'''Weak Verbs 1st Class'''======
:Vall - Vallak - Vallakir - Vallaken - Vallakum - ''To Betray''
:Vall - Vallak - Vallakir - Vallaken - Vallakum - ''To Betray''


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===='''Weak Verbs 2nd Class'''====
======'''Weak Verbs 2nd Class'''======
:Hluf - Hlufan - Hlufte - Hlufrem - Hluftelen - ''To Jump''
:Hluf - Hlufan - Hlufte - Hlufrem - Hluftelen - ''To Jump''


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===Verb Number Marking===
The following are suffixes. These come after the fusional case/aspect marker.
====Transitive Verbs====
{| {{style|}}
! colspan="2" rowspan="2"|
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center"|Object
|-
! style="text-align: center"|Singular
! style="text-align: center"|Plural
|-
! rowspan="2" style="text-align: center"|  Agent
! style="text-align: center"|Singular
| style="text-align: center"|
| style="text-align: center"|'''-î'''
|-
! style="text-align: center"|Plural
| style="text-align: center"|'''-a'''
| style="text-align: center"|'''-(v)in'''
|-
|}
====Intransitive Verbs====
{| {{style|}}
! colspan="1" rowspan="1"|
! colspan="2" style="text-align: center"|Subject
|-
! style="text-align: center"|Singular
| style="text-align: center"|
|-
! style="text-align: center"|Plural
| style="text-align: center"|'''-î'''
|-
|}


==Nouns==
==Nouns==


===Cases===
===Cases===
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==Case and Class Paradigms==
 
====Case and Class Paradigms====
In Aethêllan over time Case and Class/Gender have merged into one suffix. When Nouns take their Case and Class marker they now have a far more fusional method unlike its ancestor language Vamynouynem.
In Aethêllan over time Case and Class/Gender have merged into one suffix. When Nouns take their Case and Class marker they now have a far more fusional method unlike its ancestor language Vamynouynem.


