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{{Infobox language | {{Infobox language | ||
|name = Ancient Nivarese | |name = Ancient Nivarese | ||
| | |nativename = Nīvaʼōnīs | ||
|pronunciation = | |pronunciation = niːvaˈɁoːniːθ | ||
| | |state = Nivaren | ||
|ethnicity = | |ethnicity = Nivarenians | ||
|extinct = ca. 500 | |extinct = ca. 500 | ||
|era = Ancient Nivaren (second half 1st millennium pre-Western Time; first half of the 1st millennium) | |era = Ancient Nivaren (second half 1st millennium pre-Western Time; first half of the 1st millennium) | ||
|setting = Calémere | |setting = Calémere | ||
|familycolor = | |familycolor = Dravidian | ||
|fam1 = [[Evandorian languages]] | |fam1 = [[Evandorian languages]] | ||
|fam2 = Southern Evandorian | |fam2 = Southern Evandorian | ||
|creator = | |creator = User:Lili21 | ||
|created = Oct 2017 | |created = Oct 2017 | ||
|script = | |scripts = Nivarese script | ||
|notice = ipa | |||
}} | }} | ||
'''Ancient Nivarese''' ('' | '''Ancient Nivarese''' (''Nīvaʼōnīs'' or ''os khipserē os Nīvaʼōnīs'' [oθ xipθeˈreː oθ niːvaˈɁoːniːθ]; in [[Nivarese|Modern Nivarese]]: ''o khišrí o urdá o Niveóni'') is an [[Evandorian languages|Evandorian language]] of [[Verse:Calémere|Calémere]], the earliest attested of the whole family and one of the Calemerian languages with the most ancient attestations.<br/>
Ancient Nivarese was the language of present-day ''Nivaren'' (''Nīvaren'' [ˈniːvaren]) in ancient times, the ancestor of Modern Nivarese, and - together with [[Íscégon]] - was the cultural language of Evandorian civilizations during classical antiquity. Due to this importance, Ancient Nivarese words have entered the common vocabulary of all Evandorian languages and, in more modern times, learned vocabulary of most languages of the planet. | ||
Ancient Nivarese is a Southern Evandorian language, and thus related to [[Auralian]], Gazimyük, and the Agrôkian languages. It shares features common to all early attested Evandorian languages, thus there are still many visible similarities with Íscégon, but it also has the typical traits of Southern Evandorian languages, like its development of a construct state. | Ancient Nivarese is a Southern Evandorian language, and thus related to [[Auralian]], Gazimyük, and the Agrôkian languages. It shares features common to all early attested Evandorian languages, thus there are still many visible similarities with Íscégon, but it also has the typical traits of Southern Evandorian languages, like its development of a construct state. | ||
== | ==External History== | ||
Ancient Nivarese is a language I blatantly made as a Calemerian analogue to Ancient Greek. Nivaren's location in Evandor and its geography aren't even that different to what Greece in Europe is, and overall Ancient Nivarese's history of contacts with the Íscégon world is pretty similar to the Latin-Ancient Greek one. Partially this was because I transposed to Calémere the alt-Earth setting I had been using before, and I simply mapped Nivaren to Greece. My earlier version of Ancient Nivarese was, accordingly, mostly inspired by Greek even if still different; the current one I am developing only marginally keeps that, while I decided for an aesthetic more inspired by Hebrew and Aramaic (even if the language itself is completely different). | |||
==Phonology== | ==Phonology== | ||
===Orthography=== | ===Orthography=== | ||
| Line 47: | Line 28: | ||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
|- | |- | ||
! → PoA <br/> ↓ Manner !! Labial | ! → PoA <br/> ↓ Manner !! Labial<br/>Labiodental !! Dento-alveolar !! Palatal !! Velar !! Uvular !! Pharyngeal !! Glottal | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Nasals | ! Nasals | ||
| '''m''' /m/ | | '''m''' /m/ || '''n''' /n/ || || || || || | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Plosives | ! Plosives | ||
| '''p''' /p/ | | '''p''' /p/<br/>'''b''' /b/ || '''t''' /t/<br/>'''d''' /d/ || || '''k''' /k/<br/>'''g''' /ɡ/ || '''q''' /q/ || || '''ˈ''' /Ɂ/ | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Fricatives | ! Fricatives | ||
| '''f''' /f/<br/>'''v''' /v/ || '''s''' /θ/<br/>'''ś''' /ɬ/ || || '''kh''' /x/ || || '''ḥ''' /ħ/<br/>'''ʻ''' /ʕ/ || '''h''' /h/ | |||
|- | |- | ||
! Trill | ! Trill | ||
| || '''r''' /r/ || || || || || | |||
|- | |- | ||
! Lateral | ! Lateral | ||
| || || ''' | | || '''l''' /l/ || || || || || | ||
|- | |||
! Approximants | |||
| '''w''' /w/ || || '''y''' /j/ || || || || | |||
|} | |} | ||
The letter '''x''' represents the /kθ/ cluster. | |||
===Vowels=== | ===Vowels=== | ||
| Line 74: | Line 57: | ||
|- | |- | ||
! High | ! High | ||
| '''i''' /i | | '''i ī''' /i iː/ || || '''u ū''' /u uː/ | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Mid | ! Mid | ||
| Line 80: | Line 63: | ||
|- | |- | ||
! Low | ! Low | ||
| || '''a''' /a/ || | | || '''a ā''' /a aː/ || | ||
|} | |} | ||
===Prosody=== | ===Prosody=== | ||
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==Morphology== | ==Morphology== | ||
===Nouns=== | ===Nouns=== | ||
====Masculine noun declension=== | ====Masculine noun declension==== | ||
Back-vowel stem ''hotṓs, hotolhis'' "hawk" (< PEv *roktog); front-vowel stem ''niēs, niēkis'' "finger" (< PEv *ńeɬek) | <!--Back-vowel stem ''hotṓs, hotolhis'' "hawk" (< PEv *roktog); front-vowel stem ''niēs, niēkis'' "finger" (< PEv *ńeɬek) | ||
{| class="wikitable" | {| class="wikitable" | ||
|- | |- | ||
| Line 115: | Line 98: | ||
! Lative | ! Lative | ||
| hótolhūn || hotolhṓrūn || hotolhȳ́s || hotolhōrȳ́s || niḗïn || niēkḗrin || niēís || niēkērís | | hótolhūn || hotolhṓrūn || hotolhȳ́s || hotolhōrȳ́s || niḗïn || niēkḗrin || niēís || niēkērís | ||
|} | |}--> | ||
<!-- How do the words in your language look? How do you derive words from others? Do you have cases? Are verbs inflected? Do nouns differ from adjectives? Do adjectives differ from verbs? Etc. --> | <!-- How do the words in your language look? How do you derive words from others? Do you have cases? Are verbs inflected? Do nouns differ from adjectives? Do adjectives differ from verbs? Etc. --> | ||