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Ancient Lathian (view source)

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|name = Ancient Lathian
|name = Ancient Lathian
|nativename = Λάθικαα Láthikā
|nativename = Λάθικαα Láthikā
|pronunciation = [ˈlatʰikaː]
|pronunciation = ˈlatʰikaː
|region = Lathia, Thamilia
|region = Lathia, Thamilia
|era = Mid to Late 1st Millennium BCE
|era = Mid to Late 1st Millennium BCE
|familycolor = Indo-European
|familycolor = Indo-European
|fam1 = [[w:Indo-European_languages|Indo-European]]
|fam2 = Nesic  
|fam2 = Nesic  
|fam3 = Eastern Nesic  
|fam3 = Eastern Nesic  
|ancestor = Archaic Lathian
|ancestor = Archaic Lathian
|iso1 = lt
|script1        = Grek
|iso2 = lt
|creator=User:Asteria91
|iso3 = ltk
|script        = [[w:Greek Alphabet|Greek]] (Lathian Alphabet)
|agency        =
}}
}}


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|  
|  
|z  
|z  
|  
|ʒ
|  
|  
|  
|  
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|e eː   
|e eː   
|   
|   
|o oː
|  
|-
|-
! style="" |Open
! style="" |Open
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|  
|  
|}
|}
===Phonetic Notes===
===Phonetic Notes===
*/t/, /d/, and /tʰ/ are denti-alveolar.
*/t/, /d/, and /tʰ/ are denti-alveolar.
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*/r/ is prototypically an alveolar tap /ɾ/.  It becomes an alveolar trill /r/ word-initially.  In the syllable-final position, either a trill or tap could occur with no semantic difference.
*/r/ is prototypically an alveolar tap /ɾ/.  It becomes an alveolar trill /r/ word-initially.  In the syllable-final position, either a trill or tap could occur with no semantic difference.
*/s/ and /ʃ/ become voiced before voiced consonants.
*/s/ and /ʃ/ become voiced before voiced consonants.
==Phonotactics==
==Phonotactics==
* Any vowel may end a word, as well as any nasal, liquid, or fricative.  If a stop ended a word in PIE, it was dropped in Ancient Lathian (or maybe as far back as Proto-Nesic).
* Any vowel may end a word, as well as any nasal, liquid, or fricative.  If a stop ended a word in PIE, it was dropped in Ancient Lathian (or maybe as far back as Proto-Nesic).
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|-
|-
|'''Εε'''
|'''Εε'''
|'''Έφσιλον'''
|'''Έφσιλυν'''
|/e/
|/e/
|-
|-
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|-
|-
|'''Ηη'''
|'''Ηη'''
|'''ηεέτα'''
|'''Ηεέτα'''
|/h/
|/h/
|-
|-
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|-
|-
|'''Ιι'''
|'''Ιι'''
|'''Ιοότα'''
|'''Ιυύτα'''
|/i/
|/i/
|-
|-
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|'''Νυυ'''
|'''Νυυ'''
|/n/
|/n/
|-
|'''Οο'''
|'''Όμικρον'''
|/o/
|-
|-
|'''Ππ'''
|'''Ππ'''
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|-
|-
|'''Ρρ'''
|'''Ρρ'''
|'''Ροο'''
|'''Ρυυ'''
|/r/
|/r/
|-
|-
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|-
|-
|'''Υυ'''
|'''Υυ'''
|'''Ύφσιλον'''
|'''Ύφσιλυν'''
|/u/
|/u/
|-
|-
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|'''ιι'''
|'''ιι'''
|/iː/
|/iː/
|-
|'''οο'''
|/oː/
|-
|-
|'''υυ'''
|'''υυ'''
|/uː/
|/uː/
|-
|'''ζζ'''
|/ʒ/
|-
|'''λλ'''
|/ʎ/
|-
|'''νν'''
|/ɲ/
|-
|-
|'''σσ'''
|'''σσ'''
|/ʃ/
|/ʃ/
|-
|'''ζζ'''
|/ʒ/
|-
|-
|}
|}
Any other doubled consonant indicates germination.
Any other doubled consonant indicates germination.
===Diacritics===
===Diacritics===
The only diacritic used in Ancient Lathian is the acute accent (′), which is used to indicate stress.  In a diphthong, the accent in placed on the first vowel (ex. '''''άυμερυ'''''; '''''σμεέικρυ''''').  In a long vowel diagraph, the accent is placed on the second vowel (ex. '''''αρθαά''''').  
The only diacritic used in Ancient Lathian is the acute accent (′), which is used to indicate stress.  In a diphthong, the accent in placed on the first vowel (ex. '''''άυμερυ'''''; '''''σμεέικρυ''''').  In a long vowel diagraph, the accent is placed on the second vowel (ex. '''''αρθαά''''').  
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====First Declension====
====First Declension====
The first declension consists mainly of feminine and neuter nouns ending in '''-αα''' in the nominative singular, as well as a small number of masculine nouns.
The first declension (called the ''a-stem'' or ''alpha declension'')  comprises the largest class of nouns.  It is derived from both PIE athematic a(eh₂)-stems and o-stems.  The first part of this declension is comprised mainly of feminine nouns with a long alpha (-αα) at the end of the stem.  It also includes a small group of masculine nouns.