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! colspan="11" scope="col"|'''Class I The Human Class'''
! colspan="11" scope="col"|'''Class I The Human Class'''
|-
|-
! colspan ="2" scope="col"|'''Ergative'''
! colspan ="2" scope="col"|'''Absolutive'''
! scope="col"|'''Absolutive'''
! scope="col"|'''Ergative'''
! scope="col"|'''Dative'''
! scope="col"|'''Dative'''
! scope="col"|'''Genitive'''
! scope="col"|'''Genitive'''
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|-
|-
! scope="row"|'''Strong'''
! scope="row"|'''Strong'''
| Gâla
| Gâl
| Gâla'''m'''
| Gâl'''am'''
| Gâla'''l'''
| Gâl'''al'''
| Gâl'''ÿ'''
| Gâl'''ÿ'''
| Gâl'''â'''
| Gâl'''â'''
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| Thên'''en'''
| Thên'''en'''
| Thên'''etwem'''
| Thên'''etwem'''
| They'''ô'''
| Theyn'''ô'''
|-
|-
! colspan="11" scope="col"|'''Class II The Non-Human Class'''
! colspan="11" scope="col"|'''Class II The Non-Human Class'''
|-
|-
! colspan ="2" scope="col"|'''Ergative'''
! colspan ="2" scope="col"|'''Absolutive'''
! scope="col"|'''Absolutive'''
! scope="col"|'''Ergative'''
! scope="col"|'''Dative'''
! scope="col"|'''Dative'''
! scope="col"|'''Genitive'''
! scope="col"|'''Genitive'''
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! colspan="11" scope="col"|'''Class III The Flora Class'''
! colspan="11" scope="col"|'''Class III The Flora Class'''
|-
|-
! colspan ="2" scope="col"|'''Ergative'''
! colspan ="2" scope="col"|'''Absolutive'''
! scope="col"|'''Absolutive'''
! scope="col"|'''Ergative'''
! scope="col"|'''Dative'''
! scope="col"|'''Dative'''
! scope="col"|'''Genitive'''
! scope="col"|'''Genitive'''
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| Fwin'''ô'''
| Fwin'''ô'''
|-
|-
! colspan="11" scope="col"|'''Class IV The Abstract/Magic Class'''
! colspan="11" scope="col"|'''Class IV The Abstract Class'''
|-
|-
! colspan ="2" scope="col"|'''Ergative'''
! colspan ="2" scope="col"|'''Absolutive'''
! scope="col"|'''Absolutive'''
! scope="col"|'''Ergative'''
! scope="col"|'''Dative'''
! scope="col"|'''Dative'''
! scope="col"|'''Genitive'''
! scope="col"|'''Genitive'''
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| Nethwÿn'''ô'''
| Nethwÿn'''ô'''
|-
|-
! colspan="11" scope="col"|'''Class V The Mass/Inanimate Class'''
! colspan="11" scope="col"|'''Class V The Mass & Inanimate Class'''
|-
|-
! colspan ="2" scope="col"|'''Ergative'''
! colspan ="2" scope="col"|'''Absolutive'''
! scope="col"|'''Absolutive'''
! scope="col"|'''Ergative'''
! scope="col"|'''Dative'''
! scope="col"|'''Dative'''
! scope="col"|'''Genitive'''
! scope="col"|'''Genitive'''
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! scope="row"|'''Strong'''
! scope="row"|'''Strong'''
| Eyelgar
| Eyelgar
| Eyelgar'''m'''
| Eyelgar'''e'''
| Eyelgar'''l'''
| Eyelgar'''l'''
| Eyelgar'''îs'''
| Eyelgar'''îs'''
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*'''NB''' ''Theyn'' is a weak verb due it to have a short diphthong, thus the first vowel of the diphthong is lengthened. This happens for all nouns with short diphthongs.
=====Notes on Cases=====
*'''NB''' The very slight difference here between the Dat. and Part. forms of ''Theyn'' are due to ''Theyn'' itself. I.E ''Theyn'' dropping its ''n'' in the Dat. form - this is irregular and only occurs only with Class 1 Weak Nouns ending in ''n''


*'''Gâla''' translates roughly to ''Man'' though can also be used for both sexes.
*'''Theyn''' is an irregular verb, hence the short diphthong becoming a long vowel. This happens for all weak nouns with short diphthongs in Class I.
 
*'''Gâl''' translates roughly to ''Man'' though can also be used for both sexes.
*'''Theyn''' is often used for ''Woman'' though its literal meaning is ''One who gives birth''.
*'''Theyn''' is often used for ''Woman'' though its literal meaning is ''One who gives birth''.


*'''Kallâr''' translates to ''Sea-Bird''.
*'''Kallâr''' translates to ''Sea-Bird''. This is an irregular verb.
*'''Mârith''' translates to ''Snake''.
*'''Mârith''' translates to ''Snake''. This is also an irregular verb.


*'''Tiwâr''' is a very tall, hard tree similar in appearance to that of our Oak.
*'''Tiwâr''' is a very tall, hard tree similar in appearance to that of our Oak.
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*'''Eyelgar''' translates to Fire
*'''Eyelgar''' translates to Fire
*'''Dollgan''' translates to Mountain
*'''Dollgan''' translates to Mountain
*'''NB''' In Class V the ''Strong'' class are the Mass nouns and the ''Weak'' are the Inanimate Nouns. (Almost)Any noun can take Mass Noun (Strong) CLass V inflections and be used as a ''Collective'' Noun, however, the original Mass Nouns cannot take any other inflections or be used in any other paradigms.


* In Class V the ''Strong'' class are the Mass nouns and the ''Weak'' are the Inanimate Nouns. (Almost)Any noun can take Mass Noun (Strong) CLass V inflections and be used as a ''Collective'' Noun, however, the original Mass Nouns cannot take any other inflections or be used in any other paradigms.