{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible collapsed" style="width: 500px; text-align: center;"
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible collapsed" style="width: 500px; text-align: center;"
! colspan="5" | '''First declension'''
! colspan="3" | '''Masculine & Feminine -αα stem'''
|-
|-
! style="width: 200px; " |
! style="width: 100px;" | Case !! style="width: 100px;" | Singular !! style="width: 100px;" | Plural
! colspan="2" style="width: 200px; " | Masculine & Feminine
! colspan="2" style="width: 200px; " | Neuter 
|-
! style="width: 100px;" | Case !! style="width: 100px;" | Singular !! style="width: 100px;" | Plural !! style="width: 100px;" | Singular !! style="width: 100px;" | Plural
|-
|-
! Nominative/Vocative
! Nominative/Vocative
| -αα/-α || -αας
| -αα || -αας
| -αα/-α || -ε
|-
|-
! Accusative
! Accusative
| -ααμ/-αμ || -αας
| -ααν || -αας
| -ααμ/-αμ || -ε
|-
|-
! Dative
! Dative
| -ααι || -ααις
| -ααι || -ααις
| -ααι || -ααις
|-
|-
! Genitive
! Genitive
| -υνς || -οον
| -αασς || -ααν
| -υνς || -οον
|}
|}


{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible collapsed" style="width: 500px; text-align: center;"
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible collapsed" style="width: 500px; text-align: center;"
! colspan="5" | '''First declension'''
! colspan="5" | '''Masculine & Feminine -αα stem'''
|-
|-
! style="width: 200px; " |
! style="width: 200px; " |
! colspan="2" style="width: 200px; " | Masculine & Feminine: θάλαα (''flower; blossom'')
! colspan="2" style="width: 200px; " | Feminine: θάλαα (''flower; blossom'')
! colspan="2" style="width: 200px; " | Neuter: νιοόμα (''soul; spirit'')   
! colspan="2" style="width: 200px; " | Masculine: ταάταα (''daddy; dad'')   
|-  
|-  
! style="width: 100px;" | Case !! style="width: 100px;" | Singular !! style="width: 100px;" | Plural !! style="width: 100px;" | Singular !! style="width: 100px;" | Plural  
! style="width: 100px;" | Case !! style="width: 100px;" | Singular !! style="width: 100px;" | Plural !! style="width: 100px;" | Singular !! style="width: 100px;" | Plural  
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! Nominative/Vocative
! Nominative/Vocative
| θάλαα  || θάλαας
| θάλαα  || θάλαας
| νιοόμα || νιοόμε
| ταάταα || ταάταας
|-
|-
! Accusative
! Accusative
| θάλααμ || θάλαας
| θάλααν || θάλαας
| νιοόμαμ|| νιοόμε
| ταάτααν|| ταάταας
|-
|-
! Dative
! Dative
| θάλααι || θάλααις
| θάλααι || θάλααις
| νιοόμααι || νιοόααις
| ταάτααι || ταάτααις
|-
|-
! Genitive
! Genitive
| θάλυνς || θάλοον
| θάλαασς || θάλααν
| νιοόμυνς || νιοόμοον
| ταάταασς || ταάτααν
|}
 
The second part of the first declension is comprised mainly of masculine & neuter nouns with a short alpha (-α) at the end of the stem.  It also includes a small number of feminine nouns.
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible collapsed" style="width: 500px; text-align: center;"
! colspan="3" | '''Masculine & Feminine -ας stem'''
|-
! style="width: 100px;" | Case !! style="width: 100px;" | Singular !! style="width: 100px;" | Plural 
|-
! Nominative
| -ας || -αας
|-
! Vocative
| -ε || -αας
|-
! Accusative
| -αν || -αας
|-
! Dative
| -ααι || -αις
|-
! Genitive
| -ασς || -ααν
|}
 
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible collapsed" style="width: 500px; text-align: center;"
! colspan="5" | '''Masculine & Feminine -ας stem'''
|-
! style="width: 200px; " |
! colspan="2" style="width: 200px; " | Masculine: δέινας (''day'')
! colspan="2" style="width: 200px; " | Feminine: σάδας (''road; path; way'') 
|-
! style="width: 100px;" | Case !! style="width: 100px;" | Singular !! style="width: 100px;" | Plural !! style="width: 100px;" | Singular !! style="width: 100px;" | Plural
|-
! Nominative
| δέινας  || δέιναας
| σάδας || σάδαας
|-
! Vocative
| δέινε  || δέιναας
| σάδε || σάδαας
|-
! Accusative
| δέιναν || δέιναας
| σάδαν|| σάδαας
|-
! Dative
| δέινααι || δέιναις
| σάδααι || σάδαις
|-
! Genitive
| δέινασς || δέινααν
| σάδασς || σάδααν
|}
 
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible collapsed" style="width: 500px; text-align: center;"
! colspan="3" | '''Neuter -αν stem'''
|-
! style="width: 100px;" | Case !! style="width: 100px;" | Singular !! style="width: 100px;" | Plural 
|-
! Nominative/Vocative/Accusative
| -αν || -αα
|-
! Dative
| -ααι || -αις
|-
! Genitive
| -ασς || -ααν
|}
 
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible collapsed" style="width: 500px; text-align: center;"
! colspan="3" | '''Neuter -αν stem'''
|-
! style="width: 200px; " |
! colspan="2" style="width: 200px; " | Neuter: δαάραμ (''gift'') 
|-
! style="width: 100px;" | Case !! style="width: 100px;" | Singular !! style="width: 100px;" | Plural
|-
! Nominative/Vocative/Accusative
| δαάραν  || δαάραα
|-
! Dative
| δαάρααι || δαάραις
|-
! Genitive
| δαάρασς || δαάρααν
|}
|}


====Second Declension====
====Second Declension====
The second declension consists mainly of masculine and neuter nouns ending in '''-ο''' and '''-υ''' in the nominative singular respectively. It also contains a small group of feminine nouns ending in '''-ο''' in the nominative singular.
The second declension consists of masculine, feminine, and neuter nouns with '''-υ''' and '''-ι''' (called the ''upsilun-iuta'' declension) at the end of the stem. It is derived from PIE u-stems and i-stems.
 
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible collapsed" style="width: 500px; text-align: center;"
! colspan="5" | '''-υ stem'''
|-
! style="width: 200px; " |
! colspan="2" style="width: 200px; " | Masculine & Feminine
! colspan="2" style="width: 200px; " | Neuter 
|-
! style="width: 100px;" | Case !! style="width: 100px;" | Singular !! style="width: 100px;" | Plural !! style="width: 100px;" | Singular !! style="width: 100px;" | Plural
|-
! Nominative
| -υσς || -υυς
| -υ || -υα
|-
! Vocative
| -υ || -υυς
| -υ || -υα
|-
! Accusative
| -υν || -υυς
| -υ || -υα
|-
! Dative
| -ει || -υις
| -ει || -υις
|-
! Genitive
| -ευσς || -ααν
| -ευσς || -ααν
|}