===Defined vs Undefined Nouns===
===Definite vs. Indefinite===
The Definite marker for nouns is '''V(i)-''' which is a prefix.
The Definite marker for nouns is the allomorphic prefix '''(v)(i)-'''.
{| {{style|center}}
{| {{style|center}}
! Definite
! Definite
! Indefinite
! Indefinite
|-
|-
| Vigâla '''/''' Vennedîn Gâlÿ
| Igâla
| Gâla '''/''' Ennedîn
| Gâla
|-
| '''The Man'''
| '''A Man'''
|-
| Vennedîn Gâlîs
| Ennedîn
|-
| '''The Elegance of Man'''
| '''Elegance'''
|-
|-
|''The Man'' '''/''' ''The Elegance of Man''
|''A Man'' '''/''' ''Elegenace''
|}
|}
*'''NB''' Galîs is the collective noun for man, meaning something akin to Mankind/Humankind.


===Personal Pronouns===
===Personal Pronouns===
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| colspan="2" |Orum (by Its)
| colspan="2" |Orum (by Its)
|}
|}


==Derivation==
==Derivation==
All the following are Prefixes.
 
The following are a mix of prefixes and suffixes. Prefixes are marked, and the remaining are suffixes.
 
 
{| {{style|center}}
{| {{style|center}}
!'''Derivation Pattern'''
!'''Derivation Pattern'''
!'''Affix & Example'''
!'''Affix & Example'''
|-
|-
|Adjective --> Adverb
|Adjective --> Adverb '''(prefix)'''
|'''an'''<br />Quick > Quickly
|'''an'''<br />Quick > Quickly
|-
|-
|Adjective --> Noun
|Adjective --> Noun '''(prefix)'''
|'''agar'''<br />Happy > Happiness
|'''agar'''<br />Happy > Happiness
|-
|-
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|'''-'''
|'''-'''
|-
|-
|Opposite (Quality)
|Opposite (Quality) '''(prefix)'''
|'''rao'''<br />Happy > sad, clear > vague
|'''rao'''<br />Happy > sad, clear > vague
|-
|-
|opposite (reverse action)<br />Agent and patient remain the same, action of the verb changes
|opposite (reverse action)'''(prefix)'''<br />Agent and patient remain the same, action of the verb changes
|'''forn'''<br />Earn <==> spend, borrow <==> repay
|'''forn'''<br />Earn <==> spend, borrow <==> repay
|-
|-
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|'''arta'''<br />to write > writing implement, to wash > soap
|'''arta'''<br />to write > writing implement, to wash > soap
|-
|-
|ADJ = made of NOUN
|ADJ = made of NOUN '''(prefix)'''
|'''val'''<br />Gold > golden, wood > wooden
|'''val'''<br />Gold > golden, wood > wooden
|-
|-
|ADJ = having lot of/ some of NOUN
|ADJ = having lot of/ some of NOUN '''(prefix)'''
|'''var'''<br />Money > rich, trash > messy
|'''var'''<br />Money > rich, trash > messy
|-
|-
|ADJ = lacking/sparsity of NOUN
|ADJ = lacking/sparsity of NOUN '''(prefix)'''
|'''ave'''<br />Tooth > toothless, money > poor
|'''ave'''<br />Tooth > toothless, money > poor
|-
|-
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|'''ithse'''<br />Man > scoundrel, child > brat
|'''ithse'''<br />Man > scoundrel, child > brat
|-
|-
|ADJ = tending to often do VERB/be ADJ
|ADJ = tending to often do VERB/be ADJ '''(prefix)'''
|'''gir'''<br />think > thoughtful, forget > forgetful
|'''gir'''<br />think > thoughtful, forget > forgetful
|-
|-
|VERB = to use NOUN in a typical way
|VERB = to use NOUN in a typical way
|'''kalah'''<br />Lips > kiss, Hammer > to hammer
|'''kâl'''<br />Lips > kiss, Hammer > to hammer
|}
|}




[[Category:Languages]][[Category:Conlangs]]
[[Category:Languages]][[Category:Languages]]
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