{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible collapsed" style="width: 500px; text-align: center;"
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible collapsed" style="width: 500px; text-align: center;"
! colspan="5" | '''Second declension'''
! colspan="5" | '''-υ stem'''
|-
! style="width: 200px; " |
! colspan="2" style="width: 200px; " | Masculine & Feminine: ζένυσς (''cheek'')
! colspan="2" style="width: 200px; " | Neuter: δάρυ (''tree'') 
|-
! style="width: 100px;" | Case !! style="width: 100px;" | Singular !! style="width: 100px;" | Plural !! style="width: 100px;" | Singular !! style="width: 100px;" | Plural
|-
! Nominative
| ζένυσς || ζένυυς
| δάρυ  || δάρυα
|-
! Vocative
| ζένυ || ζένυυς
| δάρυ  || δάρυα
|-
! Accusative
| ζένυν || ζένυυς
| δάρυ  || δάρυα
|-
! Dative
| ζένει || ζένυις
| δάρει  || δάρυις
|-
! Genitive
| ζένευσς || ζένααν
| δάρευσς || δάρααν
|}
 
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible collapsed" style="width: 500px; text-align: center;"
! colspan="5" | '''-ι stem'''
|-
|-
! style="width: 200px; " |
! style="width: 200px; " |
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! style="width: 100px;" | Case !! style="width: 100px;" | Singular !! style="width: 100px;" | Plural !! style="width: 100px;" | Singular !! style="width: 100px;" | Plural  
! style="width: 100px;" | Case !! style="width: 100px;" | Singular !! style="width: 100px;" | Plural !! style="width: 100px;" | Singular !! style="width: 100px;" | Plural  
|-
|-
! Nominative/Vocative
! Nominative
| -ο || -οος
| -ισς || -ιις
| -υ || -ε
| -ι || -ια
|-
! Vocative
| -ι || -ιις
| -ι || -ια
|-
|-
! Accusative
! Accusative
| -ομ || -οος
| -ιν || -ιις
| -υμ || -ε
| -ι || -ια
|-
|-
! Dative
! Dative
| -οι || -οις
| -εει || -εις
| -οι || -οις
| -εει || -εις
|-
|-
! Genitive
! Genitive
| -υνς || -οον
| -εισς || -ααν
| -υνς || -οον
| -εισς || -ααν
|}
|}


{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible collapsed" style="width: 500px; text-align: center;"
{| class="bluetable lightbluebg collapsible collapsed" style="width: 500px; text-align: center;"
! colspan="5" | '''Second declension'''
! colspan="5" | '''-ι stem'''
|-
|-
! style="width: 200px; " |
! style="width: 200px; " |
! colspan="2" style="width: 200px; " | Masculine & Feminine: δέινο (''day'')
! colspan="2" style="width: 200px; " | Masculine & Feminine: φίλισς (''friend'')
! colspan="2" style="width: 200px; " | Neuter: μάχυ (''unmarried youth'')   
! colspan="2" style="width: 200px; " | Neuter: μάνι (''neck'')   
|-  
|-  
! style="width: 100px;" | Case !! style="width: 100px;" | Singular !! style="width: 100px;" | Plural !! style="width: 100px;" | Singular !! style="width: 100px;" | Plural  
! style="width: 100px;" | Case !! style="width: 100px;" | Singular !! style="width: 100px;" | Plural !! style="width: 100px;" | Singular !! style="width: 100px;" | Plural  
|-
|-
! Nominative/Vocative
! Nominative
| δέινο || δέινοος
| φίλισς || φίλιις
| μάχυ || μάχε
| μάνι  || μάνια
|-
! Vocative
| φίλι || φίλιις
| μάνι || μάνια
|-
|-
! Accusative
! Accusative
| δέινομ || δέινοος
| φίλιν || φίλιις
| μάχυμ || μάχε
| μάνι || μάνια
|-
|-
! Dative
! Dative
| δέινοι || δέινοις
| φίλεει || φίλεις
| μάχοι || μάχοις
| μάνεει || μάνεις
|-
|-
! Genitive
! Genitive
| δέινυνς || δέινοον
| φίλεισς || φίλααν
| μάχυνς || μάχοον
| μάνεισς || μάνααν
|}
|}


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|}
|}
The genitive pronouns marked with an asterisk (*) are declined in the 1st and 2nd declensions to agree in number and case with the thing possessed.
The genitive pronouns marked with an asterisk (*) are declined in the 1st and 2nd declensions to agree in number and case with the thing possessed.
==Syntax==
==Syntax==


<!-- Example: Word order, qualifiers, determinatives, branching, etc. -->
<!-- Example: Word order, qualifiers, determinatives, branching, etc. -->


[[Category:Conlangs]]
[[Category:Languages]]
[[Category:Nesic languages]]
[[Category:Nesic languages]]
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